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1.
流速对细鳞裂腹鱼游泳行为及能量消耗影响的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
通过自制密封的鱼类游泳实验装置,研究了流速对细鳞裂腹鱼游泳行为和能量消耗的影响。结果显示,细鳞裂腹鱼的摆尾频率随游泳速度的变化有明显的变化规律,摆尾频率随着流速的增加而显著性的增加,而摆尾幅度有减小趋势,差异性不显著。结果还表明,(26±1)℃时,(10.60±0.54)cm细鳞裂腹鱼的相对临界游泳速度为(11.5±0.5)BL/s,绝对临界游泳速度为(110.28±2.02)cm/s。测定的相对临界流速较其他的鲤科鱼大,是对生存水流环境(流速0.5—1.5m/s)适应性的表现。这一结果表明鱼类的游泳能力是能够训练的。运动代谢率与相对流速的关系为,AMR=93.08e(0.307v)+314.33,R2=0.994;单位距离能耗与流速的指数关系为COT=28e(1.03V)+6.05,R2=0.998。流速达到8 BL/s时,裂腹鱼耗氧率开始下降,从流速7 BL/s时,(1245.57±90.97)mg O2/(kg.h)最大,下降到(978.78±189.38)mg O2/(kg.h)。1—7 BL/s流速范围内,裂腹鱼单位时间内的耗氧率随着游泳速度的增加而增加,而且随着游泳速度的增加,单位距离能耗(COT)逐渐减少,最小能耗在6倍体长流速,0.68 m/s时,为(6.00±1.57)J/(kg.m),其能量利用效率最大。  相似文献   

2.
为了揭示不同温度条件下运动和摄食对细鳞鲑幼鱼代谢模式的影响,在饱和溶氧(>8.0 mg·L-1)条件下,分别测定了空腹组和摄食组在5个处理温度(4、8、12、16和20 ℃)下的运动前代谢率(MO2p)、活跃代谢率(MO2a)、代谢范围(MS)、临界游泳速度(UC)以及10个流速水平下的实时游泳代谢率(MR).结果表明: 在各个温度条件下,摄食组的MO2p和MO2a均显著高于空腹组(P<0.05),且分别提高了15%和12%(4 ℃)、47%和23%(8 ℃)、30%和21%(12 ℃)、43%和36%(16 ℃)及8%和7%(20 ℃);摄食组与空腹组的UC和MS均无显著性差异(P>0.05),但随着温度升高,两组的MS均呈现下降趋势;随流速的增加,各组的游泳代谢率呈先升高后降低的变化规律,且摄食组显著大于空腹组(P<0.05),各组的最大代谢率峰值均出现在低于UC的流速条件下;在细鳞鲑幼鱼的游泳速度接近70%UC的运动过程中,其代谢率不断增大至峰值,随后在游泳速度达到UC的过程中,代谢率呈下降趋势.表明在一定温度范围条件下,细鳞鲑幼鱼的最大代谢率是由运动与摄食共同诱导产生的,在达到最大代谢率峰值的过程中代谢表现为添加模式;之后随游泳代谢率的下降,摄食诱导的代谢率被削减,该过程表现为运动优先代谢模式.  相似文献   

3.
不同流速下杂交鲟幼鱼游泳状态与活动代谢研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
为研究水流速度对杂交鲟幼鱼行为和代谢的影响,探讨游泳状态与活动代谢及相关游泳运动参数之间的关系,在26℃水温下,使用特制的鱼类游泳行为和活动代谢同步测定装置,测定了杂交鲟幼鱼在0.1、0.3、0.5 m/s三种流速和静水条件下的游泳状态、趋流率、摆尾频率和耗氧率。结果表明:随着流速的增大,杂交鲟幼鱼逆流前进和逆流静止游泳状态所占时间比例显著减少,而逆流后退所占时间比例显著增加,顺流而下时间比例有所上升。在0.0—0.3 m/s的流速范围内,杂交鲟幼鱼各个时段的平均趋流率、摆尾频率和耗氧率均随着流速的增加而增大,在0.3 m/s流速下分别达到100%﹑(2.53±0.34)Hz和(490.99±164.59)mg O2/(kg.h)。当流速增加至0.5 m/s时,在趋流率仍保持100%的情况下,其耗氧率相比0.3 m/s增加了21.86%,而摆尾频率却减小了6.70%。实验过程杂交鲟幼鱼趋流率与摆尾频率呈显著线性正相关,而摆尾频率与耗氧率在大部分时段却无相关性。随着时间的延长,各流速组杂交鲟幼鱼趋流率、摆尾频率和耗氧率呈现不同的变化趋势,其趋流率均相对稳定;但摆尾频率均随时间延长呈下降趋势,而耗氧率则在实验前9h随时间延长逐渐增加,随后趋于稳定。研究结果提示:杂交鲟幼鱼游泳状态的变化与流速有关,而反映运动强度大小的摆尾频率与活动代谢率的关系受到游泳状态的显著影响,同时也与运动代谢特征的时间变化有关。  相似文献   

4.
配制4种含有鱼油(FO)、菜籽油(CO)、棕榈油(PaO)和大豆油(SO)的饲料投喂初始体重为(22.19±1.10) g的细鳞鲑幼鱼52d, 探讨不同脂肪源对细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)幼鱼生长、脂质代谢及抗氧化性能的影响。结果显示, 增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率均以鱼油和大豆油组最高, 棕榈油组次之, 菜籽油组最低, 其中大豆油组与鱼油组无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同脂肪源对细鳞鲑幼鱼肌肉粗成分无显著影响(P>0.05)。摄食大豆油的细鳞鲑可以明显提升肌肉中的22:6n-3含量, 表明细鳞鲑具有将18:3n-3转化为22:6n-3的能力, n-3 系列脂肪酸是细鳞鲑起主要作用的必需脂肪酸。与鱼油相比, 植物油脂导致了细鳞鲑血清中甘油三酯含量的显著升高以及胆固醇含量的显著降低, 肝脏中ACC1和FAS的mRNA表达量明显下调, 以及Δ6 Fad的mRNA表达量的明显上调(P<0.05)。投喂不同脂肪源饲料的细鳞鲑肝脏ROS、MDA、GPx含量以及TBARS值发生明显变化(P<0.05)。研究结果表明鱼油和大豆油可作为细鳞鲑幼鱼饲料的脂肪源, 而棕榈油和菜籽油不适宜作为细鳞鲑幼鱼的单一脂肪源。  相似文献   

5.
秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystaxtsinlingensis)和细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)为近缘种,均为国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,对二者当年幼鱼几何形态学特征的比较可为物种鉴定与保护、增殖放流等提供重要依据。为探究当年幼鱼的形态差异,运用Tps软件建立薄板样条模型,比较了24项相对几何形态学特征的差异并进行了主成分分析。结果表明:二者的整体结构框架背景网格在头部、背部、尾部和腹部均呈现不同程度的弯曲,细鳞鲑的头部稍尖;秦岭细鳞鲑的13项相对几何形态学特征与细鳞鲑存在显著差异(P<0.05),如背鳍基部长度(C4/C1)、臀鳍基部长度(C13/C1)、眼径(C20/C1)、头高(C25/C1)大于细鳞鲑(P<0.05),而胸鳍基部至吻端的相对距离(C16/C1)小于细鳞鲑(P<0.05)。主成分分析显示,秦岭细鳞鲑与细鳞鲑在PC1和PC2水平上仅个别样本出现重叠分布,两物种的样本相对集中。总之,秦岭细鳞鲑与细鳞鲑当年幼鱼的几何形态学特征具有显著种间差异,特别是头部和尾部特征。  相似文献   

6.
在全球气候变暖背景下,冷水性鱼类的温度适应性备受关注。秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)是目前世界上分布最南端的两种鲑科鱼类之一,为国家Ⅱ级重点保护水生野生动物。尽管温度是决定该物种生存与分布的关键因子,然而其热生物学相关研究至今鲜见报道。研究考察了驯化温度(6℃、12℃和18℃)和重复测定对秦岭细鳞鲑生态相关的重要指标如快速启动反应、游泳性能及力竭后代谢特征的影响。结果发现:(1)快速启动反应时滞(Latency time,Tlatency)随温度升高而变短(P<0.05),但温度和重复测定对反应率(Reaction rate,R)无显著影响(P>0.05);(2)温度对步法转换速度(Gait transition speed,Ugait)和匀加速游泳速度(Constant acceleration test speed,Ucat)影响显著(P<0.05),重复测定对Ugait和Ucat无显著影响(P>0.05);(3)温度对日常代谢率(Routine metabolic rate, RMR)和最大代谢率(Maximum metabolic rate, MMR)影响显著(P<0.05)、对代谢空间(Metabolic scope,MS)无显著影响(P>0.05),重复测定对MMR和MS均无显著影响(P>0.05);(4)低温驯化方向(6—12℃)生理参数的Q10值较大,而高温驯化方向(12—18℃)生理参数的Q10值较小。研究结果提示:(1)高温下秦岭细鳞鲑快速启动反应更为迅速,但该物种对低强度机械刺激主要采用静息而非逃逸的策略;(2)秦岭细鳞鲑游泳性能对温度变化的敏感性较高,游泳性能的最适温度估计介于12—18℃之间;(3)秦岭细鳞鲑具备较好的代谢恢复与重复运动能力,但总体上游泳性能较弱,可能易受生境水温和水流环境变化的限制。  相似文献   

7.
为了考察不同体质量和饥饿程度红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼的游泳能力,利用行为生态学方法测定了不同体质量(0.22—3.31 g)和饥饿天数(1d、3d、6d和9d)下红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的绝对临界游速(Ucrit,cm/s)、相对临界游速(Ucrit’,体长/s,BL/s)、偏好游速(Upref,cm/s)、6个流速区域(2—36 cm/s)下停留时间百分比(Pt,%)、偏好区域平均流速(Vmean,cm/s)和总游泳距离(D1h,m)等游泳行为指标。结果显示,体质量和饥饿显著影响红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的Ucrit、Ucrit’、Pt、Vmean和D1h。随体质量增加,实验鱼的Ucrit、Upref、Vmean和D1h均逐渐升高,而Ucrit...  相似文献   

8.
流速对红鳍银鲫幼鱼游泳状态的影响   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
在28℃水温下,采用特制的鱼类游泳行为测定装置,研究体重(125.94±13.87)g的红鳍银鲫(Barbodes schwanenfeldi)幼鱼在0.0m/s(对照组)和0.1m/s、0.3m/s、0.5m/s3种流速下的游泳行为。结果表明,从0.0~0.3m/s,红鳍银鲫幼鱼平均趋流率和摆尾频率均随着流速的增加而增大,而0.5m/s组在90min内随时间延长而下降。红鳍银鲫游泳状态明显受到所处流速的影响,在静水对照组以"逆流前进"和"顺流而下"为主,两者共占总观察时间的98%以上;各流速组均以逆流静止为主,且随着流速的增大,逆流静止所占时间比例从45.8%增加至81.3%,而逆流前进所占时间比例由24.1%减至5%以下;逆流后退所占时间比例以0.1m/s组最大,为16.4%;顺流而下的比例随着流速增大先减小后增大,3个流速组依次为13.7%、2.1%和10.9%。红鳍银鲫幼鱼的游泳速度(V)和摆尾频率(TBF)在逆流前进及逆流静止两种游泳状态下呈线性正相关,而在逆流后退和顺流而下两种状态下两者没有显著相关。  相似文献   

9.
为了确保黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegeli)和美国红鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)在开放海域的养殖产量和鱼类养殖福利,在20℃下,对体长差异性不显著(P>0.05)的两种鱼进行续航游泳能力测试。首先,确定不同流速下的耐力游泳时间,然后选择耐力游泳时间为150min时的速度进行续航游泳实验。其中黑鲷和美国红鱼分别被迫以3.15和4.32 BL/s的恒定游泳速度,进行0、30min、60min、90min、120min和150min的测试,解剖鱼获得肌肉、血液和肝脏,测定样品在6个时间点的代谢物浓度,每个时间点保证3组有效数据。对0和150min的实验组对比,结果显示,两种鱼肝糖原、背肌乳酸和血糖浓度差异显著(P<0.05),肌肉糖原浓度差异不显著(P>0.05)。双变量相关分析显示,随着疲劳程度增加,肝糖原浓度下降,背肌乳酸和血糖上升。灰度关联分析和主成分分析显示,血糖和肝糖原浓度是影响疲劳的主要因素,但黑鲷相比美国红鱼,其浓度变化范围更大。综上:(1)美国红鱼比黑鲷拥有更强的游泳能力,而且黑鲷和美国红鱼不适合养殖在流速超过3.15和4....  相似文献   

10.
鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)是中国重要的经济鱼类,持续游泳速度和耐久游泳速度是鱼类重要的游泳能力参数。本文利用开敞式平坡水槽,采用固定流速法,测试了118尾鳙幼鱼的持续游动时间,研究鳙的基础游泳能力。结果表明:全长为12.5~17.5、17.5~22.5和22.5~27.5 cm的3组鱼的持续游泳速度分别为13.7~39.8、46.1~78.0和60.3~75.7 cm·s~(-1),耐久游泳速度分别为29.9~60.0、65.3~120.2和59.2~122.9 cm·s~(-1),且98%以上的测试鱼类持续游动时间分布在0~10 min和200 min的范围内;在18~26.3℃的范围内,温度对鳙幼鱼的持续游泳速度和耐久游泳速度均有显著性影响,相对持续速度Us(TL·s~(-1),TL为鱼全长)随温度T升高呈线性增大的趋势,拟合方程为U_s=0.19T~(-1).57(n=27,R~2=0.48,P0.001);相对耐久速度U_p随温度T升高也呈线性增大的趋势,U_p=0.20T-0.63(n=83,R~2=0.22,P0.001);鳙幼鱼的持续游动时间呈明显的两极化分布,因此在其临界游泳速度测试中应选用10 min的时间步长和适宜的流速步长,鳙幼鱼发生极限疲劳的前一个水流速度可用于评估其持续游泳速度;温度变化会显著影响鱼类的持续游泳速度和耐久游泳速度,在适温范围内,鳙幼鱼的持续游泳速度、耐久游泳速度和临界游泳速度随温度的变化趋势相同。  相似文献   

11.
Rapid acclimation to cold can occur in Dacus tryoni during two short stages of its life history: the stage immediately prior to the “hopping larva” phase and the “pharate adult” stage within the puparium. Transfer from 25 to 15°C at either of these stages can produce full acclimation to cold within a few days. Acclimation is not detectable at other times in puparial life: during adult life it takes over 100 days.  相似文献   

12.
Field-measured grazing rates (ml/animal/d) of cladocerans (mostly daphniids) and diaptomids were assembled from various published studies and plotted as a function of corresponding phytoplankton concentration (μg l−1 f.w.). Filtering rates of both zooplankton groups initially increased with seston concentration until maximal grazing rates were observed at approximately 4 × 102 and 1 × 102 μg l−1 for cladocerans and copepods, respectively; at higher algal concentrations, filtering rates of both declined as a function of food concentration. The shape of these curves are most consistent with Holling's (1966) Type 3 functional response. We found little support for the Type 3 functional response in published laboratory studies of Daphnia; most investigators report either a Type 1 or Type 2 response. The one study in which the Type 3 response was observed involved experiments where animals were acclimated at low food concentrations for 24 h, whereas those studies associated with response Types 1 or 2 had acclimation periods of only 1 to 3 h. We therefore assembled relevant data from the literature to examine the effect of acclimation period on the feeding rates of Daphnia at low food concentrations. In the absence of any acclimation, animals filtered at extremely low rates. After 2 h of acclimation, however, filtering rates increased 4 to 5-fold but declined again with longer durations; after > 70 h of pre-conditioning, filtering rates were almost as low as they had been with no acclimation. We also found little support for the Type 3 functional response in published studies of copepods. The only study associated with a Type 3 response involved a marine copepod that had been subjected to a starvation period of 48 h; however, an analysis of the effects of acclimation period did not yield conclusive evidence that filtering rates of freshwater copepods (Diaptomus and Eudiaptomus) decrease significantly with acclimation duration. The low filtering rates associated with long acclimation periods in laboratory experiments appears to be a direct result of animals becoming emaciated from prolonged exposure to low food concentrations, a situation which renders them incapable of high filtering rates. This may explain the Type 3 functional response for field cladocerans, since zooplankton in food-limiting situations are constantly exposed to low food concentrations, and would therefore have low body carbon and consequently less energy to filter-feed. We cannot, however, use this to explain the Type 3 response for field diaptomids, since copepods in the laboratory did not appear to lose body carbon even after 72 h of feeding at very low food levels, and there was inconclusive evidence that either Diaptomus or Eudiaptomus decrease their filtering rates with acclimation period. Although Incipient Limiting Concentrations (ILC) for Daphnia ranged from 1 to 8.5 × 103 μg 1−1, more than half of these fell between 1 and 3 × 103 μg l−1, bracketing the value of 2.7 × 102 μg l−1 for field cladocerans. There was, however, a great deal of variation in reported maximum ingestion rates (MIR), maximum filtering rates (MFR) and ILC values for Daphnia magna. ILC values from the few laboratory studies of freshwater copepods ranged between 0.5 to 2.8 × 103 μg 1−1, and was higher than the ILC value of approximately 0.2 × 103 μg l−1 calculated for field populations of D. minutus. Generally, there was considerable agreement among laboratory studies regarding the shape of grazing-rate and ingestion-rate curves when data were converted to similar units and presented on standardized scales.  相似文献   

13.
Vernalization is an acceleration of flowering in response to chilling, and is normally studied in the laboratory at near‐freezing (2–4 °C) temperatures. Many vernalization‐requiring species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, are found in a range of habitats with varying winter temperatures. Natural variation in the temperature range that elicits a vernalization response in Arabidopsis has not been fully explored. We characterized the effect of intermediate temperatures (7–19 °C) on 15 accessions and the well‐studied reference line Col‐FRI. Although progressively warmer temperatures are gradually less effective at activating expression of the vernalization‐specific gene VERNALIZATION‐INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3) and in accelerating flowering, there is substantial natural variation in the upper threshold (Tmax) of the flowering‐time response. VIN3 is required for the Tmax (13 °C) response of Col‐FRI. Surprisingly, even 16 °C treatment caused induction of VIN3 in six tested lines, despite the ineffectiveness of this temperature in accelerating flowering for two of them. Finally, we present evidence that mild acceleration of flowering by 19 °C exposure may counterbalance the flowering time delay caused by non‐inductive photoperiods in at least one accession, creating an appearance of photoperiod insensitivity.  相似文献   

14.
陆洪良  耿军  徐卫  平骏  张永普 《生态学报》2017,37(5):1603-1610
特定物种的热驯化能力决定着其是否能成功耐受环境温度的改变,在应对未来气候变暖的趋势中扮演重要角色。为评估有尾类两栖动物的热驯化反应,在3个恒定水温(15、20℃和25℃)中驯化东方蝾螈(Cynops orientalis)幼体4周,测定驯化后幼体在不同测试温度下的运动(游泳)表现、临界低温(CT_(Min))与临界高温(CT_(Max))。结果显示:驯化与测试温度均显著影响蝾螈的游泳速度;驯化温度亦影响蝾螈的CT_(Min)和CT_(Max),但不影响可耐受温度范围(TRR)。驯化与测试温度的交互作用对蝾螈泳速的影响显著,表明驯化温度可改变其游泳表现的热敏感性。经某一温度驯化后蝾螈泳速似乎在相同测试温度下表现最好,该结果可能支持驯化有益假说。CT_(Min)和CT_(Max)随驯化温度的升高而增加,表明:低温驯化可提高动物抗低温能力,而高温驯化提高其抗高温能力。两栖类动物热耐受性与运动表现热驯化反应的种间变异可能与栖息地热环境的差异有关。  相似文献   

15.
In the present study, the authors investigated the effect of acclimation duration (up to 4 h) on behavioural characteristics of taxonomically and functionally different fish species, i.e., the migratory rheophilic salmonids rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and the non-migratory eurytopic European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Specifically, the authors explored fish behavioural patterns based on specific endpoints (average, maximum and angular velocity) during the acclimation period, and determined the acclimation period suitable for the tested fish species. The performed behavioural data analysis showed that the minimum time needed to adjust fish activity to a more stable (baseline) level should be at least 2 h for O. mykiss and S. salar and 1 h for G. aculeatus. Nonetheless, P. fluviatilis behaviour did not show significant changes during the 4 h acclimation. The results of this study revealed that the effect of the acclimation duration on such rheophilic species as O. mykiss and S. salar was greater than that on the eurytopic species P. fluviatilis and G. aculeatus, indicating that acclimation period is important in managing fish stress before behavioural observations. For all species, the highest variability was found in the endpoint of maximum velocity, and the lowest in that of angular velocity. This study showed that before starting actual toxicity testing experiments, it is important to determine an appropriate, species-specific acclimation period.  相似文献   

16.
P. J. Ferrar  C. B. Osmond 《Planta》1986,168(4):563-570
We have compared the ability of shadegrown clones of Solamum dulcamara L. from shade and sun habitats to acclimate to bright light, as a function of nitrogen nutrition before and after transfer to bright light. Leaves of S. dulcamara grown in the shade with 0.6 mM NO 3 - have similar photosynthetic properties as leaves of plants grown with 12.0 mM NO 3 - . When transferred to bright light for 1–2 d the leaves of these plants show substantial photoinhibition which is characterized by about 50% decrease in apparent quantum yield and a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis in air at light saturation. Photoinhibition of leaf photosynthesis is associated with reduction in the variable component of low-temperature fluorescence emission, and with loss of in-vitro electron transport, especially of photosystem II-dependent processes.We find no evidence for ecotypic differentiation in the potential for photosynthetic acclimation among shade and sun clones of S. dulcamara, or of differentiation with respect to nitrogen requirements for acclimation. Recovery from photoinhibition and subsequent acclimation of photosynthesis to bright light only occurs in leaves of plants provided with 12.0 mM NO 3 - . In these, apparent quantum yield is fully restored after 14 d, and photosynthetic acclimation is shown by an increase in light-saturated photosynthesis in air, of light-and CO2-saturated photosynthesis, and of the initial slope of the CO2-response curve. The latter changes are highly correlated with changes in ribulose-bisphosphate-carboxylase activity in vitro. Plants supplied with 0.6 mM NO 3 - show incomplete recovery of apparent quantum yield after 14 d, but CO2-dependent leaf photosynthetic parameters return to control levels.Symbols and abbreviations Fo initial level of fluorescence at 77 K - Fm maximum level of fluorescence at 77 K - Fv variable components of fluorescence at 77 K (Fv=Fm-Fo) - PSI, PSII photosystem I and II, respectively - RuBP ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate - RuBPCase ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39)  相似文献   

17.
Abstract Photosynthetic temperature acclimation in Carex eleocharis has been demonstrated in a previous study in which warm grown (35/15°C) plants were shown to have photosynthetic temperature optima approximately 14°C higher than cool grown (20/15°C) plants (Monson, Littlejohn & Williams, 1983). The current study examined the time course of this acclimation by determining photo-synthetic temperature optima as a function of time, of cool grown plants moved to warm growing conditions. Leaves which had developed under cool conditions were capable of an upward adjustment of 6–8°C of their optimum photosynthetic temperature within a time span of 6–14 d. For greatest photosynthetic temperature acclimation it was necessary for leaves to form and develop entirely under warm conditions. These leaves exhibited a 14–15°C upward adjustment of their optimum temperature for photosynthesis within 20–31 d since moving plants from cool to warm growing conditions. Thus, the time course of this acclimation is of short enough duration to be significant during the growing season and presumably contributes toward the ability of this species to maintain active growth during the cool and warm portions of the growing season. It is also noted that the plant with its capacity to form new leaves, has a much wider acclimation capacity than any single leaf.  相似文献   

18.
19.
The effects of rearing and acclimation on the response of adultDrosophila to temperature were investigated in a gradient.D. melanogaster flies preferred a higher mean temperature and were distributed over a wider range of temperatures thanD. simulans flies. Acclimating adults at different temperatures for a week did not influence the response of either species. Adults reared at 28°C as immatures had a lower mean preference than those reared at cooler temperatures, suggesting that flies compensated for the effects of rearing conditions. Adults from tropical and temperate populations ofD. melanogaster andD. simulans did not differ in the mean temperature they preferred in a gradient, suggesting little genetic divergence for this trait within species. The species differences and environmental responses may be related to changes in optimal physiological conditions for the flies.  相似文献   

20.
In six rice cultivars the relative amounts of 55, 26–28 and 15 kDa polypeptides were mostly lower in plants grown for 15 d under low irradiance than in plants grown under saturating irradiance. This decline in the polypeptides, especially in those related to light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins, was accompanied with a decrease in the whole chain electron transport and the photosystem 2 activity.  相似文献   

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