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1.
基于服务功能的昆虫生态调控理论   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
鉴于昆虫在植物传粉授精、害虫生物控制、土壤有机物分解中提供多种生态系统服务功能,本文在害虫生态调控、区域性害虫生态调控与生境管理的基础上,进一步提出基于多种生态服务功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控理论、方法与实践。认为:昆虫管理不仅仅是害虫的管理,还应包括有益昆虫(如传粉昆虫、天敌昆虫、分解昆虫)的管理,这种管理应从单一农田生态系统扩展到农田景观生态系统,充分考虑农田景观中昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能,通过对功能植物、作物与非作物生境的空间布局以及时间序列上的生态设计,从空间上明确昆虫(包括害虫、天敌、传粉昆虫、分解昆虫)在不同生境中的转移扩散动态,从时间上掌握昆虫在不同寄主植物与非作物生境上的演替过程,从技术上着重发挥有利于昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能的综合措施,在研究方法上突出使用稳定同位素、生态能量学、化学生态学等定量分析手段,研究景观区域内中"植物-昆虫"互作过程及其生态调控措施的作用,寻求不同时空条件下控害保益的关键措施,设计和组装出维持多功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控技术体系,创造有利于天敌控害、蜜蜂传粉、土壤分解的环境条件,以发挥昆虫类群在农田景观中最大的生态服务功能。  相似文献   

2.
功能植物的作用原理、方式及研究展望   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过种植蜜源植物、储蓄植物、栖境植物和诱集植物等以增强目标保护作物害虫天敌昆虫的生物控害功能,已成为害虫生态调控的一项重要途径。为此,本文从种植这些植物带来的生态系统服务与功能的角度,提出功能植物的概念,认为功能植物应为天敌和传粉昆虫提供"衣(传粉服务)、食(食物服务)、住(庇护服务)、行(转移服务)"的功能,而不能为目标害虫提供"衣(沾花点)、食(桥梁田)、住(庇护所)、行(扩散地)"作用,在发挥生物控害功能的同时,还可能带来诸如传粉、土壤涵养等其他生态系统功能;由此进一步总结了功能植物的作用原理、主要特征、作用方式及其与其他相关名词的联系与区别,指出未来功能植物发展的趋势,为充分利用功能植物开展害虫生态调控提供理论参考。  相似文献   

3.
农田景观格局对害虫天敌生态控害功能的调控作用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
如何提升农田景观的生态服务功能是当前景观生态学和害虫防治学的前沿研究热点.基于区域农田景观格局可显著调节植物-植食性昆虫-天敌之间相互关系的理论基础,本文系统概括总结了农田景观格局及其变化对农田重要天敌多样性与生态控害功能的影响.从不同天敌类群的角度,分析了农田景观格局对捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌、有益微生物及其生态控害功能的调控作用.同时,对优化农田景观作物布局、采取合理的植被生境管理策略进行了展望.本文可为应用植被生境管理提升农田景观中天敌的生态系统服务功能提供参考,进一步促进区域生态农业响应“化学农药减量施用”的战略目标提供理论支撑.  相似文献   

4.
昆虫作为生物多样性最丰富的物种,在传粉、生物控制、物质分解与资源供给等方面发挥着重要作用。昆虫生态服务功能是指昆虫类群在生态系统过程中发挥的功能作用,以及为人类提供的各种收益,包括有形收益的产品和无形收益的服务。它主要包括昆虫的供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务4种服务类型,体现在直接使用价值、间接使用价值、条件价值和存在价值4个方面。基于昆虫类群在传粉、生物控制、物质分解与资源供给等维持生态系统功能、满足人类需求做出重大的贡献,本文阐述了昆虫生态服务功能概念、类型,讨论了昆虫生态服务功能价值的评估方法,提出了未来发展的方向。  相似文献   

5.
青藏高原生态系统服务功能的价值评估   总被引:44,自引:1,他引:44  
鲁春霞  谢高地  肖玉  于云江 《生态学报》2004,24(12):2749-2755
青藏高原具有丰富多样的生态系统类型 ,这些生态系统不仅生产了大量的产品 ,而且提供了巨大的生态服务功能。根据计算表明 ,高原生态系统 2 0 0 0年生产的产品经济价值为 170× 10 8元。生态服务功能中年固碳总量为 15× 10 8t,释放氧气量为11× 10 8t。根据二氧化碳固定量和氧气释放量估算的调节大气的服务价值总计为 10 0 15× 10 8元。以高寒草甸和高寒草原为主的草地生态系统具有重要的水源涵养功能 ,每年高原生态系统的水源涵养量达 2 6 12× 10 8m3,其经济价值为 174 4× 10 8元。森林的净化功能价值大约为 2 5 5× 10 8元。高原生态系统产品的经济价值与生态服务功能价值的比值为 1:70 ,显然 ,高原生态系统的生态服务价值远远高于直接使用价值。因此 ,保护生态系统和生物多样性是维持生态系统稳定和保育高原生态过程的根本  相似文献   

6.
天山北坡中段自然生态系统服务功能价值研究   总被引:9,自引:3,他引:6  
以位于阜康市的天山北坡中段自然生态系统为研究对象,采用市场价格法、影子价格法、成本核算法、收益损失法等多种生态系统服务功能价值的研究方法,从直接使用价值和就间接使用价值两方面,对这里的生态系统服务功能价值进行了估算.结果表明,这里生态系统服务功能价值达6.32×108元人民币.其中有机物生产4.3016×1012元,涵养水源2.406×108元,观光旅游8.000×108元,土壤保护7.334×108元,调节大气成分4.951×108元,净化空气6.7152×108元,旅游收入8.0×108元,山地草甸1.38×108元.  相似文献   

7.
中国草地生态系统服务功能间接价值评价   总被引:127,自引:22,他引:127       下载免费PDF全文
草地是我国陆地面积最大的生态系统类型 ,对维持我国自然生态系统格局、功能和过程具有特殊的生态意义。目前 ,草地退化导致的区域生态问题越来越突出 ,评价我国草地资源生态服务功能的经济价值 ,尤其是其潜在的生态调节功能和生命支持功能的价值 ,对于制定合理的区域生态保护和经济开发决策、保护和恢复草地生态系统具有重要意义。构成草地生态系统服务功能间接价值的功能指标主要包括侵蚀控制、截留降水、土壤 C累积 (气候调节 )、废弃物降解、营养物质循环、空气质量调节、文化多样性和生境提供等。本研究选取其中的侵蚀控制、截留降水、土壤 C累积、废弃物降解、营养物质循环和生境提供 6类功能进行了评价 ,基于服务功能机制对其物质量评价方法进行了探索 ,并在此基础上对其生态经济价值进行了评价 ,得出我国草地生态系统 6类服务功能的年生态经济价值分别为 2 2 8.2 1× 10 8、6 92 .0× 10 8、6 5 75 .0 6× 10 8、2 2 8.35× 10 8、832 .6 2× 10 8和2 4 6 .77× 10 8元人民币 ,6类功能的总价值为 880 3.0 1× 10 8元。研究结果表明 ,草地生态系统除为社会提供直接产品价值外 ,还具有巨大的间接使用价值 ,而且这种价值对人类的贡献与提供产品本身同样重要。今后草地生态系统服务功能及其价值评价  相似文献   

8.
昆嵛山自然保护区生态系统服务功能价值评估   总被引:30,自引:11,他引:19  
昆嵛山自然保护区是中国的赤松原生地和天然分布中心,分布有我国面积最大、保护最为完整的天然赤松林生态系统.以昆嵛山自然保护区的自然生态系统为研究对象,从物质量与价值量的角度,采用影子工程法、机会成本法、市场价值法等研究方法,对其生态系统服务功能的直接价值和间接价值进行了评估.结果表明,昆嵛山自然保护区的生态系统服务功能价值达4.99×108元/a,其单位面积的经济价值为32351元/(hm2· a),其中直接价值为0.32×108元/a,仅占到总服务功能总价值的6 42%,而间接价值高达4.67×108元/a,两者之比接近1 ∶ 15,间接价值中大小顺序依次为:涵养水源>净化空气>维持生物多样性>土壤保持>固碳释氧>娱乐文化价值.昆嵛山自然保护区面积仅占到烟台市牟平区的9.71%,但贡献的生态服务价值可相当于牟平区2003年GDP的7.00%,从人均来看,当地每人每年可获得其生态服务价值达1039元.研究结果表明,昆嵛山自然保护区对维持当地可持续发展具有举足轻重的作用.  相似文献   

9.
全球传粉昆虫多样性正在下降, 如何保障农林生态系统传粉功能是当前研究的热点。理论上说, 传粉功能不仅与生态系统的传粉昆虫多样性相关, 还与生态系统的调节能力有关。近年来, 学者们逐渐认识到授粉生态弹性对传粉功能的影响。本文在回顾已有研究的基础之上, 总结传粉昆虫授粉生态弹性的内涵, 厘清授粉生态弹性与工程弹性、稳定性和抗性的异同。目前, 学者对授粉生态弹性形成机制开展广泛探讨, 提出功能冗余假说、密度补偿假说、响应多样性假说、连接周转假说和跨尺度弹性假说, 但这5个假说间的关系仍不清楚, 存在一词多义、词意混淆等现象。我们依次阐述功能冗余假说、密度补偿假说、响应多样性假说、连接周转假说和跨尺度弹性假说, 介绍不同假说中授粉生态弹性形成过程、研究热点和发展动态。通过解析授粉生态弹性的形成机制可知, 5个假说在内涵上存在紧密联系, 它们从不同空间尺度和研究对象下解释传粉昆虫授粉生态弹性的形成机制。未来授粉生态弹性研究将整合传粉昆虫群落动态和传粉功能动态的量化方法, 通过实验验证5个假说的合理性, 并揭示不同假说间的联系, 由此阐明授粉生态弹性的发生条件、形成阈值和动态规律。随着研究的深入, 授粉生态弹性理论有望用于指导农林生态系统传粉功能的经营管理。  相似文献   

10.
新疆伊犁河流域生态服务价值对土地利用变化的响应   总被引:23,自引:1,他引:22  
以伊犁河流域为研究对象,运用GIS手段和生态经济学方法,采用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,参照谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统服务单位面积价值,结合敏感度分析,探讨了伊犁河流域1985-2005年土地利用和生态系统服务价值的变化特征。研究结果表明:1985-2005年间伊犁河流域土地利用处于发展阶段,土地利用程度呈增大趋势。研究期内生态系统服务价值总体有所上升,从482.83×108元上升到506.44×108元,增加了23.61×108元:水域和耕地对研究区总体服务功能变化的贡献率最大,而牧草地生态服务功能的下降对研究区总体生态服务功能的增加具有较大负贡献。研究区生态经济的发展已处于协调水平的边缘,需要加强对生态环境的保护力度。  相似文献   

11.
Dung beetles form an insect group that fulfils important functions in terrestrial ecosystems throughout the world. These include nutrient cycling through dung removal, soil bioturbation, plant growth, secondary seed dispersal and parasite control. We conducted field experiments at two sites in the northern hemisphere temperate region in which dung removal and secondary seed dispersal were assessed. Dung beetles were classified in three functional groups, depending on their size and dung manipulation method: dwellers, large and small tunnelers. Other soil inhabiting fauna were included as a fourth functional group. Dung removal and seed dispersal by each individual functional group and combinations thereof were estimated in exclusion experiments using different dung types. Dwellers were the most diverse and abundant group, but tunnelers were dominant in terms of biomass. All dung beetle functional groups had a clear preference for fresh dung. The ecosystem services in dung removal and secondary seed dispersal provided by dung beetles were significant and differed between functional groups. Although in absolute numbers more dwellers were found, large tunnelers were disproportionally important for dung burial and seed removal. In the absence of dung beetles, other soil inhabiting fauna, such as earthworms, partly took over the dung decomposing role of dung beetles while most dung was processed when all native functional groups were present. Our results, therefore, emphasize the need to conserve functionally complete dung ecosystems to maintain full ecosystem functioning.  相似文献   

12.
1. Veterinary parasiticide residues in livestock dung have been repeatedly shown to negatively affect the abundance and diversity of dung-associated insects. While these losses are concerning from a conservation perspective, they can also translate to impairment of ecosystem functions in agricultural landscapes (e.g. nutrient cycling, primary productivity and greenhouse gas mitigation). 2. Most research focusing on decomposition-related ecosystem functioning has focused on dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) while other insects, particularly flies, have received comparatively less attention. 3. Using mesocosms, this study manipulated the insect groups colonising cow dung (beetles only, flies only, beetles and flies together, and an insect-free control). Half of the insects were exposed to 1 mg kg−1 ivermectin in dung, while the other half were exposed to ivermectin-free dung. Dung decomposition (mass of organic matter lost) and dung removal (change in the dry mass of the dung pat attributed to both dung decomposition and burial) were measured. 4. Comparison of beetles and flies in ivermectin-free dung showed that beetles removed nearly twice as much dung as did flies. Comparison of dung removal across all treatments showed that ivermectin residues significantly reduced dung removal provided by beetles by 47% and dung removal provided by beetles and flies together by 32%. 5. Organic matter decomposition was not significantly affected by insect colonists or by the presence of ivermectin, indicating that organic matter decomposition can occur independently of insect activity and chemical perturbations.  相似文献   

13.
1. Insects are sensitive to climate change. Consequently, insect‐mediated ecosystem functions and services may be altered by changing climates. 2. Dung beetles provide multiple services by burying manure. Using climate‐controlled chambers, the effects of warming on dung burial and reproduction by the dung beetle Sisyphus rubrus Paschalidis, 1974 were investigated. Sisyphus rubrus break up dung by forming and rolling away balls of manure for burial and egg deposition. 3. To simulate warming in the chambers, 0, 2 or 4 °C offsets were added to field‐recorded, diurnally fluctuating temperatures. We measured dung ball production and burial, egg laying, survival and residence times of beetles. 4. Temperature did not affect the size or number of dung balls produced; however warming reduced dung ball burial by S. rubrus. Because buried balls were more likely to contain eggs, warming could reduce egg laying via a reduction in ball burial. Warming reduced the humidity inside the chambers, and a positive relationship was found between the number of dung balls produced and humidity in two temperature treatments. Temperature did not affect survival, or whether or not a beetle left a chamber. Beetles that did leave the chambers took longer to do so in the warmest treatment. 5. This study demonstrates that climate warming could reduce reproduction and dung burial by S. rubrus, and is an important first step to understanding warming effects on burial services. Future studies should assess warming effects in field situations, both on individual dung beetle species and on aggregate dung burial services.  相似文献   

14.
扎龙湿地生态系统服务价值评价   总被引:26,自引:8,他引:18  
从避免重复计算的角度出发,将湿地生态系统服务分为最终服务和中间服务两部分,以最终服务的价值作为湿地生态系统服务的总价值。以扎龙湿地为例,其最终服务包括物质生产、土壤保持、水质净化、气候调节、固碳、调蓄洪水、大气调节、休闲旅游、科研教育和授粉服务,中间服务包括净初级生产力、营养循环、涵养水源、地下水补给和生物多样性维持服务,采用市场价值法、替代成本法和旅行费用法等生态经济学方法对扎龙湿地的生态系统服务进行了评价。结果表明,2011年扎龙湿地生态系统服务总价值为679.4亿元,中间服务价值为471.5亿元,各项最终服务的价值大小为气候调节调蓄洪水大气调节固碳休闲旅游授粉服务物质生产水质净化科研教育土壤保持。扎龙湿地不仅是重要的蓄洪区和泥碳储存地,在区域气候调节方面也起着巨大的作用。针对扎龙湿地的管理,应该保护和恢复湿地面积,同时注意适当的增加旅游。  相似文献   

15.
1. Whether the release of non‐native insect species benefits or harms ecosystem services has been the subject of debate. In New Zealand, the release of new non‐native dung beetle species was intended to enhance ecosystem services but concerns were raised over possible negative effects. 2. Field cage trials used three newly released dung beetle species to investigate two concerns: that soil disturbance from dung beetle activity increases soil losses in runoff after rainfall; and that dung burial increases survival of infective parasitic nematodes on pasture. 3. Three treatments – dung + beetles, dung‐only, and controls (without dung or beetles) – were applied on each of three soil types with different permeability: sandy loam, clay loam, and compacted clay. 4. Dung beetle activity resulted in significant reductions of 49% and 81% in mean surface runoff volume, depending on simulated rainfall intensity. Amounts of sediment in the runoff did not change under an extreme rainfall simulation, but in a less extreme rainfall simulation the presence of dung beetles resulted in a 97% reduction in mean sediment amount in runoff. 5. The numbers of infective third‐stage nematode larvae recovered from foliage varied considerably between soil types and through time; however, dung beetle activity reduced overall mean nematode numbers on grass around the dung pats by 71%. 6. This study adds to global evidence that dung beetles can improve agricultural ecosystem services by providing data on services that have rarely been investigated: reduced runoff/soil losses through increased soil porosity, and reductions in parasitic nematodes.  相似文献   

16.
蜣螂的生态价值和保护意义   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
白明  杨星科 《昆虫知识》2010,47(1):39-46
蜣螂通常以粪便或腐殖质为食,在生态系统平衡中具有重要的作用。文章系统介绍蜣螂的生态价值,包括转将运粪便到地下、对种子二次传播的作用、传粉作用、对有害生物的控制作用和寄生虫的中间宿主,以及广阔的开发应用前景、重要仿生学意义和重大理论意义;并进一步提出蜣螂保护的迫切性和重要意义。  相似文献   

17.
熊鹰  孙维筠  魏晓  何杰旭  赵丹丹  孙冰  陈雷 《生态学报》2020,40(18):6505-6521
生态系统服务是保障农村经济可持续发展和生态环境健康的重要基础,农村社区作为乡村社会经济的基本构成单位以及小尺度复合生态系统,其经济活动将直接扰动自然生态系统服务。南方丘陵山地是我国重要的生态屏障带,生态保护的意义重大。以该地带重要生态功能区的广东乐昌市的8个地形地貌相似、但发展存有较大差异的乡村为研究对象,利用遥感影像和实地调查数据,综合分析各村土地利用及经济发展状况;基于国际通用生态系统服务分类标准和评估方法,构建乡村生态系统服务指标体系,对各村生态系统服务进行价值评估,并探讨生态系统服务与农村社区协同发展的典型模式。研究表明:(1)从生态服务功能总价值来看,浆源村最高,为16585.173万元/a,前村次之,为13152.621万元/a,车头园村最低,为1611.611万元/a;单位面积生态系统服务价值量总体呈相似的格局,但局部略有差异。前村、上丛村较高,分别为8.739万元hm-2 a-1、8.080万元hm-2 a-1。(2)土地利用以及经济发展方式的差异,影响了生态系统服务的保持、维护及利用,各村农户经济收入与从生态系统服务获得的福利,以及乡村生态系统服务价值与经济发展水平呈现不均衡的特征。(3)基于发展基础、生态条件等,适度发展乡村特色种植和生态旅游等低影响经济发展模式,有利于降低对生态系统服务,尤其是调节、支持类等功能的影响,并促进生态系统服务非商业价值向商业价值转变,提升乡村经济发展水平。研究结果以期为维护重点生态功能区的生态安全,优化乡村经济结构与发展模式,推进生态服务功能提升及农村社区协同发展提供参考。  相似文献   

18.
Dung beetles provide important ecosystem services in the habitats where they occur. The activity of dung beetles enhances soil nutrient cycling and increases the soil’s ability to absorb and hold water. Consequently, these beetles are particularly important in semi-arid environments. This study analyses the importance of remaining wooded habitat patches (bushland) for the survival of a diverse dung beetle fauna in an otherwise cultivated landscape in semi-arid Tanzania. Dung beetles were sampled by pitfall trapping in maize fields and bushland habitats. In total, 6037 dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), representing 77 species from 25 genera, were collected. Many species, particularly amongst the ball-rollers, showed a clear preference for wooded patches, species richness being significantly higher in the bushland patches than in the cultivated sites. The number of trapped specimens in bushland was also considerably higher than that found in maize fields, although the differences were not significant. In conclusion, bushland fragments appear to have an important conservation value as to maintaining a high diversity and abundance of dung beetles, thereby enhancing the ecosystem services provided by these beneficial insects.  相似文献   

19.
三江源区基于生态系统服务价值的生态补偿额度   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
赖敏  吴绍洪  尹云鹤  潘韬 《生态学报》2015,35(2):227-236
以青海三江源区为例,探讨了基于生态系统服务价值的生态补偿额度测算方法。以分析和筛选生态补偿需求下的生态系统服务价值评估指标为前提,估算了生态保护和建设活动实施前(2005年)三江源区草地生态系统服务价值,并采用专家咨询法提出的不同退化程度草地的生态功能系数对其进行修正,得到未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度及重度以上退化草地的单位面积生态价值分别为74.70×104、59.76×104、37.35×104元/km2和14.94×104元/km2。根据三江源区草地退化现状和生态恢复的目标,确定该区基于退化草地完全恢复的生态补偿总量为911.62×108元。  相似文献   

20.
Biodiversity loss and anthropogenic environmental changes are known to impact ecosystem functions and services. However, there are still some uncertainties such as confounding environmental factors other than community attributes that affect ecosystem functioning. Our goal was to understand what factors influence the performance of Scarabaeinae dung beetle functions, testing the hypothesis that both community attributes and environmental variables influence the performance. Toward this aim, we collected dung beetles along an elevational gradient (800–1400 m a.s.l.) in the Espinhaço mountain range (Brazil) and quantified dung beetle functions, that is, dung removal, soil excavation and secondary seed dispersal. We recorded data on environmental factors related to climate, soil and vegetation and evaluated their effects on dung beetle functions. Dung beetle ecological functions declined with elevation and the decrease was more pronounced than richness, indicating that there are other factors involved in functions performance besides diversity of beetles. Indeed, we found that the ecological functions measured were dependent on both dung beetle community attributes and environmental factors. Climate, soil and vegetation influenced dung beetle function performance as much as richness, abundance and body size. Dung beetle functional diversity did not explain any of the functions measured. Our study demonstrates that ecological functions are directly influenced by both community attributes and environmental variables and confirms the link between biodiversity, environment and ecosystem functioning.  相似文献   

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