环化AMP与牛皮癣

被称为信使化合物的环化AMP(腺—磷)控制着机体内大部份激素的作用。机体在正常状态下,激素和环化AMP均维持在一定的水平。近来有的皮肤病医生指出,牛皮癣与缺乏环化AMP有关。在正常皮肤中,环化AMP起着调节细胞分裂速度的作用。牛皮癣患者病变区的皮肤细胞生长过快,     

机体胆汁酸肠-肝轴的研究进展

机体肠道与肝脏间的交互作用形成肠-肝轴,后者的紊乱是肝脏疾病发生的重要原因,而良好的肠道稳态和肝脏的保护对维持机体内环境的稳定起着重要作用。胆汁酸(胆盐)作为肠-肝轴循环中的重要组成成分,不仅参与了机体营养物质的消化代谢,还作为一种信号分子和代谢调节因子,能够激活核受体和G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)信号通路参与调节肝脏脂质、葡萄糖和能量平衡,维持机体代谢平衡。本文将结合近年来有关胆汁酸的研究进展,从胆汁酸的来源、在肠-肝轴中的循环以及胆汁酸在机体中的作用等方面进行综述,以加深对肠-肝轴重要性的理解。     

AMPK在机体糖脂代谢中的作用

AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)是一种广泛参与调节细胞代谢的激酶,被称为"能量感受器".一旦胞浆中AMP/ATP比例升高,或其它因素激活AMPK时,AMPK可增强葡萄糖摄取和利用,以及脂肪酸氧化,产生更多能量;同时抑制葡萄糖异生、脂质合成及糖原合成等通路,减少能量消耗,从而使细胞能量代谢保持平衡.AMPK参与调节包括胰岛β细胞、肝脏、骨骼肌和脂肪在内的多种外周组织的糖脂代谢过程.本文旨在总结并讨论AMPK在机体主要糖脂代谢器官中的作用,并重点分析其在治疗胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病中的潜在作用.     

腺苷酸激酶与细胞凋亡

腺苷酸激酶(AK)在维持细胞能量平衡中起着重要作用,新近又发现它与细胞凋亡有着密切的关系.在凋亡过程中,AK2从线粒体膜间释放到胞浆是一种非常普遍的现象,但其在细胞凋亡中作用仍很不清楚.综述了近年对腺苷酸激酶的研究进展,探讨了腺苷酸激酶在细胞凋亡程序中所扮演的角色.     

下丘脑AMPK的活性介导摄食和体重调节

一磷酸腺苷(adenosine-monophosphate, AMP)活化的蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)是蛋白激酶级联反应的下游成分,是哺乳动物的细胞燃料计,也是细胞内的能量传感器,在维持能量平衡中占有重要作用。下丘脑是食物摄入和能量平衡的关键调节器,其AMPK参与的脂肪酸代谢途径不仅在调节食物摄入和能量平衡中发挥重要作用,也是外周激素信号如瘦素、胰岛素、脂联素和胃促生长素等作用的中介物。本文主要综述了下丘脑AMPK的活性调节及其整合外周激素信号参与能量稳态调节的机制,并展望了AMPK在体重调节和肥胖治疗中的作用。     

AMPK的功能调控及其与肿瘤之间的关系

AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMP activated protein kinase,AMPK)是高度保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,广泛存在于真核生物中,是细胞内重要的能量感受器,具有调控和维持能量动态平衡的作用。在低能量状态下,活化的AMPK可增强机体的分解代谢,抑制合成代谢,并参与细胞生长、增殖、自噬等生物学功能,进而维持ATP产量以应对内外环境的变化。鉴于肿瘤细胞的生长与异常的能量代谢息息相关,AMPK可随细胞内特定能量条件的变化而变化,具有促进或抑制肿瘤发生的"双重功能"。本文综述了AMPK的生物学功能以及与肿瘤之间关系的进展,旨在为今后利用AMPK治疗代谢性疾病和预防肿瘤发生提供理论基础。     

cAMP信号与动物细胞线粒体功能

线粒体是真核生物细胞内重要的细胞器,主要功能是通过氧化磷酸化作用为细胞生命活动提供能量,并与细胞的生长、发育及衰老等重要生物过程密切相关。许多研究表明,线粒体蛋白质的磷酸化在调控氧化代谢方面发挥了重要作用,而且环腺苷一磷酸(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,c AMP)依赖的蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)信号通路参与了该过程的调控,但c AMP/PKA信号通路在调控线粒体代谢方面的作用一直存在争议。因此,该文综述了线粒体内c AMP的来源、线粒体c AMP信号系统及对c AMP对线粒体功能的调控,旨在为全面了解c AMP/PKA信号通路在调控线粒体功能方面的作用提供具体参考。     

线粒体损伤与动脉粥样硬化的研究进展

线粒体是细胞的能量工厂,是一种高度动态的双层膜细胞器,广泛分布于机体的多种细胞类型。很多研究表明,线粒体不仅在维持细胞能量稳态中起着重要作用,还参与对钙离子信号传递、细胞增殖和分化的调节。新近研究表明,线粒体损伤参与动脉粥样硬化的发生发展。本文综述了线粒体损伤与动脉粥样硬化的新进展,以期为动脉粥样硬化的有效防治提供新的策略和靶点。     

绿豆子叶线粒体发育过程中腺苷酸的变化及其对细胞能量代谢的影响

本文研究了绿豆子叶线粒体发育过程中腺苷酸能荷(AEC)的变化及其和细胞能量状态的关系。观察到吸胀2小时的绿豆子叶线粒体发育不完全,吸胀12小时线粒体内膜出现明显的内嵴。随着线粒体完整性的增加,H~ -ATPase 的活性明显增大,细胞的 ATP 水平也明显提高,AMP 水平下降,AEC 值剧增,但此时线粒体本身的腺苷酸水平及 AEC 值变化不大。经1×10~(-4)mol/1和5×10~(-4)mol/1 DNP 处理的子叶,细胞中 ATP 含量大大降低,AMP 增多,AEC 随之下降,而线粒体的腺苷酸及 AEC 仍然保持衡定,腺苷酸激酶(AK)的活性不但不受 DNP 的抑制,反比对照增加约50%。线粒体能量状态的维持可能受 AK 的调节。     

肠道感知与生物适应性

肠道(gut)是机体与外界交流的重要器官，吸收营养并排出废物，在维持机体稳态和生理功能方面起着至关重要的作用。肠道中存在丰富的细胞类型和神经信号分子，研究表明，肠道细胞上的特定受体能够被食物激活，从而感知味道和营养成分，并将信息直接或间接向大脑传递。肠道感知(intestinal perception)是自然界多种生物中普遍存在的感觉系统，具有物种保守性。因此，肠道感知相关的研究，对理解物种的进化和生物在自然界中的适应性机制具有重要意义。本文对肠道不同物质感知的分子及环路机制的研究现状进行了简要综述，为进一步研究肠-脑轴神经环路在生物个体进化中的作用及生物的物种-环境共生进化的理论提供依据。     

Evidence that cyclic AMP stimulates bacterial glycogen synthesis by relieving AMP inhibition of and by increasing the cellular level of ADP-glucose synthetase

Using Escherichia coli mutants that possess an ADP-glucose synthetase (EC 2.7.7.27, the rate-limiting enzyme of bacterial glycogen synthesis) that differs in its inhibition by physiological levels of AMP, evidence was obtained that cyclic AMP stimulates cellular glycogen synthesis during nitrogen starvation by relieving AMP inhibition of this enzyme (without altering the cellular AMP level). Deinhibition for AMP of an enzyme controlled by the adenylate energy charge allows selective release from this control despite the maintenance of a constant cellular energy charge value. It was also shown that an additional increase in rate, not accounted for by AMP deinhibition, was due to an increase in the cellular level of ADP-glucose synthetase.     

Kinetic and thermodynamic study of the tetramerization equilibrium of phosphorylase b

The association equilibrium of phosphorylase b, induced by AMP and in the presence of Mg2+, has been shown to be a reversible process that follows second order and first order reversible rate laws in the direction of tetramerization and dimerization respectively, this fact being independent of temperature and of enzyme and AMP concentrations. Moreover, rate and equilibrium constants have been evaluated and their dependence on temperature and AMP concentration studied in this work. An important role that the existence of two classes of AMP binding sites per enzymatic subunit plays in the aggregation properties of the enzyme has also been emphasized. In the presence of 0.1 and 1 mM AMP (binding to the high affinity site), the values of the change in enthalpy, activation energy of dimerization and activation energy of tetramerization are: -36 kcal/mol, +36 kcal/mol, and 0 kcal/mol respectively. Binding of AMP to the low affinity site (10 mM AMP) yields significant changes in the self-association equilibrium, since the preceding parameters reach the following values: -18, +32, and +14 kcal/mol.     

Biochemical and physiological investigations on adenosine 5ʹ monophosphate deaminase from Plasmodium spp.

The interplay between ATP generating and utilizing pathways in a cell is responsible for maintaining cellular ATP/energy homeostasis that is reflected by Adenylate Energy Charge (AEC) ratio. Adenylate kinase (AK), that catalyzes inter‐conversion of ADP, ATP and AMP, plays a major role in maintaining AEC and is regulated by cellular AMP levels. Hence, the enzymes AMP deaminase (AMPD) and nucleotidases, which catabolize AMP, indirectly regulate AK activity and in‐turn affect AEC. Here, we present the first report on AMPD from Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. The recombinant enzyme expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied using functional complementation assay and residues vital for enzyme activity have been identified. Similarities and differences between Plasmodium falciparum AMPD (PfAMPD) and its homologs from yeast, Arabidopsis and humans are also discussed. The AMPD gene was deleted in the murine malaria parasite P. berghei and was found to be dispensable during all stages of the parasite life cycle. However, when episomal expression was attempted, viable parasites were not obtained, suggesting that perturbing AMP homeostasis by over‐expressing AMPD might be lethal. As AMPD is known to be allosterically modulated by ATP, GTP and phosphate, allosteric activators of PfAMPD could be developed as anti‐parasitic agents.     

Forskolin potentiates calcium-dependent amylase secretion from rat pancreatic acinar cells

The cellular and molecular effects of forskolin, a direct, nonhormonal activator of adenylate cyclase, were assessed on the enzyme secretory process in dispersed rat pancreatic acinar cells. Forskolin stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the absence of guanyl nucleotide. It promoted a rapid and marked increase in cellular accumulation of cyclic AMP alone or in combination with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) but was itself a weak pancreatic agonist and did not increase the secretory response to VIP or other cyclic AMP dependent agonists. Somatostatin was a partial antagonist of forskolin stimulated cyclic AMP synthesis and forskolin plus cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP) induced amylase release. Forskolin potentiated amylase secretion in response to calcium-dependent agonists such as CCK-OP, carbachol and A-23187, but did not affect the ability of CCK-OP and (or) carbachol to mobilize 45Ca from isotope preloaded cells; forskolin alone did not stimulate 45Ca release. In calcium-poor media, the secretory response to forskolin and CCK-OP was reduced in a both absolute and relative manner. The data suggests that calcium plays the primary role as intracellular mediator of enzyme secretion and that the role of cyclic AMP may be to modulate the efficiency of calcium utilization.     

AMPK:细胞能量中枢

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPactivated proteinkinase,AMPK)是真核细胞中高度保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,以异源三聚体的形式广泛存在于真核生物体内,是细胞的能量感受器,在能量代谢调控中起极其重要的作用。肝激酶B1(LKB1)、Ca2+/CaM-依赖蛋白激酶激酶β(CaMKKβ)、AMP/ATP或ADP/ATP比值升高以及诸如运动肌肉收缩等生理刺激均可以激活AMPK,进而调节细胞的能量代谢网络,提高其应对内外环境变化的能力,从而维持细胞水平乃至整个机体的稳定状态。活化的AMPK可以增强分解代谢,抑制合成代谢,上调ATP水平,参与细胞糖代谢、脂肪代谢、蛋白质代谢等能量代谢过程,增加细胞能量储备,应对能量缺乏。同时活化的AMPK参与细胞的生长、增殖、凋亡、自噬等基本生物学过程。AMPK是研究肥胖,糖尿病等能量代谢性疾病的核心。肿瘤细胞存在特殊的能量代谢方式,其发生,生长,转移与能量代谢失衡密切相关。AMPK与肿瘤细胞异常的能量代谢相关,为肿瘤发生、发展机制研究提供新的策略。本文主要探讨AMPK的结构、激活机制、参与的物质能量代谢和细胞的基本生物学过程以及与肿瘤发生的关联。     

AMPK：细胞能量中枢

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMP activated protein kinase,AMPK）是真核细胞中高度保守的丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶,以异源三聚体的形式广泛存在于真核生物体内,是细胞的能量感受器,在能量代谢调控中起极其重要的作用。肝激酶B1（LKB1）、Ca^2＋／CaM-依赖蛋白激酶激酶β（CaMKKβ）、AMP／ATP或ADP／ATP比值升高以及诸如运动肌肉收缩等生理刺激均可以激活AMPK,进而调节细胞的能量代谢网络,提高其应对内外环境变化的能力,从而维持细胞水平乃至整个机体的稳定状态。活化的AMPK可以增强分解代谢,抑制合成代谢,上调ATP水平,参与细胞糖代谢、脂肪代谢、蛋白质代谢等能量代谢过程,增加细胞能量储备,应对能量缺乏。同时活化的AMPK参与细胞的生长、增殖、凋亡、自噬等基本生物学过程。AMPK是研究肥胖,糖尿病等能量代谢性疾病的核心。肿瘤细胞存在特殊的能量代谢方式,其发生,生长,转移与能量代谢失衡密切相关。AMPK与肿瘤细胞异常的能量代谢相关,为肿瘤发生、发展机制研究提供新的策略。本文主要探讨AMPK的结构、激活机制、参与的物质能量代谢和细胞的基本生物学过程以及与肿瘤发生的关联。     

Differential sensitivity of neural and non-neural protein kinase isozymes to cyclic AMP

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, which plays a major role in metabolic and genetic regulation, consists of two classes of isozymes denoted as type I and type II. The type II isozyme, moreover, consists of two subclasses denoted as neural and non-neural based upon immunochemical differences between the enzyme isolated from bovine brain and heart, respectively. Whereas the catalytic (C) subunits of these three isozymes are quite similar, all three isozymes differ with respect to their regulatory (R) subunits. In the present report, we have compared the sensitivities to cyclic AMP of the type I and type II isozymes in several tissues from a single species (rat). The sensitivities of the three isozymes to cyclic AMP were type I much greater than non-neural type II greater than neural type II. We suggest that the differences in sensitivity to cyclic AMP of isozymes present in the same cell provides the cell with a dynamic range of responses to the widely varying alterations in cellular cyclic AMP levels produced by regulatory first messengers.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic assays for free and phosphorylated derivatives of the creatine analogues beta-guanidopropionic acid and 1-carboxy-methyl-2-iminoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine).

Creatine and phosphocreatine are substrates for creatine kinase which is a key enzyme involved in energy transfer within the cell. Analogues of creatine have been fed to animals to determine the role this enzyme plays in energy metabolism, but progress in interpretation has been hampered by the lack of quantitative techniques to determine tissue content of these compounds. We describe the separation and quantitation of substituted guanidino compounds and their phosphorylated forms by high-performance liquid chromatography. First, a cation-exchange column is used to assay free creatine and its unphosphorylated analogues, and then phosphocreatine and its phosphorylated analogues as well as adenylate content (AMP, ADP, ATP) are assayed on an anion-exchange column. These methods have proven successful in measuring the chemical contents of these compounds in neutralized perchloric acid extracts of mammalian skeletal muscles. The sensitivity of this method ranges from 50 to 200 pmol, which is adequate to provide information from tissue extracts of 5- to 10-mg samples.