光皮桦优树子代性状遗传变异及选择

在福建省选择101株光皮桦(Betula luminifera H. Winkl.)优树,利用其中55株优树的种子在福建省邵武卫闽林场开展子代测定分析. 结果表明, 光皮桦种内存在丰富的遗传变异, 优树子代间差异显著, 这些差异主要由遗传因素控制; 3 a生树高家系遗传力、单株遗传力分别为0.446和0.327, 胸径的家系遗传力和单株遗传力分别为 0.431和0.291;各生长性状与冠幅间存在紧密的相关性;以3a生树高为主要指标,从参试的家系中初步选出12个优良家系和31株优良个体,优良家系的树高和胸径的平均遗传增益分别为7.95%和11.87%;优良个体的树高和胸径的平均遗传增益分别高达26.60%和40.37%,选择效果非常明显.这些优良家系和个体可用作种子园建园材料或无性繁殖材料.     

中阳木枣的优树选择研究

1994－1998年,通过对佳县中阳木刺分布区的调查,经过初选、复选和决选的选优程序,共选出中阳木枣优树13株,11个性状的统计分析表明,平均树冠投影产量、枣吊比、平均单果重、最大单果重、制干率、干刺含糖量均超过优树选择标准,表现出明显的优系特性。     

大兴安岭地区紫貂冬季生境选择的研究

１９９１～１９９３年在大兴安岭的呼中和图强区,采用雪地足迹跟踪法研究了紫貂（Ｍａｒｔｅｓｚｉ－ｂｅｌｉｎａ）冬季对取食和休息生境的选择特点,结果表明紫貂喜好植被演替晚期的林型,具体特点如下：（１）喜好中等到高等树冠盖度的乔木林地（Ｐ＝０．０００１）和混合型林地（Ｐ＝０．０２）,回避单一树种优势林地和空地。（２）对灌木盖度无选择性（Ｐ＝０．０９）,但喜好混合型灌木林地（Ｐ＝０．０３）。（３）取食时喜好下坡位及岸边,休息时选择上坡位（Ｐ＝０．００９）,且倒木、大胸径树和树根较多的生境,不选择坡向（Ｐ＝０．３９）。（４）对大树密度（Ｐ＝０．０００１）、落叶松基区面积（Ｐ＝０．００５）、大树胸径（Ｐ＝０．０００１）、落叶松胸径（Ｐ＝０．００１４）、倒木全长（Ｐ＝０．０００６）、倒木直径（Ｐ＝０．００１４）及倒木覆盖面积（Ｐ＝０．０００１）都有明显的正选择性,且休息对生境的选择强于取食。对小树密度取食时喜好中等密度（１．２１～１．８２棵／ｍ２）林地,而休息时回避高密度区（１．８２～３．０３棵／ｍ２）。根据上述结果建议在择伐过程中应当保留植被演替晚期的林型和胸径在４０ｃｍ左右的大树。     

渐危树种青梅的迁地保护研究

国家三级保护树种青梅Ｖａｔｉｃａｍａｎｇａｃｈａｐｏｉ原产海南省,在西双版纳热带植物园迁地栽培,树高年平均生长量达０．６１～０．７３ｍ,胸径年平均生长量达０．８２～１．１５ｃｍ,超过原产地野生和其他引种地同龄的植株。花期５～６月,果熟期９～１０月,种子发芽率９６．７％。经多年观察,未见寒害和严重的病虫害。现已繁衍了３代并扩大种植１８６株,说明青梅在西双版纳热带植物园迁地保护获得成功。     

稀有濒危植物坡垒的迁地保护

国家二级保护树种坡垒（ＨｏｐｅａｈａｉｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓＭｅｒｒ．ｅｔＣｈｕｎ）原产海南岛。在西双版纳勐仑热带植物园迁地栽培,年平均增高０．４４～０．９ｍ,胸径加粗０．５４～１．３１ｃｍ,比原产地野生或其他迁地保护地区的植株生长快。花期８～１０月,果熟期翌年３～５月。种子发芽率达９６．７％。经多年观察,未见寒害和严重的病虫害。已繁衍了３代并扩大种植２８４株,说明坡垒在西双版纳热带植物园迁地保护获得成功。     

樟子松人工林树冠表面积及体积预估模型的研究

基于樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)人工林6块固定标准地30株枝解析数据,在分析树冠表面积和树冠体积与林分变量和林木变量的基础上,利用幂函数建立了树冠表面积（CSA）和树冠体积(CV)的预估模型,同时还对林木材积生长量与CSA和CV进行了相关分析。研究结果表明：樟子松人工林树冠表面积和树冠体积随着林木胸径、树高和冠长的增大而增大,林木材积生长量与树冠表面积和树冠体积均明显呈线性关系。不同林分条件的樟子松人工林CSA和CV随林分年龄和胸径的增大而增大,CSA随林分密度的增大而减小,而CV与林分密度相关不紧密。林分树冠表面积和树冠体积预估模型的检验结果表明,两个模型的平均相对误差都在±8%之内,预估精度均大于91%,说明所建模型可以很好地预估樟子松人工林不同林分条件下的林木树冠表面积和树冠体积。     

肉桂优树子代测定初报

对福省华安金山林场２５年生肉桂人工林的７０株初选优树的半同胞子代进行遗传测定,方差分析结果表明,家系间在树高、地径上差异显著,参试的优树子代平均树高、地径分别超过对照家系７８．６％、９１．５％,通过聚类分析,初步分出５个类群,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ类中１１个家系属一类型,有等于进一步重点观测。     

肉桂优树子代测定初报

对福建省华安金山林场２５年生肉桂人工林的７０株初选优树的半同胞子代进行遗传测定,方差分析结果表明,家系间在树高、地径上差异显著,参试的优树子代平均树高、地径分别超过对照家系７８．６％、９１．５％。通过聚类分析,初步分出５个类群,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ类中１１个家系属早期速生类型,有待于进一步重点观测。     

间伐强度对杉木－火力楠混交林生长影响的研究初报

对杉木－火力楠混交林进行４种间伐强度试验表明,间伐６年后各林分的杉木、火力楠胸径净生长量比对照分别增加７０—１３９、１１—２５％,树高增加４６—９０、７—１０％,村积生长增加５４—１４０、１０—４３％,林分蓄积量增加４９—７５ｍ３·ｈａ（－１）,平均冠高增加２—６、８一１３％,第１活枝高下降０．５—３、３５—４８％。冠幅杉木下降１—２％、火力楠增加１—８％．可以认为,以间伐强度为３０和４０％２种方式较好,间伐后林分定型株数约保留在１６００—２２００株·ｈａ（－１）之间为宜．     

猕猴桃优良株系筛选鉴定研究

报道猕猴桃的芽变选择,雄株选择,各优良株系的生物学特性．果实生长发育规律,产量,果实营养成分和加工性．采用模糊评分选优法筛选鉴定出桂海４号为较理想的优良株系,江西７９－２和桂海１４号为有发展前途的优良株系。     

应用电导率探讨邓恩桉不同优株的抗寒性

本文通过测定邓恩桉不同优株在常温下电导率日变化与不同低温胁迫处理电导率的变化,探讨不同处理条件下,电导率变化与个体抗寒性的关系。结果表明,不同个体在常温下电导率存在日波动变化,但日波动性与抗寒性没有直接联系。在不同低温胁迫处理下,不同优良个体电导率随抗寒能力不同而变化,抗寒能力越强,电导率发生骤变的低温区间越滞后,且变化幅度也较小。由不同处理下的电导率,分别求得不同个体的logistic方程,经回归分析得出各不同个体的半致死温度,定量评价不同个体抗寒能力,为抗寒-速生优株筛选提供科学依据。     

Systematic characterisation and seed oil analysis in candidate plus trees of biodiesel plant, Pongamia pinnata

Candidate plus trees (CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata , a potential biodiesel plant occurring across 10 locations in North Guwahati, were identified based on morphological markers (vegetative and reproductive) using combined analysis over locations. Identified CPTs were then multiplied using seed propagation technique in a nursery bed. The performance of the candidate trees with respect to seed and pod traits, the two most important characters with regard to oil, were evaluated using CROPSTAT software for inferring potential genotypes that can be included in programmes aimed at genetic improvement of the species. Total oil content from the seeds of plus trees was also analysed using solvent extraction procedure at their boiling points. Hexane extraction yielded maximum oil content from seeds (33%) compared with petroleum ether (30%). When the seed to solvent ratio varied, no significant difference was noticed on the total oil yield for an individual tree, although the recovery of solvent and the time taken for oil extraction were significantly reduced at higher ratios of solvent used.     

天然次生林中水曲柳种子的扩散格局

 种子扩散是种群动态中的一个关键环节,研究其扩散格局对了解种子库及更新格局有重要意义。于1999～2000年在天然次生林中选择样地并设置样带,共设取样点1376个,观察和估计了水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)的种子雨格局。结果发现,母树附近,尤其是冠幅范围内,各方向的种子雨没有显著差别。但种子雨密度随距离有明显变化,冠幅范围内平均可达462～903个·m-2。距冠缘10～20 m急剧减少,为50～190个·m-2。72.5%～96.4%的种子散落在距母株树干10 m 的范围内。饱满种子顺风     

Past attacks influence host selection by the solitary bark beetle Dendroctonus micans

1. A spatio‐temporal study of host selection and local spread of a solitary bark beetle attacking live spruce Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) was carried out using a combination of standard statistical methods, geostatistical analyses, and modelling. The study was based on data from three plots (150–300 trees, 0.3–1 ha) from 1978 to 1993. All trees were mapped and successful and abortive bark‐beetle attacks on each tree were counted annually. Because the attacked trees usually survived, temporal attack patterns as well as spatial patterns could be analysed. 2. The distribution of successful insect attacks on the trees was slightly aggregative, indicating some degree of choice rather than totally random establishment. 3. The level of yearly individual attacks per tree was very stable, suggesting that D. micans usually leave the host in which they develop. 4. The attacked trees were distributed randomly in the plots; at the study's spatial scale, the insects dispersed freely throughout the plot (no spatial dependence). 5. On the other hand, time dependence was strong; some trees were attacked repeatedly while others were left untouched. 6. Among a choice of scenarios (random attack, fixed variability in individual host susceptibility, induced host susceptibility following random attack), the best fit was obtained with the model involving induced individual host susceptibility. This type of relation to the host tree contrasts strongly with patterns generally described in host–plant relationships (including gregarious, tree‐killing bark beetles), where local herbivore damage results in induced resistance. 7. These results suggest that the first attacks in a new stand are made at random, that all or most of the beetles emerging from a tree disperse and resample the stand, and that they settle preferentially on trees that were colonised successfully by previous generations.     

Seedling establishment in an epiphytic orchid: an experimental study of seed limitation

Will increased fruit and seed production in a severely pollination-limited orchid stimulate population growth? We tested whether safe sites for germination and seedling establishment are limiting for the twig epiphyte, Tolumnia variegata, by manipulating fruit set and monitoring subsequent seedling establishment for two seasons (1991–1992, 1992–1993). In the Cambalache Forest Reserve of Puerto Rico, we established 36 plots along a transect. Each plot consisted of nine trees. A center tree was designated as the site for attaching Tolumnia and manipulating fruit set. The other eight potential host trees were 1–3 and 3–5 m from the center tree in each of the cardinal directions. A 1-m length of stem 1 m from the ground was monitored for recruits on each of the nine trees of 24 fruit-enhanced plots and 12 controls (23 and 13, respectively for the 1992–1993 season). Fruit enhancement plots were divided among two treatments: one-fruit and five-fruit additions for the 1st year and one to five and more than five fruits for the 2nd year. Availability of suitable host species was not limiting. T. variegata showed little specificity for host tree species, good host trees and shrubs were common, and there was no evidence that the orchid had a preference for small branches, despite possessing the entire suite of characteristics thought to respresent “obligate” twig epiphytes. Fruit enhancement increased seed rain and seedling establishment consistently in only the high-fruit treatment plots. Most recruitment occurred near fruiting plants. Over the 2-year period, mortality was 18% for adults and 85.5% for the 1991–1992 cohort of recruits. Net recruitment was positive for both the treatment (average = 1.74) and control plots (average = 0.67). Seedling establishment at our study site was not microsite-limited. If selection for increased pollinator attraction occurs, then an increase in seed output should result in population growth.     

Effects of experimental fuel additions on fire intensity and severity: unexpected carbon resilience of a neotropical forest

Global changes and associated droughts, heat waves, logging activities, and forest fragmentation may intensify fires in Amazonia by altering forest microclimate and fuel dynamics. To isolate the effects of fuel loads on fire behavior and fire‐induced changes in forest carbon cycling, we manipulated fine fuel loads in a fire experiment located in southeast Amazonia. We predicted that a 50% increase in fine fuel loads would disproportionally increase fire intensity and severity (i.e., tree mortality and losses in carbon stocks) due to multiplicative effects of fine fuel loads on the rate of fire spread, fuel consumption, and burned area. The experiment followed a fully replicated randomized block design (N = 6) comprised of unburned control plots and burned plots that were treated with and without fine fuel additions. The fuel addition treatment significantly increased burned area (+22%) and consequently canopy openness (+10%), fine fuel combustion (+5%), and mortality of individuals ≥5 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh; +37%). Surprisingly, we observed nonsignificant effects of the fuel addition treatment on fireline intensity, and no significant differences among the three treatments for (i) mortality of large trees (≥30 cm dbh), (ii) aboveground forest carbon stocks, and (iii) soil respiration. It was also surprising that postfire tree growth and wood increment were higher in the burned plots treated with fuels than in the unburned control. These results suggest that (i) fine fuel load accumulation increases the likelihood of larger understory fires and (ii) single, low‐intensity fires weakly influence carbon cycling of this primary neotropical forest, although delayed postfire mortality of large trees may lower carbon stocks over the long term. Overall, our findings indicate that increased fine fuel loads alone are unlikely to create threshold conditions for high‐intensity, catastrophic fires during nondrought years.     

不同区域典型树木的空间分布格局及关联性

以温带长白山(CBS)、暖温带关帝山(GDS)、亚热带黑石顶(HSD)样地监测数据为基础,采用成对相关函数g(r)分析了3个样地共有的3科(松科、壳斗科、蔷薇科)树木的空间分布格局及其关联性.结果表明:不同样地3科树木分布数量及结构特征存在差异.松科在GDS分布数量较多,呈双峰型径级结构,在CBS和HSD分布数量少,径级结构近似正态分布;壳斗科在CBS和GDS分布数量少,分别呈双峰型和偏正态径级结构,在HSD分布数量多,呈倒"J"型径级分布;蔷薇科在GDS分布数量多,呈"L"型径级分布,在CBS和HSD分布相对较少,径级结构分别呈倒"J"型和"L"型分布.3科树木空间分布格局在不同样地表现也不同,松科的大径级个体在CBS和GDS小尺度上呈均匀分布,在HSD呈聚集分布,中、小径级在3个样地均呈聚集分布;壳斗科在CBS以大径级个体为主,呈近似随机分布,在GDS和HSD以中、小径级为主,呈聚集性分布格局;蔷薇科在3个样地均为聚集分布.3科树木的聚集程度均随尺度增加而降低.大径级的壳斗科个体在CBS和HSD与松科呈不相关或小尺度负相关关系,中、小径级的壳斗科在CBS和GDS与松科呈负相关关系,但在HSD与松科表现为正相关;松科与蔷薇科在3个样地均表现为负相关;中、小径级的壳斗科与蔷薇科在CBS和GDS呈正相关关系,但在HSD呈负相关关系.总之,3科树木空间分布格局及关联性随径级、尺度而变化且在不同样地内有不同表现.     

Early seed fall and seedling emergence: precursors to tropical restoration

We explore processes of seed immigration and seedling recruitment before an experimental rainforest restoration matures enough to affect either. Twenty-four 30 × 30-m plots were fenced in 12 ha of pasture in 2006. Seeds were collected in ninety-six 1-m⁻² seed traps; recruits were censused in ~12,000 m² in which establishment was allowed. We tested effects of distance from forest, living trees, and stumps of trees cut during site preparation on seed rain in 2007 and effects of these and soil depth on recruits through June 2008. Seed fall and recruitment were not correlated with distance to forest 90–400 m away, nor to living shade trees outside the 160 × 485-m experimental grid. Recruitment differed for animal- and wind-dispersed species in a topographically complex landscape. Recruitment of wind-dispersed species was random with respect to soil depth or distance to recent stumps. Recruitment of animal-dispersed species was multimodal; partial correlations with number of stumps within 30 m of plots were significant with soil depth held constant (P < 0.025), as were correlations of recruitment with soil depth with number of stumps held constant (P < 0.01). Animal-dispersed recruits were often not conspecifics of adults that had been cut, indicating a legacy of attraction by fruiting trees of animals bearing seeds from distant sources. Ecological implications are that recruitment in pastures released from grazing reflects a mix of widely scattered wind-dispersed pioneers and, where animal-dispersed trees exist, multi-modal and decidedly non-random recruitment of pioneer and later successional animal-dispersed trees from seed banks.     

Phylogenetic signal in nucleotide data from seed plants: implications for resolving the seed plant tree of life

Effects of taxonomic sampling and conflicting signal on the inference of seed plant trees supported in previous molecular analyses were explored using 13 single-locus data sets. Changing the number of taxa in single-locus analyses had limited effects on log likelihood differences between the gnepine (Gnetales plus Pinaceae) and gnetifer (Gnetales plus conifers) trees. Distinguishing among these trees also was little affected by the use of different substitution parameters. The 13-locus combined data set was partitioned into nine classes based on substitution rates. Sites evolving at intermediate rates had the best likelihood and parsimony scores on gnepine trees, and those evolving at the fastest rates had the best parsimony scores on Gnetales-sister trees (Gnetales plus other seed plants). When the fastest evolving sites were excluded from parsimony analyses, well-supported gnepine trees were inferred from the combined data and from each genomic partition. When all sites were included, Gnetales-sister trees were inferred from the combined data, whereas a different tree was inferred from each genomic partition. Maximum likelihood trees from the combined data and from each genomic partition were well-supported gnepine trees. A preliminary stratigraphic test highlights the poor fit of Gnetales-sister trees to the fossil data.     

Growth and mortality of trees in Amazonian tropical rain forest in Ecuador

Abstract. Structural changes are analysed in four samples representing 4 ha, two line transects and two hectare plots, of Amazonian tropical lowland rain forest in northern Ecuador. Only trees with a DBH ≥ 10 cm were included. A sample of floodplain forest in Añangu represents the largest turnover found in tropical forests (stand half-life = 23 yr). The line transect and hectare plot both of tierra firme forest in Añangu have the same turnover (37 yr) and were balanced for death and in-growth of both individuals and wood (basal area). The 1-ha tierra firme sample in Cuyabeno had a turnover of 67 yr and was in a growing phase. The floodplain line transect in Añangu was in a phase of structural breakdown. However, the floodplain line transect had the largest growth of basal area per tree (23.4 cm²/yr). The tierra firme samples had a growth of 9.6, 10.1, and 13.6 cm²/yr. Most of the dead trees fell with some uprooting in three of the four samples. However, no significant difference in the distribution of mode of death was found between the four samples. Death was independent of topography and the dead trees were randomly distributed. As the trees grow up they occupy more space and larger trees (DBH ≥ 15 cm) become more uniformly distributed, whereas smaller trees (DBH ≤ 15 cm) were randomly distributed. Our study confirms that plots of 1 ha are not sufficient to include representative samples of different stages of forest structure.