秦岭细鳞鲑野生种群与人工养殖种群肌肉营养成分的差异

秦岭细鳞鲑(野生种群)是国家Ⅱ级重点保护水生野生动物。为了揭示野生种群与人工养殖种群的性状差异，科学区分秦岭细鳞鲑野生种群与人工养殖种群，本实验探究了秦岭细鳞鲑野生种群和人工养殖种群肌肉营养成分的差异。结果表明：野生种群和人工养殖种群的肌肉一般营养成分占比、脂肪酸组成及含量、矿物质和微量元素含量等均存在显著差异，而氨基酸组成及含量总体上无显著差异；野生种群肌肉中水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量显著高于人工养殖种群(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著低于人工养殖种种群(P<0.05);C_12:0仅在野生种群中被检测到，野生种群饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于人工养殖种群(P<0.05),K、Na、Ca、Mg、P、Zn含量显著高于人工养殖种群(P<0.05)。综上，肌肉脂肪酸组成及含量、矿物质和微量元素含量差异较大，可作为野生种群与人工养殖种群鉴定的依据，为秦岭细鳞鲑的保护与管理提供参考。     

人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼摄食不同饵料的转化效率与生长特性

利用水蚯蚓与人工饲料分别投喂7月龄中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼,研究不同饵料对中华鲟幼鱼转化效率与生长特性的影响.结果表明:经过60 d生长,水蚯蚓组、人工饲料组中华鲟幼鱼的平均体长分别从177.0、191.6 mm增至216.6、332.5 mm,体质量分别从32.73、44.39 g增至58.27、264.71 g;水蚯蚓组、人工饲料组中华鲟幼鱼的饵料转化率分别为6.67～39.33、0.89～1.26,特定生长率分别为0.19%～2.33%、1.38%～3.94%.生长效率分别为2.54%～14.99%、79.56%～204.44%;人工饲料组中华鲟幼鱼的生长速度快于水蚯蚓组,肥满度大于水蚯蚓组;2个试验组中华鲟幼鱼的体长与体质量均呈幂函数关系,各阶段幂指数b值均小于3,表明中华鲟幼鱼为异速生长;水蚯蚓组中华鲟幼鱼肌肉的水分湿质量含量为82.23%±0.79%,蛋白干质量含量为62.79%±1.34%,均略比人工饲料组高;综合饵料转化效率与各项生长指标,表明人工饲料比水蚯蚓更适宜作为中华鲟幼鱼阶段的人工养殖饵料.     

海、淡水养殖日本鳗鲡肌肉和鱼皮营养分析比较

为了比较海、淡水养殖日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)肌肉和鱼皮营养成分差异,采用生物化学方法对海水与淡水养殖日本鳗鲡肌肉和鱼皮的一般营养成分、氨基酸含量、脂肪酸含量和矿物质含量进行测定与分析。结果显示,海、淡水养殖日本鳗鲡鱼皮的水分、粗蛋白和灰分含量均显著性低于肌肉(P0.05),但鱼皮粗脂肪含量显著高于肌肉(P0.05)。淡水养殖日本鳗鲡肌肉的粗蛋白含量显著性高于海水养殖日本鳗鲡(P0.05)。海、淡水养殖日本鳗鲡肌肉总氨基酸含量分别为50.22%和54.10%,鱼皮总氨基酸含量分别为42.56%和45.80%。海、淡水养殖日本鳗鲡鱼皮呈鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量显著性高于肌肉(P0.05)。海、淡水养殖日本鳗鲡肌肉和鱼皮均以不饱和脂肪酸为主(65.96%—67.51%),并以单不饱和脂肪酸C18:1n9含量为主(38.64%—44.79%)。海水养殖日本鳗鲡肌肉矿物质元素(Fe、Ca、Cu、Na)和鱼皮矿物质元素(Fe、Mn、Na)的平均含量均显著高于淡水养殖日本鳗鲡(P0.05),但Zn含量显著低于淡水养殖日本鳗鲡(P0.05)。研究表明,不同养殖环境的日本鳗鲡肌肉和鱼皮营养成分丰富,淡水养殖日本鳗鲡肌肉和鱼皮的氨基酸含量和脂肪酸组成方面稍优于海水养殖日本鳗鲡,而海水养殖环境日本鳗鲡肌肉和鱼皮的矿物质元素含量得到较高的富集。     

铅在中华鲟幼鱼不同组织中的积累与排放

采用水溶液静态置换法,研究了中华鲟幼鱼在不同浓度Pb2+溶液(0、0.2、0.8和1.6mg·mL-1)中各组织铅的积累与排放.结果显示:中华鲟幼鱼各组织表现出随暴露浓度升高Pb积累增加的剂量-效应关系;Pb积累的基本模式为:骨(背骨板和软骨)和肌肉中积累量最高;胃、肠和皮肤次之;肝、鳃与脊索相对较低.暴露试验结束后进行了为期6周的Pb排放试验,结果表明:低浓度组(0.2mg·mL-1)各组织中Pb含量与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);中浓度组(0.8mg·mL-1)除鳃胃、软骨和肌肉以外,其余组织的Pb含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);高浓度组(1.6mg·mL-1)除肝、肠和皮肤以外,其余组织均显著高于对照组(P0.05).比较积累与排放发现,低、中浓度组中鳃、皮肤和肝的Pb含量高于积累时.推测中华鲟幼鱼经鳃、皮肤和消化道摄入Pb,主要经鳃和皮肤进行排放.     

中华鳖4个品系营养成分分析与比较

为了解墨鳖的营养价值, 对墨鳖、野生中华鳖、淮河鳖和日本鳖肌肉的一般营养成分、氨基酸含量、脂肪酸含量及裙边胶原蛋白进行测定和比较。结果显示: (1) 4个品系鳖肌肉水分含量分别为80.84%、79.48%、81.57%和79.25%, 墨鳖显著高于野生鳖和日本鳖(P<0.05); 粗蛋白含量分别是17.82%、17.60%、15.93%和16.40%, 墨鳖含量最高, 显著高于淮河鳖和日本鳖(P<0.05); 粗脂肪含量分别是0.42%、1.43%、0.65%和1.06%, 墨鳖显著低于其他鳖(P<0.05); 4个品系鳖灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2) 4个品系鳖肌肉中总氨基酸和呈味氨基酸含量均以墨鳖最高。(3)4个品系鳖不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为65.19%、56.44%、59.32%和54.73%, 墨鳖显著高于其他鳖(P<0.05), 其中墨鳖单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于野生鳖(P<0.05), 多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于其他3个品系(P<0.05); 饱和脂肪酸含量分别为32.50%、41.85%、39.41%和39.98%, 墨鳖显著低于其他鳖(P<0.05)。(4)墨鳖肌肉中DHA和EPA含量与野生鳖差异不显著(P>0.05), 显著高于淮河鳖和日本鳖(P<0.05), 花生四烯酸(AA)含量显著高于其他3个品系鳖(P<0.05)。(5) 4个品系鳖裙边胶原蛋白含量均较高, 为160.6—170.4 mg/g。结果表明墨鳖是一种营养价值高、肉味鲜美的地方品系。     

长江口中华鲟幼鱼对底质的选择

采用单因子实验方法,研究了中华鲟幼鱼对沙(直径＜0.2 cm)、小砾石(直径1～2 cm)、中砾石(直径4～5 cm)、大砾石(直径13～15 cm)4种底质类型的选择.结果表明:单尾鱼实验时,中华鲟幼鱼(体长283.0 mm±18.6 mm,体质量86.2 g±17.8 g,n=30)在4种底质中的时间百分比分别为沙51.50%±21.20%、小砾石20.27%±9.70%、中砾石18.03%±6.17%、大砾石10.20%±11.20%,幼鱼在沙底质中时间明显长于其它3种底质,且差异极显著(P＜0.01);多尾鱼实验时,中华鲟幼鱼(体长278.0 mm±14.3 mm,体质量79.2 g±19.6 g,n=30)在4种底质中的数量百分比分别为沙46.25%±8.06%、小砾石19.38%±7.72%、中砾石18.75%±7.19%、大砾石15.63%±8.92%,幼鱼在沙质底质中的数量明显高于其它3种底质,且差异极显著(P＜0.01);多尾鱼实验中,活动鱼(在水层中游动,不贴底)在4种底质中的数量无显著差异(P＞0.05);非活动鱼(贴底游动或静止)在沙底质中的数量显著高于其它3种底质(P＜0.01).单尾鱼(从时间角度)和多尾鱼(从数量角度)实验均表明,中华鲟幼鱼明显选择沙底质.     

饲料中添加丝兰提取物对大菱鲆幼鱼生长和生理及水环境的影响

用丝兰提取物添加量为0.00%(D0)、0.05%(D1)、0.10%(D2)、0.20%(D3)和0.40%(D4)的实验饲料投喂大菱鲆幼鱼[(42.20±0.06)g]60d,研究其对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血清免疫代谢指标及养殖水质指标的影响。结果显示,在饲料中添加丝兰提取物对大菱鲆幼鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FCR)、脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)、肥满度(CF)均无显著影响(P0.05)。全鱼、肌肉及肝脏中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量变化无显著性差异(P0.05)。D3组幼鱼血清溶菌酶显著高于其他各组(P0.05),而D4组各免疫指标明显低于对照组(P0.05);D3和D4组幼鱼血清的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活力显著低于对照组。除A1-6h组外各实验组水体氨氮含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05),各实验组亚硝酸盐含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),各实验组总氮、总磷、磷酸盐含量均与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究证明,在饲料中适量添加丝兰提取物能够显著增强大菱鲆幼鱼非特异性免疫能力,并显著降低养殖水体氨氮含量,对大菱鲆生长及体组成无显著影响。以非特异性免疫及水体氨氮含量为综合评定指标,大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中丝兰提取物的适宜添加量为0.20%。     

野生和人工养殖似鲇高原鳅肌肉营养成分比较

对野生和人工养殖似鲇高原鳅的肌肉营养成分进行了比较分析。野生与人工养殖似鲇高原鳅肌肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、水分含量及氨基酸总量、非必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量无显著差异(P>0.05)。野生和人工养殖似鲇高原鳅的氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有17种氨基酸(色氨酸未测),必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为85.17和82.48。根据氨基酸评分(AAS),似鲇高原鳅的第一限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸(Val);根据化学评分(CS),似鲇高原鳅的第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸(Met+Cys)。综合分析表明,野生似鲇高原鳅在常规营养品质上略高于人工养殖似鲇高原鳅,人工养殖似鲇高原鳅与野生似鲇高原鳅一样味道鲜美而且是补充人体所需赖氨酸的理想食品来源。     

水体中铜对中华鲟幼鱼血液生化指标的影响

通过检测中华鲟在不同铜离子浓度的水体中暴露60d后血液生化指标,研究Cu2+对幼鱼血浆生化成分和离子含量变化的影响及致毒效应.结果表明:中华鲟幼鱼血浆中血糖( Glu)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、尿素(Urea)、胆固醇(TC)、肌酐(CREA)含量随Cu2+浓度的增加而升高,低浓度组(0.40 μg· L-1)ALP含量与对照组有显著性差异(P＜0.05),Glu、Urea、TC、CREA含量无显著性差异;中浓度组(0.89 μg· L-1)和高浓度组(2.00 μg·L-1)含量与对照组均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).甘油三酯(TG)随着Cu2+浓度的增加而下降,低浓度组与对照组无显著性差异;中、高浓度组与对照组有显著差异(P＜0.05),总蛋白(TP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH-L)不受Cu2+的影响.Na+、Cl-、P含量和pH值随Cu2+浓度的增加而显著下降,Ca2+、Mg2+显著上升,其变化与Cu2+浓度存在相关性,K+含量不受Cu2+的影响.实验表明,Cu2+对中华鲟幼鱼血液生化指标的最低可观察效应浓度和最高无观察效应浓度分别为0.89和0.4 μg·L-1.血浆中ALP受Cu2+影响最明显,其含量除受Cu2+浓度影响外,随着时间的延长也显著升高,是Cu2+污染的敏感指标.     

3种鲳属鱼不同组织脂肪酸组成的比较研究

3种野生鲳属鱼银鲳(Pampus argenteus)、灰鲳(Pampus cinereus)和中国鲳(Pampus sinensis)样本于2010年3—4月采集于浙江东海海域,用GC/MS法分别对其肝脏和肌肉的总脂和脂肪酸组成进行了分析和评价,同时比较了野生和养殖银鲳的脂肪酸组成。结果表明:3种鲳鱼肝脏总脂平均值(19.95%)显著高于肌肉总脂平均值(11.69%)(P<0.05),灰鲳肝脏和肌肉中的总脂含量显著高于银鲳和中国鲳(P中国鲳>灰鲳;肝脏的脂肪酸种类组成较丰富,MUFA含量中国鲳>银鲳>灰鲳(P<0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量灰鲳>银鲳>中国鲳(P<0.05);肌肉中MUFA含量银鲳>灰鲳>中国鲳(P<0.05),PUFA含量3种鲳鱼无显著差异(P>0.05)。EPA+DHA含量在3种鲳鱼肌肉中无显著差异(P>0.05),但在中国鲳肝脏未检测到EPA,在灰鲳肝脏和中国鲳肝脏和肌肉中未检测到DHA,而在银鲳肝脏和肌肉组织中EPA和DHA均有分布,DHA含量分别达到13.99%和15.95%;野生银鲳的油酸、EPA和DHA含量显著高于养殖银鲳,PUFA含量是养殖银鲳的1.53倍。由实验结果及与其它经济鱼类相比可知,3种鲳属鱼主要是以不饱和脂肪酸为主,在2种组织中平均占53.89%,EPA+DHA含量平均占PUFA的82.54%,这3种鲳鱼具有很高的营养价值并且银鲳更胜一筹,同时野生银鲳品质优于养殖银鲳,但不失为一种优良的养殖品种。     

Simple approach for analysis of plasma oxo-, hydroxy- and dicarboxylic acids

Following deproteinization of plasma with organic solvents the supernatant was shaken with hexane and cation-exchange resin in an Eppendorf tube to remove fatty and amino acids and the medium was subjected to direct treatment with ethyl chloroformate under catalytic influence of pyridine. A subsequent extraction of the immediately formed ethyl esters with a drop of chloroform enabled us to subject the sample to gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. Since ketocarboxylic acids do not require a preliminary oximation the total time of sample workup and analysis takes only several minutes.     

Volatile acids of sun-cured greek Nicotiana tabacum

The volatile acids of sun-cured Greek tobacco have been studied. Examination of this material by GC-MS supplemented by other spectroscopic methods and in some instances by synthesis, has permitted the identification of nearly a hundred compounds. About half of them have not been encountered previously in tobacco or tobacco smoke, and the majority of the new compounds are straight and branched-chain unsaturated acids and aromatic acids. Five of the oxygenated acids are evidently seco- or nor-terpenoids.     

Nucleic Acids with a Six‐Membered ‘Carbohydrate’ Mimic in the Backbone

Starting from pyranose nucleic acids, several series of modified nucleic acids with a six‐membered carbohydrate moiety (mimic) have been synthesized and analyzed over a period of 20 years, and this work is summarized here. The process starts with structural and conformational considerations, followed by synthetic efforts and a structural analysis, and ends up with a biological confirmation of the concept, demonstrating that these modified nucleic acids represent very valuable tools in chemistry and biology.     

Profiling the chlorogenic acids of aster by HPLC-MS(n)

Using HPLC-MS(n), 33 chlorogenic acids were identified in an aqueous-alcoholic extract of Aster ageratoides Turcz. flower buds. These were three isomers each of p-coumaroylquinic acid, caffeoylquinic acid, feruloylquinic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid and diferuloylquinic acid, and six isomers each of p-coumaroyl-caffeoylquinic acid, p-coumaroyl-feruloylquinic acid and caffeoyl-feruloylquinic acid. Only the caffeoylquinic acids and dicaffeoylquinic acids have been reported previously in Asteraceae. Three of the six p-coumaroyl-feruloylquinic acids (3-feruloyl-4-p-coumaroylquinic acid, '3-feruloyl-5-p-coumaroylquinic acid and 4-feruloyl-5-p-coumaroylquinic acid) have not been observed previously in nature. Cis-5-p-coumaroylquinic acid was identified at a concentration ca 25% that of the more common trans isomer. The feruloylquinic acids and diferuloylquinic acids dominated the mono- and di-acyl chlorogenic acid fractions, respectively, making this plant material a useful source of these commercially non-available substances. These 33 chlorogenic acids were not detected in the leaves or stem of A. ageratoides Turcz., or in the flower buds of A. ageratoides Turcz. var. Gerla or A. kalimeris indica (L) Sch. Bip. Only the feruloylquinic acids were detected in the root of A. ageratoides Turcz. It was not possible to detect any 1-acyl chlorogenic acids, any chlorogenic acids with a succinic acid substituent, or any chlorogenic acids based on muco-quinic acid.     

Heterogeneous distribution of functionally important amino acids in brain areas of adult and aging humans

The regional distribution of seven amino acids thought to have inhibitory neurotransmitter or neurotransmitter precursor function—GABA, glycine, taurine, serine, threonine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine—was determined in 52 discrete areas from brain of adult and old humans. Significant heterogeneity was found, with 3- to 16-fold differences in levels in the various regions analyzed. The patterns of distribution were somewhat different from those in the adult or old rat brain. Relatively few changes were seen in old brain. Heterogeneity in distribution has to be taken into account in assessing physiological changes in amino acid levels and metabolism.Special issue dedicated to Dr. Claude Baxter.     

Simultaneous determination of all-trans-, 13-cis-, 9-cis-retinoic acid and their 4-oxo-metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

A gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic technique is described for the easy separation and quantification of some retinoids; all-trans-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid and their corresponding 4-oxometabolites, in plasma. The method involved a diethyl ether-ethyl acetate (50:50, v/v) mixture extraction at pH 7 with acitretin and 13-cis-acitretin as internal standards. A Nova-Pak C₁₈ steel cartridge column was used. The mobile phase was methanol-acetonitrile (65:35, v/v) and 5% tetrahydrofuran (solvent A) and 2% aqueous acetic acid (solvent B) at 1 ml/min. The gradient composition was (only the percentages of solvent B are mentioned): I, 25% solvent B at the time of injection; II, 12% solvent B at 11 min until 30 min; III, 25% solvent B and maintenance of 25% solvent B for 10 min until a new injection. Total time between injections was 40 min. Detection was by absorbance at 350 nm. The precision calculated for plasma concentrations ranging from 2 to 250 ng/ml was better than 15% and the accuracy was less than 12%. The linearity of the method was in the range of 2 to 400 ng/ml of plasma. The limit of quantification was 2 ng/ml for each of the compounds. The HPLC method was applied to plasma specimens collected from animals receiving single dose administrations of all-trans-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid.     

皱肋文蛤氨基酸含量及脂肪酸组成分析

测定了皱肋文蛤(Meretrix lyrata)软体部分的氨基酸含量与脂肪酸组成.共检出17种氨基酸,总含量为软体部干重的52.26%;4种呈味氨基酸(天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸)的含量为22.07%,占氨基酸总量的42.23%;必需氨基酸(EAA)总含量为20.72%,其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO/W...     

Derivatives of Aminoquinones with N-protected Amino Acids

Summary The synthesis of derivatives of aminoquinones with N-protected amino acids is reported here. 2-Amino-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, prepared by the azide method in yields of 60 and 95% respectively, were coupled with N-Boc-protected amino acids including glycine, serine, proline and tyrosine, to give the correspondening derivatives.N, N′-Diisopropylcarbodiimide/1-hydroxybenzotriazole orN, N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/HOBt used as coupling reagents provided the expected products in satisfactory yields and purities as supported by TLC, HPLC and spectral analysis.     

Derivatives of Aminoquinones with N-protected Amino Acids

The synthesis of derivatives of aminoquinones with N-protected amino acids is reported here. 2-Amino-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, prepared by the azide method in yields of 60 and 95% respectively, were coupled with N-Boc-protected amino acids including glycine, serine, proline and tyrosine, to give the correspondening derivatives. N,N'-Diisopropylcarbodiimide/1-hydroxybenzotriazole or N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/HOBt used as coupling reagents provided the expected products in satisfactory yields and purities as supported by TLC, HPLC and spectral analysis.