其它可利用食物对小花宽瓣黄堇(Corydalis giraldii Fedde)种子散布的影响

作为蚁播植物种子的重要传播者,蚂蚁不但取食种子上附着的油质体,也喜食其它富含蛋白质、脂类、糖和维生素等的食物,因此环境中其它可利用食物的存在可能会影响蚂蚁对种子的搬运进而影响种子散布,但目前对于这种影响是如何发生的仍不清楚。在野外研究了蚂蚁对小花宽瓣黄堇(Corydalis giraldii Fedde)种子、肉、蜂蜜、苹果、馒头等食物的趋性和偏好程度,以及添加食物后蚂蚁对种子的拜访频率和搬运效率,以揭示其它可利用食物如何影响蚂蚁觅食和取食偏好,进而影响小花宽瓣黄堇种子散布。结果显示,在所诱捕的8种蚂蚁中,玉米毛蚁(Lasius alienus(Foerster))和丝光蚁(Formica fusca Linnaeus)是小花宽瓣黄堇种子的主要搬运者,不同食物诱捕的玉米毛蚁数量无显著性差异(P0.05),但蜂蜜和苹果诱捕的丝光蚁数量均显著大于种子(P0.05)。玉米毛蚁和丝光蚁均为杂食性,在觅食中分别行使群体募集和简单协作性募集。在仅有种子的对照处理中,玉米毛蚁和丝光蚁对种子的拜访频率分别为(38.73±4.57)头和(30.8±2.87)头(40min,n=15),两种蚂蚁对种子的拜访频率差异不显著(P0.05);玉米毛蚁和丝光蚁搬运种子的效率分别为(33.87±4.22)粒和(16.27±3.35)粒(40min,n=15),玉米毛蚁的搬运效率显著高于丝光蚁(P0.05)。与对照相比,添加馒头、苹果和蜂蜜后丝光蚁对种子的拜访频率显著降低(P0.05),分别为(15.6±3.61)头、(9.07±1.4)头和(7.67±1.58)头(40min,n=15);添加苹果和蜂蜜后丝光蚁对种子的搬运效率显著降低(P0.05),分别为(3.47±1.17)粒和(2.87±0.9)粒(40min,n=15);添加不同食物后玉米毛蚁对种子的拜访频率和搬运效率均无显著变化(P0.05)。研究结果表明行使群体募集的玉米毛蚁比行使简单协作募集的丝光蚁有更高的种子搬运效率,添加食物后影响丝光蚁对种子的拜访频率和搬运效率,这说明其它可利用食物对小花宽瓣黄堇种子散布的影响与搬运蚂蚁的种类及其觅食的募集方式有关。研究结果可为进一步研究蚂蚁与植物(种子)间的互利共生关系及其影响因素提供资料。     

蚂蚁觅食与搬运行为对阜平黄堇和小花黄堇种子散布的影响

蚂蚁是无脊椎动物中重要的种子传播者,蚂蚁散布影响植物种子的传播和扩散,进而会影响种苗的空间分布格局。在野外研究了蚂蚁觅食及搬运行为对阜平黄堇(Corydalis wilfordii Regel)和小花黄堇(C.racemosa(Thunb.)Pers.)种子散布的影响。结果显示,双针棱胸蚁和束胸平结蚁是两种植物种子的共同搬运者,前者行使群体募集,后者行使简单协作募集。在搬运阜平黄堇种子时,双针棱胸蚁在原地或搬运途中取食油质体后抛弃的种子约占种子总数的56%,而拖至蚁巢的种子约占种子总数的44%,平均搬运距离为(1.85±0.24)m,搬运效率为(43.8±7.5)粒/h;而束胸平结蚁将完整种子全部直接搬运至蚁巢,平均搬运距离为0.45 m,搬运效率为(7.3±2.2)粒/h。在搬运小花黄堇种子时,双针棱胸蚁和束胸平结蚁均将完整种子全部直接搬运至蚁巢,平均搬运距离分别为(6.27±4.40)m和(6.65±1.64)m,搬运效率分别为(34.2±6.5)粒/h和(10.6±3.2)粒/h。这说明行使群体募集的蚂蚁比行使简单协作募集的蚂蚁有较高的搬运效率,蚂蚁散布导致阜平黄堇和小花黄堇种子到达蚁巢的数量和搬运距离不同,而这种不同与相应搬运蚂蚁的觅食对策、搬运行为和种子特征有关。阜平黄堇种子比小花黄堇种子大,但阜平黄堇的油质体质量比小于小花黄堇的油质体质量比,讨论了种子特征对蚂蚁散布的影响。     

紫堇属(Corydalis DC.)植物的种子形态及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜下研究了湖北产紫堇属(Corydalis DC.)15种及2变型的种子形态特征。结果表明,其种子小,近圆形、扁圆形或肾形,黑色或深棕色,具油质体。油质体帽状、扇形、条形或不规则,紧贴种子表面或分离。根据种子表面形态,种子可分为4种类型:(1)表面光滑,如大叶紫堇(C.temulifolia Franch.)、川东紫堇(C.acuminata Franch.)、巴东紫堇(C.hemsleyana Franch.ex Prain)、北岭黄堇(C.fargesii Franch.)、鄂西黄堇(C.shennongensis H.Chuang)和小药八旦子(C.caudata(Lam.)Pers.);(2)表面具刺或疣状突起,如阜平黄堇(C.wilfordii Regel)、小花黄堇(C.racemosa(Thunb.)Pers.)、地锦苗(C.sheareri S.Moore)和珠芽地锦苗(C.sheareri S.Moore f.bulbillifera Hand.-Mazz.);(3)表面具凹点状印痕,如刻叶紫堇(C.incisa(Thunb.)Pers.)、紫堇(C.edulis Maxim.)、地柏枝(C.cheilanthifolia Hemsl.)、蛇果黄堇(C.ophiocarpa Hook.f.et Thoms.)、北越紫堇(C.balansae Prain)和延胡索(C.yanhusuo(Y.H.Chou et C.C.Hsu)W.T.Wang ex Z.Y.Su et C.Y.Wu);(4)表面具凹点状印痕,并被有疣状突起,如伏生紫堇(C.decumbens(Thunb.)Pers.)。种子大小、形状和表面形态以及油质体形态在种内相对稳定,对一些物种的划分具有较重要的意义。     

舞草种子的蚂蚁传播

舞草(Codariocalyx motorius)由于其小叶具有自身"摆动"的功能,从而具有较高的观赏价值.在长期的演化过程中,舞草与蚂蚁形成了互惠共生的关系舞草种子生成了附生其上的能吸引蚂蚁的油质体,蚂蚁在搬运取食中,使舞草种子得以传播.舞草种子最重要的传播者是圆叶铺道蚁(Tetramorium cyclolobium Xu et Zheng)和布立毛蚁(Paratrechina bourbonica Forel).另外长足光结蚁(Anoplolepis gracilipes Smith)和两种大头蚁(Pheidole sp.1和sp.2)也搬运其种子.野外试验表明,圆叶铺道蚁日搬运活动与气温呈显著正相关,即y(搬运种子数)=-9.5038+0%5608X(气温)(r=0.7196**,n=33,P＜0.01),中午搬运效率达到高峰.布立毛蚁日搬运活动在上、下午各有一个高峰,上午的高峰出现时间不稳定,下午的高峰出现在1 600～1800.舞草种子上附生的油质体是吸引蚂蚁并产生搬运行为的主要物质.化学分析表明,油质体富含蚂蚁生长发育所必需的10种氨基酸和多种无机元素.样地采用陷阱诱捕蚂蚁的调查显示,5种搬运者中,圆叶铺道蚁数量最大,分别占蚂蚁总量的8.26%和搬运蚂蚁总量的48%.这说明圆叶铺道蚁在舞草种子的搬运中起着主要作用.     

紫堇属（Corydalis DC.）植物的种子形态及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜下研究了湖北产紫堇属（Corydalis DC.）15种及2变型的种子形态特征。结果表明,其种子小,近圆形、扁圆形或肾形,黑色或深棕色,具油质体。油质体帽状、扇形、条形或不规则,紧贴种子表面或分离。根据种子表面形态,种子可分为4种类型：（1）表面光滑,如大叶紫堇（C.temulifolia Franch.）、川东紫堇（C.acu-minata Franch.）、巴东紫堇（C.hemsleyana Franch.ex Prain）、北岭黄堇（C.fargesii Franch.）、鄂西黄堇（C.shennongensis H.Chuang）和小药八旦子（C.caudata（Lam.）Pers.）;（2）表面具刺或疣状突起,如阜平黄堇（C.wilfordii Regel）、小花黄堇（C.racemosa（Thunb.）Pers.）、地锦苗（C.sheareri S.Moore）和珠芽地锦苗（C.sheareri S.Moore f.bulbillifera Hand.-Mazz.）;（3）表面具凹点状印痕,如刻叶紫堇（C.incisa（Thunb.）Pers.）、紫堇（C.edulis Maxim.）、地柏枝（C.cheilanthifolia Hemsl.）、蛇果黄堇（C.ophiocarpa Hook.f.et Thoms.）、北越紫堇（C.balansae Prain）和延胡索（C.yanhusuo（Y.H.Chou et C.C.Hsu）W.T.Wang ex Z.Y.Su et C.Y.Wu）;（4）表面具凹点状印痕,并被有疣状突起,如伏生紫堇（C.decumbens（Thunb.）Pers.）。种子大小、形状和表面形态以及油质体形态在种内相对稳定,对一些物种的划分具有较重要的意义。     

红火蚁对蚁运植物种子影响的研究概况

自然界中蚂蚁与蚁运植物的互惠关系是一种普遍的现象。蚁运植物种子的油质体是两者发生联系的纽带,它能为蚂蚁提供营养物质,且蚂蚁在消耗油质体的同时,搬运并散布了种子。红火蚁是近年来在华南地区严重发生的一种入侵性蚂蚁,能在短时间内迅速发展成为优势种,造成入侵地生物多样性降低和生态单一化,是世界范围内最具危险的社会性昆虫之一。由于该入侵蚂蚁极具侵略性、觅食能力强、种群庞大等特点,对蚁运植物具有深远的影响。为了深入、全面地了解红火蚁对蚁运植物种子的影响,本文综述了红火蚁对蚁运植物种子油质体的喜好及搬运行为,以及对蚁运植物种子的直接影响(搬运、取食、划痕或毁坏)及间接影响(排挤本地蚂蚁),最后展望了未来红火蚁对蚁运植物影响的研究方向。     

垂叶榕种子的二次散布:蚂蚁和非蚁传植物互惠关系的新证据

蚂蚁对热带森林中小种子的二次散布会影响种子最终到达地点和种子命运.本文以一种由鸟散布的榕树垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina)为研究对象,观察蚂蚁对不同处理种子二次散布的影响.共记录到菱结大头蚁(Pheidole rhombinoda)、法老小家蚁(Monomorium pharaonis)、横纹齿猛蚁(Odontoponera transversa)和布立毛蚁(Paratrechina bourbonica)等4种蚂蚁参与了种子的搬运,其出现频率分别为71.7%、23.3%、2.5%、2.5%.蚂蚁对种子的搬运距离为179 cm±13 cm(n=159).其中,最主要的散布者菱结大头蚁把种子搬进蚁巢后,取食了内果皮,并把58.6%的净种子抛弃在巢外垃圾堆中.蚂蚁取食内果皮显著提高了种子萌发特性(萌发率由49.3%提高到93.3%).去除内果皮后种子被蚂蚁搬走的比率显著下降(由75.0%降为29.5%).垂叶榕种子外着生的内果皮,明显提高了对蚂蚁的吸引力,而蚂蚁取食内果皮显著提高了种子萌发能力,垂叶榕和二次散布的蚂蚁之间存在着明显的互惠关系.     

地下结实植物白番红花地下果实的生产与种子扩散特性

地下芽地下结实是指由植株地下芽分化形成的具长管状花被的花伸出地表开放、而子房在地下发育成果实的一种特殊结实现象。白番红花(Crocus alatavicus)是生长于天山西部亚高山带、具地下芽地下结实特性的多年生早春短命植物。本文采用野外观测和控制实验方法,对该物种地下子房和幼果的发育特点与种子扩散特性及其适应意义进行了研究。结果表明:白番红花从开花到地下果实露出地表的发育时间约需35 d,地下果实在花梗的伸长生长作用下露出地面开裂并扩散种子,且种子具有油质体等典型蚁传植物种子的特征。蚁类是白番红花种子的主要传播者。在搬运种子的Formica pressilabris、栗色林蚁和黑褐蚁中,F.pressilabris出现的频率最高,但栗色林蚁搬运的速度最快、距离最远。3种蚂蚁搬运白番红花种子的平均距离为62.4±1.7 cm。Formica pressilabris将白番红花种子搬运至蚁穴中后取食油质体,且有超过50%的种子被储藏在蚁穴中。啮齿类和鸟类不传播白番红花种子,但水媒和风媒对种子的短距离散布具有一定作用。这些结果说明:白番红花的地下结实及蚁传特性不仅可保护发育中的子房及果实躲避地表草食动物的取食,避免自然火灾对地上果实的伤害,以及延长果实和种子的发育时间以保障其安全成熟,还可避免真菌和其他病原体的侵扰、减少同胞之间以及母株与子代间的竞争,使种子在适宜环境中萌发并建立新的种群。     

蚂蚁对澜沧舞花姜种子散布及种苗空间分布格局的影响

 在野外系统观测了澜沧舞花姜（Globba lancangensis）18个果实共216粒种子的散布过程。共有10种蚂蚁参与了澜沧舞花姜的种子散布,距离为0.01～3.35 m,平均距离(0.47±0.03) m（平均值±SE,n=216）。其中最重要的３种蚂蚁是横纹齿猛蚁（Odontoponera transversa）、大头蚁(Pheidole sp.)和黄足厚结猛蚁(Pachycondyla luteipes),其出现频率分别为61%、50%和28%,散布的平均距离分别为(0.60±0.09) m、(0.20±0.01) m和(0.32±0.05) m。从总体上看,蚂蚁促进了种子的分散,降低了种子的聚集程度。横纹齿猛蚁对于种子上的油质体最为敏感,对人工去除了油质体的种子不搬运,对种子散布距离较远,暗示了其与澜沧舞花姜之间可能存在更紧密的互惠关系。野外样方调查结果表明,在3种舞花姜属植物中,以种子繁殖为主的澜沧舞花姜种苗之间的平均最近距离为(36.8±1.45) cm（平均值±SE,n=74）,显著大于以珠芽繁殖为主的毛舞花姜（Globba barthiri）的(29.8±2.70) m（n=34）（t73,33=2.11,p=0.037）和异果舞花姜（Globba racemosa）的(28.7±3.16) cm（n=32）（t73,31=2.33,p=0.022）;澜沧舞花姜的种苗聚集程度（Z=-1.70±0.19）显著小于毛舞花姜（Z=-2.58±0.37,t73,33=2.36,p=0.020）和异果舞花姜（Z=-3.28±0.53）（t73,31=3.54,p=0.001）。这说明相对于毛舞花姜和异果舞花姜,蚂蚁对种子的散布作用显著增加了澜沧舞花姜种苗间的平均最近距离,降低了居群的聚集度。     

氮沉降对不同入侵程度加拿大一枝黄花化感作用的影响

为探究全球氮沉降影响外来植物入侵扩张的作用机制,该文通过受控模拟试验,以入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)为对象,研究了三种氮水平(N0、N5和N12)下五种不同入侵程度(种内及种间竞争)的加拿大一枝黄花凋落叶浸提液对本地植物莴苣(Lactuca sativa)种子萌发和幼苗生长化感作用的影响。结果表明:(1)N0、N5和N12处理下的不同入侵程度加拿大一枝黄花凋落叶浸提液均显著抑制莴苣的萌发和生长,其中N5土壤入侵初期(S1A3)处理浸提液的化感作用最显著,其发芽速度指数、发芽活力指数、根长、株高和叶长比对照分别降低了61%、79%、84%、68%和13%,此时凋落叶中的总酚和总黄酮含量最高,分别为0.48 mg·g^-1和1.50 mg·g^-1。(2)相同氮添加下,入侵程度对加拿大一枝黄花化感作用有显著影响,随着入侵程度的增加,加拿大一枝黄花化感作用显著减弱,入侵初期(S1A3)凋落叶化感作用显著高于入侵后期(S3A1)。(3)相同入侵程度下,氮添加对加拿大一枝黄花化感作用有显著影响,N5处理的加拿大一枝黄花化感作用比N0或N12处理显著增加。(4)氮添加与入侵程度有交互作用,两者共同作用显著影响了莴苣种子的综合化感作用。综上结果表明,氮沉降可能会增强入侵初期加拿大一枝黄花凋落叶对本地植物的化感抑制作用,进一步促进外来植物的成功入侵,为进一步研究加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用及生态防治提供了一定的理论参考。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。