祁连山区青海云杉林蒸腾耗水估算

青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林在祁连山区水量平衡中起着重要的调节作用,合理并准确地估算其冠层蒸腾量,对于了解该区的水分循环和水分平衡具有重大意义。以位于祁连山中段大野口关滩森林站的青海云杉纯林为研究对象,结合研究区微气象梯度观测塔自动记录的常规气象资料(气温、空气相对湿度、风速等)以及太阳辐射、大气中CO₂ 浓度、土壤热通量等,应用改进的Penman-Monteith修正式对研究区青海云杉林2008年生长季的冠层蒸腾量进行估算,并采用单变量敏感性分析法对模拟结果进行分析。结果表明:青海云杉林2008年生长季(5-9月)的总蒸腾量为148.8 mm,平均日蒸腾量为0.97 mm;冠层蒸腾量主要受太阳辐射的影响,使得日蒸腾量在典型晴天高达2.19 mm,而在阴雨天仅为0.016 mm;气温对冠层蒸腾量的作用也十分重要,随气温的变化,日蒸腾量从5月开始逐渐增大,在7月中上旬达最大值,从7月下旬到生长季结束其值逐渐减小;模型输入参数对模拟蒸腾量的影响强弱顺序为:林冠层截获的净辐射＞叶面积指数＞气温＞风速＞大气相对湿度;当模型输入参数在±10%变动时,模拟结果的变化范围均在±10%以内,说明该模型的模拟结果比较稳定。在积累了大量相关基础数据的条件下,通过该改进的Penman-Monteith修正式估算森林蒸腾耗水量仍是一种获得满意结果的便捷方法。     

长白山红松针阔叶混交林林冠层叶面积指数模拟分析

根据长白山原始红松针阔叶混交林光合有效辐射的连续3年自动观测结果,结合便携式叶面积仪的季节观测,建立了以林冠上下光合有效辐射估算森林冠层叶面积指数的半经验公式.结果表明,该方法可以很好地反映叶面积的季节动态. 通过3年叶面积指数的季节动态比较发现,该森林冠层叶面积的起始生长日期随气温稳定通过0 ℃的日期延迟而延迟,整个生长季的叶面积动态可划分成上升期、相对稳定期和下降期,每个阶段都与大于0 ℃的积温存在较好的相关关系,分别用Logistic曲线和线性方程表达. 并对叶面积的观测和估算方法中存在的问题进行了讨论.     

中国西北干旱区树木蒸腾对气象因子的响应

应用数值方法 ,对中国西北干旱区 5个主要树种 (樟子松、榆树、二白杨、胡杨和沙枣 )的叶面蒸腾及气孔导度对气象因子的响应进行了探讨 ,时间尺度为日。两套综合环境观测系统分别安置在黑河中游的临泽和下游的额济纳旗 ,每半小时自动记录微气象因子、土壤水分和树汁流量。应用日平均树汁流量、饱和差、总辐射、平均气温和土壤含水量拟合树木叶面蒸腾及气孔导度的经验公式。气孔导度和单个气象因子之间具有很高的相关性。应用多个气象因子所建立的经验公式能够很好的模拟气孔导度 ,模拟效果比气孔导度与单一因子的相关性高。气孔导度总体上和饱和差和气温呈指数关系 ,与总辐射的关系多种多样 ,与土壤含水量的关系较复杂。在中游地区 ,二白杨气孔导度、叶面蒸腾量和单株树木树汁流量最大。试验期间下游试验点土壤水分充足 ,耐旱树种胡杨及沙枣树汁流量较大 ,但其气孔导度及叶面蒸腾量均较小。本次研究没有发现树木叶面蒸腾量和单一环境因子之间具有明显的相关性。叶面蒸腾模拟效果没有气孔导度模拟效果好 ,原因是叶面蒸腾是气孔导度和饱和差的函数。     

温室甜椒叶面积指数形成模拟模型

叶面积指数是光合作用驱动的作物生长模型以及冠层蒸腾模型所需的重要作物参数,温度和辐射是影响叶片生长的重要环境因子.通过不同定植期、不同品种、不同地点的试 验,定量分析了温室甜椒出叶数、叶片长度和叶面积指数与温度和辐射的关系,构建了温室 甜椒叶面积模型,并利用独立的试验资料对模型进行了检验.结果表明：甜椒出叶数与出苗 后累积辐热积呈指数函数关系;叶片长度与出叶后累积辐热积呈负指数函数关系;甜椒出叶 数、叶片长度和叶面积指数的模拟结果与实测值之间的决定系数R²分别为0.94、0.89、0.93,其回归估计标准误RMSE分别为3.4、2.15 cm、0.15.该模型能够利用气温、辐射、 种植密度和出苗日期准确地预测温室甜椒叶面积指数动态,且模型参数少、实用性强,可以为温室甜椒生长模型和蒸腾模型提供必需的叶面积指数动态信息.     

大麦叶面积指数模拟模型

准确模拟叶面积指数是作物生长模拟模型预测作物生长和产量的关键.本文通过系统分析扬州和武汉地区不同大麦品种高产群体叶面积指数变化动态,建立了大麦群体的叶面积指数模拟模型.大麦叶面积指数是品种叶面积指数扩展的遗传参数和气温日较差、日照时数、辐射量等气候因子及水肥丰缺因子的函数.孕穗抽穗期最大叶面积指数与该期最适叶面积指数是不同的概念,二者之间存在着极显著差异.利用扬州、南京和昆明地区不同品种的播期试验及氮肥试验资料对模型进行了检验,结果表明,模型对大麦叶面积指数的模拟效果较好,模拟值与观测值吻合度高,根均方差RMSE介于0.742～2.865,平均值为1.348.对模拟值与观测值进行y=x的线性回归分析,相关系数R²介于0.511～0.954,均呈极显著正相关.     

气候变化对长白山阔叶红松林冠层蒸腾影响的模拟

应用基于过程的碳水耦合多层模型对长白山阔叶红松林冠层蒸腾量进行了模拟和模型验证,并模拟了冠层蒸腾量对未来气候变化的响应.结果表明:多层模型可以较好地模拟长白山阔叶红松林冠层蒸腾量,模拟值与涡动相关技术观测的实测值拟合较好.冠层蒸腾对气候变化响应的模拟显示,气温升高,潜热通量(LE)增加;土壤含水量减少,LE减少;大气CO2浓度增加,LE减少.在研究假定的气候变化情景下,LE对0～20 cm土壤含水量减少10%、CO2浓度增加190μmol·mol-1的联合变化的响应最敏感,对气温增加3.6℃、土壤含水量减少10%的联合变化的响应不敏感.     

城市边缘区景观生态规划的人工神经网络模型

景观生态规划是景观生态学的一个重要应用领域,本文在地理信息系统的辅助下引入了人工神经网络这一新兴应用技术,建立了城市边缘区景观生态规划的BP神经网络模型,模型以区域的高程、高程离差、坡度、坡度离差、地貌分区、离黄河距离、居民点数七个要素作为输入变量,选取斑块密度、分维数、Shannon多样性指数和聚集度指数作为输出变量,精心采集了20个样本对网络进行训练,结果表明网络收敛效果理想,泛化能力强,为景观生态规划提供了一个新的模拟分析手段。     

人工同龄纯林冠层辐射场模拟模型I.理论计算

充分考虑坡地人工林冠层结构特征和叶面积空间分布的异质性,分别相邻树冠遮荫和目的树冠遮荫对树冠内辐射场的影响,建立的人工林冠层辐射场模型,可模拟树冠内任意点,在一年内任一时刻内的辐射及其直接和散射分量,以及以1h为步长的日总辐射等,为人工林可持续经营和冠层光合生产力模拟奠定基础。     

人工同龄纯林冠层辐射场模拟模型II 应用与验证

 应用建立的人工同龄林辐射场模型对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林冠层辐射场进行了模拟,以实测的冠层辐射数据对模型进行了验证,对模型的不确定性以及叶面积密度和叶片散射的影响进行了计算和分析。结果表明,模拟和实测辐射场及日总量无显著差异,所建模型适于对杉木人工林冠层辐射的模拟。模型可能的误差来源包括树冠形状的不规则性、树冠大小和高低的不一致性、叶片在小范围内的簇生性等。考虑二维叶面积密度（LAD）分布的模拟结果优于平均LAD。叶片的散射辐射约占总辐射的3％～11％,且越靠近树冠里层     

人工同龄纯林冠层辐射场模拟模型Ⅰ理论计算

充分考虑坡地人工林冠层结构特征和叶面积空间分布的异质性,分别相邻树冠遮荫和目的树冠遮荫对树冠内辐射场的影响,建立的人工林冠层辐射场模型,可模拟树冠内任意点,在一年内任一时刻的辐射及其直接和散射分量,以及以1h为步长的日总辐射等,为人工林可持续经营和冠层光合生产力模拟奠定基础。     

Differential sensitivity of C3 and C4 turfgrass species to increasing atmospheric vapor pressure deficit

Temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) effects on turfgrass growth are almost always confounded in experiments because VPD commonly is substantially increased in elevated-temperature treatments. The objective of this study as to examine specifically the influence of VPD on transpiration response of four ‘warm-season’ (C₄) and four ‘cool-season’ (C₃) turfgrasses to increasing VPD at a stable temperature (29.3 ± 1.5 °C). Although transpiration rates were noticeably lower in C₄ grasses, transpiration rates increased linearly in response to increasing VPD across the range of 0.8–3.0 kPa. In contrast, transpiration rates of C₃ increased sharply with increasing VPD across the range of low VPDs, but became constrained at higher VPDs (>1.35 kPa). Restricted transpiration rate at elevated VPD was most evident in Agrostis palustris and Lolium perenne. Assuming restricted transpiration rates reflect a limitation on leaf CO₂ uptake, these results indicate that the commonly observed decline in growth of C₃ (and success of C₄) grasses at elevated temperature may include a sensitivity to elevated VPD.     

Increased leaf area dominates carbon flux response to elevated CO2 in stands of Populus deltoides (Bartr.)

We examined the effects of atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil moisture stress (SMS) on leaf‐ and stand‐level CO₂ exchange in model 3‐year‐old coppiced cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantations using the large‐scale, controlled environments of the Biosphere 2 Laboratory. A short‐term experiment was imposed on top of continuing, long‐term CO₂ treatments (43 and 120 Pa), at the end of the growing season. For the experiment, the plantations were exposed for 6–14 days to low and high VPD (0.6 and 2.5 kPa) at low and high volumetric soil moisture contents (25–39%). When system gross CO₂ assimilation was corrected for leaf area, system net CO₂ exchange (SNCE), integrated daily SNCE, and system respiration increased in response to elevated CO₂. The increases were mainly as a result of the larger leaf area developed during growth at high CO₂, before the short‐term experiment; the observed decline in responses to SMS and high VPD treatments was partly because of leaf area reduction. Elevated CO₂ ameliorated the gas exchange consequences of water stress at the stand level, in all treatments. The initial slope of light response curves of stand photosynthesis (efficiency of light use by the stand) increased in response to elevated CO₂ under all treatments. Leaf‐level net CO₂ assimilation rate and apparent quantum efficiency were consistently higher, and stomatal conductance and transpiration were significantly lower, under high CO₂ in all soil moisture and VPD combinations (except for conductance and transpiration in high soil moisture, low VPD). Comparisons of leaf‐ and stand‐level gross CO₂ exchange indicated that the limitation of assimilation because of canopy light environment (in well‐irrigated stands; ratio of leaf : stand=3.2–3.5) switched to a predominantly individual leaf limitation (because of stomatal closure) in response to water stress (leaf : stand=0.8–1.3). These observations enabled a good prediction of whole stand assimilation from leaf‐level data under water‐stressed conditions; the predictive ability was less under well‐watered conditions. The data also demonstrated the need for a better understanding of the relationship between leaf water potential, leaf abscission, and stand LAI.     

塔里木河下游河岸柽柳林冠层导度变化特征及模拟

冠层导度(G_c)对植被的蒸腾和光合作用具有重要影响。利用涡度相关仪器实测了塔里木河下游河岸柽柳林地的蒸散发,以及气象因子(温度、湿度、总辐射、光和有效辐射),并利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了柽柳林在2013年生长季的冠层导度。结果显示:柽柳林冠层导度日变化过程在8:00左右迅速增大,于10:30左右达到最大值,之后缓慢下降,18:00左右快速降低;柽柳林冠层导度季节变化过程总体显示,展叶期缓慢上升,落叶期迅速下降,生长盛期缓慢波动下降;研究区,叶面积指数(LAI)是影响柽柳冠层导度季节变化的主要因素,其次为温度(T)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、总辐射(S)、空气饱和差(VPD);四元线性回归方程可以较好地拟合冠层导度与各因子的关系,利用2013年奇数天数据建立回归方程,对偶数天冠层导度值进行模拟和验证,RMSE值为0.169 mm/s,NSE值为0.814,达到了较高的模拟精度。     

基于BP人工神经网络的兴安落叶松天然林全林分生长模型的研究

以大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松天然林为研究对象,基于688块固定标准地数据,采用MATLAB中log-sigmoid型函数(logsig)和线性函数(purelin)为神经元的作用函数,依据全林分生长模型的概念,以年龄（A）、地位级指数（SCI）和林分密度指数（SDI）作为输入变量,以林分每公顷蓄积量（M）作为输出变量,构建和训练了全林分生长的BP人工神经网络模型,并与常规建模方法进行了对比研究。结果表明,BP人工神经网络模型的拟合精度高达99.6%,检验精度为98.9%,说明与其它建模方法相比人工神经网络建模具有较高的拟合精度和适应性,对林分生长具有更好的预测能力。     

Direct and indirect effects of elevated CO2 on transpiration from Quercus myrtifolia in a scrub-oak ecosystem

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (C_a) usually reduces stomatal conductance, but the effects on plant transpiration in the field are not well understood. Using constant‐power sap flow gauges, we measured transpiration from Quercus myrtifolia Willd., the dominant species of the Florida scrub‐oak ecosystem, which had been exposed in situ to elevated C_a (350 µmol mol ^{? 1} above ambient) in open‐top chambers since May 1996. Elevated C_a reduced average transpiration per unit leaf area by 37%, 48% and 49% in March, May and October 2000, respectively. Temporarily reversing the C_a treatments showed that at least part of the reduction in transpiration was an immediate, reversible response to elevated C_a. However, there was also an apparent indirect effect of C_a on transpiration: when transpiration in all plants was measured under common C_a, transpiration in elevated C_a‐grown plants was lower than that in plants grown in normal ambient C_a. Results from measurements of stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf area index (LAI), canopy light interception and correlation between light and g_s indicated that the direct, reversible C_a effect on transpiration was due to changes in g_s caused by C_a, and the indirect effect was caused mainly by greater self‐shading resulting from enhanced LAI, not from stomatal acclimation. By reducing light penetration through the canopy, the enhanced self‐shading at elevated C_a decreased stomatal conductance and transpiration of leaves at the middle and bottom of canopy. This self‐shading mechanism is likely to be important in ecosystems where LAI increases in response to elevated C_a.     

基于Penman-Monteith方程模拟青海云杉生长季日蒸腾过程

青海云杉（Picea crassifolia）作为我国黄土高原与青藏高原地区的主要造林树种,对其林分蒸腾耗水特征的研究,能够更合理的指导该地区植被重建与林分调控,以加强林分的稳定性,提高水分利用效率。为了揭示青海云杉在生长季内的冠层蒸腾规律以及冠层整体气孔阻力与环境因子的响应,评价Penman-Monteith方程在青海云杉冠层尺度上的适用性,采用探针式热扩散茎流计（TDP）进行测定,同步长期监测了环境数据,利用反推法建立冠层整体气孔阻力（r_sT）与环境因子之间的回归模型,结合Penman-Monteith方程模拟出青海云杉生长季的日蒸腾量,采用均方根误差、平均绝对误差和平均相对误差对蒸腾量的实测值与模拟值进行误差分析,以验证模型的准确性。得出的主要结论有：（1）生长季内青海云杉日蒸腾量随月份变化呈先增高后降低的趋势;各月蒸腾量占潜在蒸散量的比例为7月（79.68%） > 8月（72.71%） > 6月（72.53%） > 5月（67.08%） > 9月（66.48%） > 10月（64.29%）;（2）树干液流对气象因子的滞后时间为0.5 h;（3）不同月份云杉冠层整体气孔阻力（r_sT）与空气相对湿度（RH）呈正相关关系,与大气温度（T）、饱和水汽压差（VPD）呈负相关关系;（4）应用所建立的多因素回归模型结合Penman-Monteith方程对青海云杉蒸腾量进行模拟验证,累计平均相对误差为14.381%,平均绝对误差为0.160 mm,均方根误差为0.2。综上所述,Penman-Monteith方程在林分冠层尺度上有较好适用性根据所建立的多因素回归模型并结合Penman-Monteith方程,可以利用饱和水汽压差、温度和空气相对湿度三个气象因子较好地模拟日蒸腾过程。     

Stomatal acclimation to vapour pressure deficit doubles transpiration of small tree seedlings with warming

Future climate change is expected to increase temperature (T) and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in many regions, but the effect of persistent warming on plant stomatal behaviour is highly uncertain. We investigated the effect of experimental warming of 1.9–5.1 °C and increased VPD of 0.5–1.3 kPa on transpiration and stomatal conductance (g_s) of tree seedlings in the temperate forest understory (Duke Forest, North Carolina, USA). We observed peaked responses of transpiration to VPD in all seedlings, and the optimum VPD for transpiration (D_opt) shifted proportionally with increasing chamber VPD. Warming increased mean water use of Carya by 140% and Quercus by 150%, but had no significant effect on water use of Acer. Increased water use of ring‐porous species was attributed to (1) higher air T and (2) stomatal acclimation to VPD resulting in higher g_s and more sensitive stomata, and thereby less efficient water use. Stomatal acclimation maintained homeostasis of leaf T and carbon gain despite increased VPD, revealing that short‐term stomatal responses to VPD may not be representative of long‐term exposure. Acclimation responses differ from expectations of decreasing g_s with increasing VPD and may necessitate revision of current models based on this assumption.     

A relationship between humidity response, growth form and photosynthetic operating point in C3 plants

Gas exchange experiments were performed with 13 plant species that differ from each other in growth-form and natural habitat. These comprised three herbaceous species, two ferns, two temperate deciduous trees, five rainforest trees and one liana from wet tropical forest. The aims were to investigate whether plants of similar growth-form and from similar habitats tended to respond similarly to a change in leaf-to-air vapour pressure difference (VPD), and to compare their ratio of intercellular to ambient partial pressures of CO₂ for given conditions. Leaves were subjected to a step change in VPD and the initial and final steady rates of transpiration were used to calculate an index of sensitivity, φ , which enabled comparison of species. The results suggest that species of similar growth-form and habitat respond similarly to increasing VPD, with the temperate deciduous trees undergoing a greater reduction in stomatal conductance than the herbaceous plants in well-watered soil. Also, for these experimental conditions, the ratio of leaf internal to ambient CO₂ partial pressure (p_i/p_a) was positively correlated with both CO₂ assimilation rate and stomatal insensitivity to VPD, across the 13 species. The results are discussed in terms of growth strategies and possible advantages and limitations of hydraulic systems in different plants.     

The kinetics of stomatal responses to VPD in Vicia faba: electrophysiological and water relations models

Abstract. An Ohm's law analogy is frequently employed to calculate parameters of leaf gas exchange. For example, resistance to water vapour loss is calculated as the quotient of vapour pressure difference (VPD) and vapour loss by transpiration. In the present research, this electrical analogy was extended. Steady-state transpiration as a function of VPD, assayed in leaflets of Vicia faba using gas exchange techniques, was compared with steady-state K⁺ current magnitude as a function of voltage in isolated guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba, assayed using the patch clamping technique in the whole cell configuration. An electrophysiological model originally developed to explain the kinetics of current changes following step changes in voltage across a cell membrane was used to fit the kinetics of transpiration changes following step changes in VPD applied to leaflets of Vicia faba. Following step increases in VPD, transpiration exhibited an initial increase, reflecting the increased driving force for water loss and, for large step increases in VPD, a transient decrease in stomatal resistance. Transpiration subsequently declined, reflecting stomatal closure. By analogy to electrophysiological responses, it is hypothesized that the humidity parameter that is sensed by guard cells is VPD. Two models based on epidermal water relations were also applied to transpiration kinetics. In the first model, the transient increase in transpiration following a step increase in VPD was attributed partially to an increase in the Physical driving force (VPD) and partially to a transient decrease in stomatal resistance resulting from reduced epidermal backpressure. In the second model, the transient decrease in stomatal resistance was attributed to a direct response of the guard cells to VPD. Both models based on water relations gave good fits of the data, emphasizing the need for further study regarding the metabolic nature of the guard cell response to humidity.     

Seasonal variability in the effect of elevated CO2 on ecosystem leaf area index in a scrub-oak ecosystem

We report effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) on leaf area index (LAI) of a Florida scrub‐oak ecosystem, which had regenerated after fire for between three and five years in open‐top chambers (OTCs) and was yet to reach canopy closure. LAI was measured using four nondestructive methods, calibrated and tested in experiments performed in calibration plots near the OTCs. The four methods were: PAR transmission through the canopy, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), hemispherical photography, and allometric relationships between plant stem diameter and plant leaf area. Calibration experiments showed: (1) Leaf area index could be accurately determined from either PAR transmission through the canopy or hemispherical photography. For LAI determined from PAR transmission through the canopy, ecosystem light extinction coefficient (k) varied with season and was best described as a function of PAR transmission through the canopy. (2) A negative exponential function described the relationship between NDVI and LAI; (3) Allometric relationships overestimated LAI. Throughout the two years of this study, LAI was always higher in elevated C_a, rising from, 20% during winter, to 55% during summer. This seasonality was driven by a more rapid development of leaf area during the spring and a relatively greater loss of leaf area during the winter, in elevated C_a. For this scrub‐oak ecosystem prior to canopy closure, increased leaf area was an indirect mechanism by which ecosystem C uptake and canopy N content were increased in elevated C_a. In addition, increased LAI decreased potential reductions in canopy transpiration from decreases in stomatal conductance in elevated C_a. These findings have important implications for biogeochemical cycles of C, N and H₂O in woody ecosystems regenerating from disturbance in elevated C_a.