水稻亚种间杂种F1半不育小孢子发生的细胞学观察

利用石蜡切片和染色体压片法对水稻亚种间半不育杂种F1及其亲本的小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程进行细胞学观察.结果显示:亲本及杂种F1的花药壁发育正常,但部分F1的小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常,形成不均等的二分体和异常的四分体;其染色体在中期Ⅰ分散在赤道板两旁或远离赤道板,形成单价体;在后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ产生大量落后染色体或染色体桥.研究表明,部分花粉母细胞减数分裂中期和后期染色体行为异常可能是造成杂种F1花粉半不育的主要原因.     

百合花粉母细胞减数分裂异常现象观测分析

对“Siberia”百合小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常进行了系统的细胞学观察,发现“Siberia”百合小孢母细胞减数分裂中存在不等二价体、倒位环、染色体桥、滞后染色体、微核、不均等分离、染色体显著减少的核、游离核、异常四分体、无核花粉等异常现象。研究表明：“Siberia”百合长期进行无性繁殖引起染色体结构变异,导致减数分裂异常,小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常是导致花粉败育的主要原因。     

小胡杨花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为研究

采用常规压片法对小胡杨花粉母细胞减数分裂过程染色体行为及花粉特性进行了研究.结果表明:小胡杨花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中表现出极强的异质性,减数分裂各时期异常细胞出现率均超过70%.其中,终变期存在大量单价体、后期观察到落后染色体,证明小胡杨的两个亲本亲缘关系较远.小胡杨花粉母细胞减数分裂过程高频率异常现象(后期I落后染色体71.87%,染色体桥8.13%;末期Ⅰ有77.18%的微核细胞;后期Ⅱ有85.60%的异常细胞等)的发生直接导致其大部分花粉发育异常(99.48%),表现出远缘杂种的败育特性.     

兰州百合小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常现象的观察

对兰州百合(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常进行了研究,发现存在不等二价体、同源染色体早分离、染色体桥、不均等分离、滞后染色体、核外染色体、微核等。分析了这些异常形成的可能机制及对正常小孢子形成的影响。人工花粉萌发实验表明：小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常是导致花粉败育的主要原因。认为兰州百合长期行无性繁殖引起染色体结构变异,导致减数分裂异常。     

紫斑牡丹栽培品种小孢子发育过程的细胞遗传学研究

本文对紫斑牡丹栽培品种的花平细胞减数分裂过程进行了系统研究,结果发现紫斑牡丹品种约６８．９６％的花平细胞在减数分裂过程表现正常,约有３１．０４％的花粉母细胞在减数分裂的比线期、中期Ⅰ、后期Ⅰ、中期Ⅱ、后期Ⅱ及四分体时期观察到染色体行为异常。本实验表明,在小孢子形成过程中,多数小孢子发育政党,但有约３１．０４％的花粉母细胞减数分裂异常,导致了花粉的败育。     

Cucumis属双二倍体种小孢子发生和雄配子体发育的细胞学研究

采用染色体制片技术对Cucumis属双二倍体种(Cucumis hytivus Chen et Kirkbride)小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了细胞学研究。结果显示：在小孢子发生过程中,约31％的花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期Ⅰ具有正常的19Ⅲ,约69％的花粉母细胞染色体构型复杂,平均构型0．41Ⅰ 14．69Ⅲ 0．06Ⅲ 0．93Ⅳ 0．62Ⅵ 0．07Ⅷ;在四分体时期,形成约8．78％的四分孢子,其余为各种异常的多分孢子;在雄配子体发育过程中,约10％的小孢子可进行有丝分裂,最终发育为正常的两细胞、三孔花粉,其余90％的小孢子最终成为败育花粉。此外,还观察到了减数分裂后期Ⅱ的染色体组分离和新种花粉形态的变异等特殊现象。     

枣胚乳三倍体的细胞学－中国果树资源细胞学研究之六

枣属植物经过染色体鉴定的5个种,未发现奇数倍性;中国枣为二倍体,未见自然多倍体类型。1978年通过胚乳培养,已首次诱导出三倍体植株。1983年三倍体始花结果,其细胞学特点如下: 1.胚乳二倍体胚乳二倍体的染色体数2n=24。小孢子母细胞减数分裂染色体行为正常。前期Ⅰ和中期Ⅰ,形成12个二阶体。减数分裂结束,形成正常的四分体,小孢子大小整齐。花粉粒属于正常的三孔沟型。2.胚乳三倍体胚乳三倍体的染色体数2n=36。小孢子母细胞较二倍体大。减数分裂染色体行为不正常。前期Ⅰ和中期Ⅰ有数目不等的单价体、二价体和多价体,染色体群数变动于14—20之间。后期Ⅰ、Ⅱ染色体分离不规则,数目不均衡,有落后染色体,多极分裂,并带有微核。减数分裂结束时,部分小孢子母细胞形成一分体、二分体、不等四分体、五分体和六分体等,小孢子大小不一致。正常花粉比二倍体大,有三孔沟和四孔沟两种类型,还有部分小花粉粒和败育花粉。     

青花菜花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育

采用染色体制片及爱氏苏木精染色-冬青油透明技术对青花菜花粉母细胞减数分裂及雄配子体发育过程进行了细胞学研究.结果表明:花粉母细胞减数分裂的细胞质分裂为同时型,四分体为正四面体型或十字交叉型;中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ,少数细胞可见赤道板外染色体;后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ部分细胞出现染色体桥及落后染色体;四分体时期可观察到二分体、三分体及含微核的异常四分体.雄配子体发育过程包括2次有丝分裂,成熟花粉为3细胞型,具3个萌发孔.减数分裂过程中染色体行为异常的花粉母细胞约占10.28%;雄配子体发育过程中异常频率约为3.2%,败育主要发生在单核期.     

同源四倍体矮牵牛花粉母细胞减数分裂观察

以同源四倍体矮牵牛06P-12为材料,采用常规压片法对花粉母细胞减数分裂过程及染色体行为进行了观察研究,以探明同源四倍体矮牵生育性降低的细胞学原因.结果显示:花粉母细胞减数分裂过程与二倍体基本相同但有其特殊性,主要表现在:终变期染色体的构型复杂,有四价体、三价体和单价体;中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ有赤道板外染色体;后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ出现落后染色体、丢失染色体、染色体桥及不均等分裂的现象;四分体时期出现一分体、二分休、三分体以及含微核的异常三分体、四分体、多分体.花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中正常细胞平均达78.6%,异常细胞频率平均为21.4%.研究表明,同源四倍体矮牵生育性降低的细胞学原因是减数分裂过程中染色体行为异常.     

掌叶大黄花药的发育和异常

观察了掌叶大黄花药的发育过程及异常现象,主要结果为：花药四室,药壁发育属单子叶型,腺质绒毡层。小抱子母细胞的减数分裂为同时型,四分体为正四面体型。从小孢子母细胞减数分裂开始到四分体时期,规律性沉积胼胝质。成熟花粉为三细胞。减数分裂过程中还见到单个或多数染色体游散于赤道板外,落后染色体、染色体桥和微核等异常,平均变异率6．29％。     

A defect in synapsis causes male sterility in a T-DNA-tagged Arabidopsis thaliana mutant

Fluorescence microscopy was used to study meiosis in microsporocytes from wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and a T-DNA-tagged meiotic mutant. Techniques for visualizing chromosomes and β-tubulin in other plant species were evaluated and modified in order to develop a method for analyzing meiosis in A. thaliana anthers. Like most dicots, A. thaliana microsporocytes undergo simultaneous cytokinesis in which both meiotic divisions are completed prior to cytokinesis. However, two unique events were observed in wild-type A. thaliana that have not been reported in other angiosperms: (1) polarization of the microsporocyte cytoskeleton during prophase I prior to nuclear envelope breakdown, and (2) extensive depolymerization of microtubules just prior to metaphase II. The first observation could have implications regarding a previously uncharacterized mechanism for determining the axis of the metaphase I spindle during microsporogenesis. The second observation is peculiar since microtubules are known to be involved in chromosome alignment in other species; possible explanations will be discussed. A T-DNA-tagged meiotic mutant of A. thaliana ( syn1 ), which had previously been shown to produce abnormal microspores with variable DNA content, was also cytologically characterized. The first observable defect occurs in microsporocytes at telophase I, where some chromosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, usually attached to stray microtubules. Subsequent developmental stages are affected, leading to complete male sterility. Based on similarities to synaptic mutants that have been described in other species, it is suggested that this mutant is defective in synaptonemal complex formation and/or cohesion between sister chromatids.     

温光敏核不育水稻N28S 无花粉败育的显微结构观察

采用石蜡切片和荧光显微技术观察了温光敏核不育水稻N28S 无花粉败育过程中的显微结构变化, 结果显示: N28S 的小孢子母细胞形成后细胞质变得稀薄, 一部分不能进行减数分裂, 一部分减数分裂阻滞在细线期或胞质分裂异常, 最终所有细胞液泡化解体消失。在此过程中, 还观察到小孢子母细胞在细线期胼胝质壁不产生或提早消失, 以及小孢子发育后期花药壁绒毡层的异常解体。认为N28S 的无花粉败育是由小孢子母细胞的细胞质异常引起的, 胼胝质壁和绒毡层的异常是结果而不是原因。     

药蒲公英减数分裂异常行为探讨

对药蒲公英减数分裂各期进行了观察,研究得出药蒲公英花蕾直径大小与花粉母细胞减数分裂各期之间的关系(花蕾直径在2-7mm时为减数分裂期)。并发现药蒲公英减数分裂中出现许多异常行为。如后期桥和落后染色体;药蒲公英花粉粒空瘪,这些异常行为的原因是减数分裂过程中有倒位和重复缺失等染色体结构变异出现以至形成双着丝点染色体。减数分裂过程的异常行为也说明药蒲公英是多倍体。     

Defects in cytoskeletal microtubule deployment of microsporocytes contribute to fertility loss in genic male-sterile Chinese cabbage

The microtubular cytoskeleton of male-sterile Chinese cabbage was examined to characterize cytoplasmically based defects during microsporogenesis of fertile and sterile microsporocytes. At the onset of meiosis, microtubules (MTs) in fertile microsporocytes were short and anisotropically oriented in the microsporocyte cytoplasm. As the microsporocytes entered metaphase I, the MTs constructed a bisymmetrical spindle characterized by conspicuous kinetochore fibers closely associated with chromosomes in the medial plane. During anaphase I, interzonal MTs become conspicuous between the two sets of chromosomes and the polar regions become more distant as spindle MTs are depleted, essentially disappearing at telophase I. Radially distributed MTs increased and the microsporocyte entered meiosis II, producing two spindles at angles to one another within the wall of the microsporocyte. Indicative of the completion of anaphase II is the formation of a field of aligned MTs between two non-sister nuclei, after which the cytoplasm produced centripetal furrows, meeting in the center of the cell and dividing it into four microspores at the completion of cytokinesis. In sterile microsporocytes, however, an abnormal arrangement of MTs occurred at the conclusion of anaphase II. Although two spindles formed, the angle and the boundary between the spindles were not maintained. At the onset of telophase II, the two spindles migrated to a central region and laterally fused in irregular orientations in which the decondensing chromatin of the non-sister nuclei may form separate or merged nuclei, followed by irregular cytokinesis. The result of meiosis was 41.8 % two binuclear products, and 58.2 % one diploid and one binuclear sterile products.     

鸭跖草科杜若(Pollia japonica Thunb.)的减数分裂研究

首次对鸭跖草科杜若(Pollia japonicaThunb.)进行了花粉母细胞减数分裂观察,并重新报道了该种的染色体数目为2n=32。结果显示,减数分裂中期I构型为16Ⅱ,并且观察到次级联会现象。减数分裂后期I和后期Ⅱ存在落后染色体、染色体断片、二次分裂不同步等异常现象,统计各时期畸形率都低于10%。随机统计花粉粒活性,成熟率达到90%以上。这说明杜若的减数分裂过程基本正常,也证明了2n=32的体细胞染色体数目是可信的。     

秤锤树的核型研究及其减数分裂过程的观察

观察研究了秤锤树有丝分裂和减数分裂的细胞学特征。秤锤树核型为2n=2x=24=4m 7sm(2SAT) 1st,属于较为原始的2A型。有丝分裂间期核为复杂染色中心型,前期出现B染色体,中期染色体中等大小。减数分裂中期具12对正常的二价体,但后期I和后期Ⅱ均有染色体异常现象发生。统计断片、落后染色体和染色体桥出现的比例与花粉粒败育性比例比较一致,表明秤锤树的小孢子在发生和发育过程中较高频率的败育现象可能存存一常的细胞学原因．     

Immunocytochemical visualization of the centromeres during male and female meiosis in Lilium longiflorum

Immunofluorescence staining with an antiserum raised against a presumptive meiotic histone, which has been shown to appear prior to male meiosis in liliaceous plants, preferentially stained the centromere (kinetochore) region of meiotic chromosomes in microsporocytes and megasporocytes. Using this antiserum, we were able clearly to visualize the centromeres at all important meiotic stages in microsporocytes, namely, the association and fusion of centromeres of homologous chromosomes at zygotene-pachytene in prophase I, the disjunction of the homologous centromeres at diplotene, the doubling of each centromere at metaphase I and nonseparation of the sister centromeres at anaphase I, by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Thus, this report provides a complete picture of the behavior of centromeres during meiosis in a eukaryote for the first time. This antiserum also decorated centromeres during female meiosis in cryo-sectioned megasporocytes, but did not stain the centromeres of mitotic chromosomes in root-tip meristem. From these observations, it is suggested that a meiosis-specific centromere protein is required for the meiosis-specific behavior of the centromere. Received: 12 May 1997; in revised form: 20 August 1997 / Accepted: 25 August 1997     

小麦ph1b突变体与小黑麦杂交的细胞遗传学研究

本文利用普通小麦品系"中国春"(对照)、中国春ph1b突变体分别与八倍体小黑麦、六倍体小黑麦杂交,杂种F1的减数分裂前期Ⅰ染色体行为表现异常,中期Ⅰ出现较多的单价体、棒状二价体和多价体,在后期和末期出现落后染色体、染色体片断和微核。原因是ph1b基因的存在造成染色体联会机制紊乱,致使一些部分同源染色体配对并发生互换,有可能在以后的世代产生染色体易位与基因重组。     

MICROSPOROCYTE GROWTH AND MEIOSIS IN PHYLLOSPADIX TORREYI,A MARINE MONOCOTYLEDON

In this paper we demonstrate spindle rotation during meiosis in filiform microsporocytes of a dioecious marine monocotyledon. Extensive populations of Phyllospadix torreyi, a seagrass, cover intertidal and shallow subtidal rocks in southern California. Flowering plants are unevenly distributed, being found only in patches within these beds, and apparently are disproportionally few relative to plants that do not produce flowers. Reduction division in male flowers occurs in an already elongate microsporocyte (pollen mother cell), where the chromosomes at metaphase lie in a plane across the narrow axis of the filamentous cell. However, the poles and spindles then rotate through 90° during anaphase of first and second meiotic divisions so that the cells divide longitudinally to produce tetrads which develop into filamentous pollen. Nine bivalents were counted in diakinesis figures. The presence of a heteropycnotic X-chromosome in male flowers is suggested by certain observations of prophase-anaphase figures.