植物色素在24-表油菜素内酯调节油菜耐盐性中的作用

为了探索24表油菜素内酯(24-EBL)对盐胁迫下油菜生长的调节效应和植物色素在油菜耐盐性中的作用,采用盆栽实验,在盐胁迫下外源喷施1 000、10、0.1、0.001 nmol·L-1 24-EBL处理油菜幼苗,测定植株的生物量、电解质渗漏率(ELP)、净光合速率(Pn)、光合色素、酚类、类黄酮、花青素含量以及抗氧化能力(T-AOC).结果显示:(1) 24-EBL可显著缓解盐胁迫对油菜幼苗的氧化伤害,提高盐渍下油菜幼苗Pn和光合色素含量,并以0.1nmol·L-1 24 EBL(EBL3)对生长的调控效应最佳.(2)盐胁迫下,植株不同部位叶片的β-胡萝卜素(β-Car)和叶黄素(Lut)含量均显著下降,EBL3处理可显著提高其上部叶的β-Car含量,以及上部和中部叶的Lut含量;EBL3处理可显著提高盐胁迫下油菜所有叶片和叶柄的酚类含量,以及叶柄中类黄酮含量;EBL3处理可显著提高盐胁迫下油菜幼苗所有器官的花青素含量.(3) EBL3仅能够诱导上部叶和中部叶类胡萝卜素(Car)提取液的抗氧化能力(T-AOC)提高,但可诱导植株所有器官的酚类提取液的T-AOC提高.(4)不同部位的叶片Car、β-Car和Lut含量均与其Car提取液的T-AOC呈极显著正相关;而上部叶的总酚和花青素含量、中部叶和叶柄的花青素含量及茎秆中总酚、类黄酮和花青素含量与各自的酚类提取液的T-AOC呈极显著正相关.研究表明,外源喷施适宜浓度的24-EBL能够显著促进盐渍条件下油菜幼苗的光合能力,提高其抗氧化能力,从而增强其对盐渍胁迫的适应性,而光合色素和花青素水平被24-EBL诱导上升在油菜幼苗抗氧化过程中起着重要的作用.     

外源油菜素内酯对镉胁迫下菊芋幼苗光合作用及镉富集的调控效应

以两种菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)品系南芋2号(NY2)和南芋5号(NY5)为材料,研究了外源24-表油菜素内酯(24-EBL)对镉胁迫下菊芋幼苗干重、根冠比(R/S)、光合色素含量、叶片气体交换参数和水分利用效率(WUE)的调节效应,还测定了其不同器官的镉(Cd)含量.结果表明:在镉胁迫下,2种菊芋幼苗的干重、R/S、光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、WUE均呈下降趋势,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)升高.(2)与镉胁迫相比,胁迫下外源喷施10-10、10-9、10-8、10-7mol/L 24-EBL作用下,两品系植株干重和R/S值均不同程度的上升,NY2、NY5的植株干重分别在10-9 mol/L 24-EBL(EBL2)和10-8mol/L 24-EBL(EBL3)处理下达到最大值,分别增加50％和64％.镉胁迫下,外源24-EBL处理均提高菊芋的叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量,Pn、Gs、Tr也由此得到不同程度的上升,而Ci均下降,NY5的Ci下降更显著.镉胁迫下,外源EBL2和EBL3作用下均不同程度地提高其WUE,NY5的WUE增幅远大于NY2.镉胁迫下NY5的新完全展开叶Cd含量的积累明显高于NY2;而EBL2处理下可降低NY2的新完全展开叶Cd含量,但EBL3却显著增加NY5的叶片Cd含量.镉胁迫下,喷施EBL2的NY2的不同器官、NY5根的Cd含量均显著下降,而NY5其他器官的Cd含量变化不显著.NY5不同器官的Cd含量均明显高于NY2.上述表明,24-EBL可明显提高菊芋的耐镉水平,主要是因为外源喷施24-EBL能显著促进其光合和提高水分利用效率,从而改善Cd胁迫下菊芋幼苗的生长;而24-EBL对菊芋NY5非气孔限制的更显著改善是其促进其光合、水分利用的重要原因,也是其对NY5的生长调控效果优于NY2的重要原因之一.结果还显示,菊芋NY5植株生物量大,从环境中提取Cd的能力较好,因此可作为重金属污染土壤的植物修复的材料来利用.     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片光合特性的影响北大核心CSCD

以黄瓜品种’新春4号’为试验材料,研究了在中度盐胁迫(50 mmol/L NaCl)条件下,外源喷施0.01 mg/L 2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBL)和24μmol/L油菜素内酯抑制剂(BZR)处理对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP)及相关荧光参数的影响,探讨EBL缓解黄瓜幼苗中度盐胁迫伤害的光合生理机制。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫导致黄瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_(n))、气孔导度(G_(s))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))下降,胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))增加,初始荧光(F_(o))、最大荧光(F_(m))下降,OJIP曲线中J点、I点显著增加,降低了黄瓜幼苗叶片光合性能,且对PSⅡ受体侧的伤害大于供体侧,表现为PSⅡ反应中心损伤,光合电子从Q_(A)向Q_(B)的传递效率降低,电子传递受阻。(2)在50 mmol/L NaCl处理下,外源喷施0.01 mg/L EBL可显著提升NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片P_(n)、G_(s)、T_(r)、光合性能(PI_(ABS)),降低C_(i),显著增加单位面积内吸收(ABS/CS_(m))、捕获(TR_(o)/CS_(m))、用于电子传递(ET_(o)/CS_(m))的光能以及有活性反应中心的数目(RC/CS_(m))。(3)与NaCl+EBL处理相比,NaCl+EBL+BZR处理后黄瓜幼苗叶片光合性能进一步降低,证明EBL对黄瓜幼苗盐胁迫引起的PSⅡ伤害有缓解作用。研究发现,外源喷施适量2,4-表油菜素内酯能有效缓解黄瓜幼苗叶片在盐胁迫条件下受到的光合电子传递链中(PSⅡ)受体侧的伤害,增加电子从Q_(A)向Q_(B)传递的效率,从而显著改善盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片的光合性能。     

外源EBR对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

为了探讨外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)诱导燕麦(Avena sativa L.)幼苗抗盐性的效果及其生理调节机制,以"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下施用外源EBR对燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响。结果表明:100mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+、Cl-含量均显著升高,对阳离子的吸收产生了拮抗作用,导致燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+、Zn2+、Cu2+含量显著降低,离子稳态平衡被打破;100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,施用0.01μmol·L-1外源EBR后,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+和Cl-含量显著降低,促进了燕麦幼苗根系对K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的吸收,叶片和根系中K+/Na+、Cl-/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+、Fe2+/Na+、Mn2+/Na+、Cu2+/Na+和Zn2+/Na+显著升高,并且有效调控燕麦幼苗体内无机离子的运输比和阳离子的运输选择性比率,离子稳态重新达到平衡状态;说明外源EBR能够缓解NaCl胁迫下Na+和Cl-对燕麦幼苗所造成的离子毒害作用,有效调控燕麦幼苗对无机离子的选择性吸收、运输和分配,对维持燕麦幼苗体内的离子稳态平衡具有正向调控作用。     

外源EBR对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

为了探讨外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)诱导燕麦(Avena sativa L.)幼苗抗盐性的效果及其生理调节机制,以"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下施用外源EBR对燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响。结果表明:100mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+、Cl-含量均显著升高,对阳离子的吸收产生了拮抗作用,导致燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+、Zn2+、Cu2+含量显著降低,离子稳态平衡被打破; 100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,施用0.01μmol·L-1外源EBR后,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+和Cl-含量显著降低,促进了燕麦幼苗根系对K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的吸收,叶片和根系中K+/Na+、Cl-/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+、Fe2+/Na+、Mn2+/Na+、Cu2+/Na+和Zn2+/Na+显著升高,并且有效调控燕麦幼苗体内无机离子的运输比和阳离子的运输选择性比率,离子稳态重新达到平衡状态;说明外源EBR能够缓解NaCl胁迫下Na+和Cl-对燕麦幼苗所造成的离子毒害作用,有效调控燕麦幼苗对无机离子的选择性吸收、运输和分配,对维持燕麦幼苗体内的离子稳态平衡具有正向调控作用。     

燕麦幼苗对盐胁迫的响应及过氧化氢对响应的调节

为了探讨‘定莜6号’燕麦对盐胁迫的生理生化响应及H2O2的调节作用,采用水培方法,研究外源H2O2对盐胁迫下燕麦活性氧代谢、渗透溶质积累和Na+、K+平衡的影响。结果表明:小于100 mmol·L-1Na Cl未对‘定莜6号’幼苗的生长造成明显影响,150 mmol·L-1及以上浓度Na Cl使幼苗干重和叶片K+/Na+显著降低,O2-·产生速率、H2O2、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、质膜H+-ATP酶活性明显提高,但抗坏血酸(ASA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量变化不大;外施5μmol·L-1H2O2可显著缓解150 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,使燕麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和CAT活性及H2O2、GSH含量明显提高,O2-·产生速率和MDA含量显著降低;5μmol·L-1H2O2还提高了150 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫下燕麦叶片可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、有机酸和脯氨酸含量及质膜H+-ATP酶活性和K+/Na+,降低了游离氨基酸含量;表明外源H2O2可调控燕麦幼苗活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累,维持K+、Na+平衡,从而增强耐盐性。     

外源ATP对盐胁迫下油菜幼苗生长的影响

研究了外源ATP处理对盐胁迫下油菜幼苗生长的影响,探讨了过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和钙离子(Ca~(2+))作为信号分子在ATP对油菜幼苗耐盐性调控过程中的作用。结果表明:与单独Na Cl处理相比,ATP+Na Cl处理降低了油菜幼苗死细胞数量、ROS(■和H_2O_2)含量、离子(Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-)含量、MDA含量及Na~+/K~+比和相对电导率,增加了叶片中叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性,提高了抗氧化酶基因(CAT、SOD、APX、GR)、NADPH氧化酶基因(RBOHD、RBOHF)、P5CS1基因、MAPK激酶基因(MAPK3、MAPK6)、耐盐基因(NHX1、SOS1)转录;与ATP+Na Cl处理相比,ATP+Na Cl+抑制剂(DPI、DMTU和EGTA)处理下油菜幼苗中相对电导率、MDA、叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性及上述基因表达量均呈不同程度降低,表明外源ATP可提高Na Cl胁迫下油菜叶片细胞活性、ROS含量、离子含量、叶绿素含量、渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶活性及相关基因的表达量,缓解膜质损伤。此外,H_2O_2和Ca~(2+)信号分子也参与了ATP增强油菜幼苗耐盐性过程的调控。     

表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下湖南稷子幼苗的缓解作用

【目的】湖南稷子（Echinochloa frumentacea）是一种高产、优质草料兼用牧草,种植区土壤盐碱化严重影响其正常生长发育和产量。表油油菜内酯（EBR）是油菜甾醇类(BRs)植物激素的活性类似物。探讨表油菜素内酯对湖南稷子耐盐性的调控作用及其缓解盐胁迫伤害的作用机制,为其应用于盐渍化土壤上湖南稷子生产提供理论依据。【方法】以湖南稷子品种‘宁稷1号’幼苗为试验材料,在筛选适宜盐胁迫浓度的基础上,设置对照、盐（150 mmol/L NaCl）和不同浓度的表油菜素内酯（1,10,100 μg/L）单独及复合处理,采用水培试验考察各处理幼苗生长指标、抗逆生理指标、光合作用指标、离子稳态、编码盐过敏（SOS）信号转导途径及抗氧化酶相关基因表达量的变化。【结果】（1）与对照相比,单独盐胁迫处理湖南稷子幼苗生长（株高、根长、生物量等）受到显著抑制,叶片光合作用指标[叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数Y(Ⅱ)、Fv’/Fm’、ETR、qP等]、渗透调节物质（脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白）含量、抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性显著降低;根系K+、Ca2+和Mg2+含量显著减少,而根系Na+含量显著增加;而叶片活性氧（超氧阴离子、过氧化氢）含量、细胞膜透性（丙二醛含量、相对电导率）却显著提高;同时叶片相关基因表达量显著下调。但单独喷施表油菜素内酯处理对以上指标大多无显著影响。（2）喷施不同浓度表油菜素内酯处理均能有效缓解盐胁迫后湖南稷子上述指标的不利变化,并以10 μg/L表油菜素内酯处理（SS+E10）效果最佳。（3）与单独盐胁迫处理相比,SS+E10处理湖南稷子幼苗生长指标以及叶片渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、光合作用指标显著提高,叶片的细胞膜透性和活性氧含量显著降低;根系细胞内Na+积累显著减少,根系K+、Ca2+和Mg2+含量显著增加,Na+/K+稳态平衡得到调节;SOS信号转导途径和抗氧化酶相关基因的表达量显著上调。【结论】叶面喷施表油菜素内酯能显著上调盐胁迫下湖南稷子幼苗叶片SOS信号转导途径和抗氧化酶相关基因的表达量,增强其抗氧化和渗透调节能力,减轻膜脂过氧化和细胞膜损伤程度,,维持根系离子稳态平衡,有效保护幼苗叶片的光合作用和正常生长,对促进湖南稷子耐盐性具有显著调控作用,并以10 μg/L EBR处理效果最佳。     

NaCl胁迫对菊芋幼苗生长和叶片光合作用参数以及体内离子分布的影响

对不同浓度[0(CK)、50和100 mmol·L-1]NaCl胁迫条件下菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L. )幼苗的生长、叶片光合作用参数以及体内Cl-、Na+和K+含量分布状况进行了比较研究.结果表明,随NaCl浓度的提高,菊芋幼苗单株地上部分的鲜质量和干质量以及全株鲜质量和干质量均逐渐下降且均与对照差异显著(P<0.05);地下部分的鲜质量和干质量也呈逐渐下降的趋势,但仅100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理组与对照组间有显著差异(P<0.05).随NaCl浓度的提高,叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)逐渐减小、水分利用效率(WUE)和气孔限制值(Ls)逐渐增大,但总体上差异不显著(P>0.05);50和100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理组的Pn分别为对照组的85.6%和44.9%,Gs分别为对照组的67.9%和57.1%,WUE分别为对照组的1.25和1.54倍,Ls分别为对照组的1.57和1.64倍.随NaCl浓度的提高,菊芋幼苗地上部分和地下部分的Cl-和Na+含量逐渐增加、K+含量逐渐减小,且各处理组间Na+含量差异显著、K+含量差异不显著;地上部分和地下部分的Na+/K+比均随NaCl浓度的提高逐渐增大,0、50和100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理组幼苗地上部分的Na+/K+比分别为0.26、0.83和2.39,地下部分的Na+/K+比分别为0.51、1.16和2.83;各处理组幼苗地上部分的Cl-、Na+和K+含量均明显高于地下部分,表明地下部分吸收的Cl-、Na+和K+大部分被转移至地上部分.研究结果显示,NaCl胁迫对菊芋幼苗生长和叶片光合作用等均有一定的抑制作用,对其体内离子平衡也有一定的影响,干扰了菊芋幼苗的正常生长.     

根系与叶片盐处理对枇杷幼苗生长及体内矿质元素分布的影响

在温室培养条件下,分别用根系和叶片Na Cl胁迫对甜土植物枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)的幼苗进行处理,研究两种盐胁迫方式对其生长、矿质元素(Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、Cl-)和灰分含量在植物体各器官和叶片不同部位的影响。结果表明:在叶片盐胁迫下枇杷幼苗的叶片病斑较多分布于叶尖、叶缘,在根系盐胁迫下则较多分布于叶片中心区;根系盐胁迫促进枇杷幼苗的灰分含量积累,叶片盐胁迫则影响不大;两种方式盐胁迫枇杷幼苗体内的Na+和Cl-含量都呈极显著的正相关性;两种方式盐胁迫对枇杷幼苗的5种矿质元素含量影响相差不大,但它们影响矿质元素在植物中的重新分布;叶片盐胁迫对枇杷幼苗体内的离子毒害比根系盐胁迫的大。     

Effects of 24‐epibrassinolide on plant growth,osmotic regulation and ion homeostasis of salt‐stressed canola

This study evaluated effects of foliar spraying 24‐epibrassinoide (24‐EBL) on the growth of salt‐stressed canola. Seedlings at the four‐leaf stage were treated with 150 mm NaCl and different concentrations of 24‐EBL (10^?6, 10^?8, 10^?10, 10^?12 m ) for 15 days. A concentration of 10^?10 m 24‐EBL was chosen as optimal and used in a subsequent experiment on plant biomass and leaf water potential parameters. The results showed that 24‐EBL mainly promoted shoot growth of salt‐stressed plants and also ameliorated leaf water status. Foliar spraying of salt‐stressed canola with 24‐EBL increased osmotic adjustment ability in all organs, especially in younger leaves and roots. This was mainly due to an increase of free amino acid content in upper leaves, soluble sugars in middle leaves, organic acids and proline in lower leaves, all of these compounds in roots, as well as essential inorganic ions. Na⁺ and Cl^? sharply increased in different organs under salt stress, and 24‐EBL reduced their accumulation. 24‐EBL improved the uptake of K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and NO₃^? in roots, which were mainly transported to upper leaves, while NO₃^? was mainly transported to middle leaves. Thus, 24‐EBL improvements in ion homeostasis of K⁺/Na⁺, Ca²⁺/Na⁺, Mg²⁺/Na⁺ and NO₃^?/Cl^?, especially in younger leaves and roots, could be explained. As most important parts, younger leaves and roots were the main organs protected by 24‐EBL via improvement in osmotic adjustment ability and ion homeostasis. Further, physiological status of growth of salt‐stressed canola was ameliorated after 24‐EBL treatment.     

Photosynthesis and ion content of leaves and isolated chloroplasts of salt-stressed spinach

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) plants were subjected to salt stress by adding NaCl to the nutrient solution in increments of 25 millimolar per day to a final concentration of 200 millimolar. Plants were harvested 3 weeks after starting NaCl treatment. Fresh and dry weight of both shoots and roots was decreased more than 50% compared to control plants but the salt-stressed plants appeared healthy and were still actively growing. The salt-stressed plants had much thicker leaves. The salt-treated plants osmotically adjusted to maintain leaf turgor. Leaf K⁺ was decreased but Na⁺ and Cl⁻ were greatly increased.

The potential photosynthetic capacity of the leaves was measured at saturating CO₂ to overcome any stomatal limitation. Photosynthesis of salt-stressed plants varied only by about 10% from the controls when expressed on a leaf area or chlorophyll basis. The yield of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence from leaves was not affected by salt stress. Stomatal conductance decreased 70% in response to salt treatment.

Uncoupled rates of electron transport by isolated intact chloroplasts and by thylakoids were only 10 to 20% below those for control plants. CO₂-dependent O₂ evolution was decreased by 20% in chloroplasts isolated from salt-stressed plants. The concentration of K⁺ in the chloroplast decreased by 50% in the salt-stressed plants, Na⁺ increased by 70%, and Cl⁻ increased by less than 20% despite large increases in leaf Na⁺ and Cl⁻.

It is concluded that, for spinach, salt stress does not result in any major decrease in the photosynthetic potential of the leaf. Actual photosynthesis by the plant may be reduced by other factors such as decreased stomatal conductance and decreased leaf area. Effective compartmentation of ions within the cell may prevent the accumulation of inhibitory levels of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the chloroplast.

     

Salt-Induced Hypodermal Transfer Cells in Roots of Prosopis farcta and Ion Distribution within Young Plants

Prosopis farcta was grown on hydroculture with additions of 0.5, 10, 50, and 100 mM NaCl and without salt treatment. In plants from a 0.5 mM NaCl treatment, Cl^? was taken up into stems and leaves, but Na⁺ was withheld from the shoot. At 10 mM NaCl, shoot K⁺ concentration was below that of the control; Na⁺ and Cl^? were taken up to stems and cotyledons in nearly equimolar amounts. However, in the leaves, Na⁺ concentrations were only half of those of Cl^?. With increasing salt stress, Na⁺ and Cl^? were transported to the shoot, but kept at relatively low levels in the roots. Na⁺/ K⁺ ratios in roots did not increase proportionally to those in the solution. At an external Na⁺/K⁺ of > 5 and a root Na⁺/K⁺ of >1 (10 mM NaCl treatment), K⁺ selectivity was induced which rose exponentially with increasing salt stress; and cell wall protuberances were discovered in the hypodermis at the zone of side root formation. These transfer cells were found neither in roots from the 0.5 mM NaCl treatment nor in the controls. Their possible role in the Na⁺/K⁺ selectivity of the roots of Prosopis farcta is discussed.     

Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on growth, protein content and antioxidative defense system of Brassica juncea L. subjected to cobalt ion toxicity

Brassica juncea L. plants were subjected to cobalt (Co) ion (0, 5?×?10^?4, 10^?3, 1.5?×?10^?3 and 2?×?10^?3?M) toxicity and were sprayed with different concentrations of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) (0, 10^?10, 10^?8 and 10^?6?M) at 15-day stage after sowing. They were sampled at 30 and 60?days after sowing and analyzed for growth parameters in terms of shoot length and number of leaves. Thereafter, leaves were excised and content of proteins and the activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) (EC 1.15.1.1) catalase (CAT) (EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) (EC 1.11.1.11), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) (EC 1.11.1.7) glutathione reductase (GR) (EC 1.6.4.2), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) (EC 1.1.5.4) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) (EC 1.8.5.1)) were analyzed. The plants exposed to cobalt ion exhibited a significant decline in growth in terms of shoot length and number of leaves. However, foliar spray treatment with 24-EBL was able to alleviate the stress generated by cobalt ion and significantly improved the above parameters. The activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD, GR, APOX, MDHAR and DHAR) and protein content were also regulated considerably in leaves of plants treated with 24-EBL alone, 10^?8?M concentration being the most effective. The activities of antioxidative enzymes also increased in leaves of B. juncea plants by the application of cobalt ion to soil and consequently sprayed with 24-EBL. Similarly, the protein content was also regulated in leaves of B. juncea plants treated with 24-EBL as compared to untreated control plants, thereby revealing stress-protective properties of 24-EBL.     

Osmotic adjustment in triticales grown in presence of NaCl

Growth and Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, proteins, sugars and proline concentrations were measured in three triticale genotypes M2A, DF99 and Asseret grown on nutrient solution with or without 75 mM NaCl. In saline conditions, leaf area of the three triticales was reduced by 50 % and dry to fresh mass ratio increased. Total protein concentration was diminished by 10 %. K⁺ concentration decreased whereas Na⁺ and Cl^- accumulated in roots and shoots of salt-stressed plants. This ion accumulation was greater in roots of Asseret than in roots of the other triticales. Soluble sugar concentration increased in M2A and Asseret and decreased in DF99. Proline concentration increased in M2A and DF99 and decreased in Asseret. Osmotic adjustment was essentially realized by Na⁺ and Cl^- uptake. Non-reducing sugars and proline contributed too, but to a lesser extent. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth and ion relations in response to combined salinity and waterlogging in the perennial forage legumes Lotus corniculatus and Lotus tenuis

Lotus tenuis (Wadst. & Kit.) is a perennial legume widely grown for pasture in the flood-prone and salt affected Pampa region of Argentina. The physiology of salt and waterlogging tolerance in L. tenuis (four cultivars) was evaluated, and compared with Lotus corniculatus (three cultivars); the most widely cultivated Lotus species. Overall, L. tenuis cultivars accumulated less Na⁺ and Cl⁻, and more K⁺ in shoots than L. corniculatus cultivars, when exposed to 200 mM NaCl for 28 days in aerated or in stagnant solutions. Root porosity was higher in L. tenuis cultivars due to greater aerenchyma formation. In a NaCl dose–response experiment (0–400 mM NaCl in aerated solution), L. tenuis (cv. Chaja) accumulated half as much Cl⁻ in its shoots than L. corniculatus (cv. San Gabriel) at all external NaCl concentrations, and about 30% less shoot Na⁺ in treatments above 250 mM NaCl. Ion distributions in shoots were determined for plants at 200 mM NaCl. L. tenuis (cv. Chaja) again accumulated about half as much Cl⁻ in old leaves, young leaves and stems, compared with concentrations in L. corniculatus (cv. San Gabriel). There were not, however, significant differences between the two species for Na⁺ concentrations in the various shoot tissues. The higher root porosity, and maintenance of lower shoot Cl⁻ and Na⁺ concentrations in L. tenuis, compared with L. corniculatus, contributes to the greater tolerance to combined salt and waterlogging stress in L. tenuis. Moreover, significant variation for tolerance to combined salinity and waterlogging stress was identified within both L. tenuis and L. corniculatus.     

Effectiveness of potassium sulfate in mitigating salt-induced adverse effects on different physio-biochemical attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

To assess whether foliar application of K+S as potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) could alleviate the adverse effects of salt on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. SF-187) plants, a greenhouse experiment was conducted. There were two NaCl levels (0 and 150 mM) applied to the growth medium and six levels of K+S as K₂SO₄ (NS (no spray), WS (spray of water+0.1% Tween 20 solution), 0.5% K+0.21% S, 1.0% K+0.41% S, 1.5% K+0.62% S, and 2.0% K+0.82% S in 0.1% Tween-20 solution) applied two times foliarly to non-stressed and salt-stressed sunflower plants. Salt stress markedly repressed the growth, yield, photosynthetic pigments, water relations and photosynthetic attributes, quantum yield (F_v/F_m), leaf and root K⁺, Mg²⁺, P, Ca²⁺, N as well as K⁺/Na⁺ ratios, while it enhanced the cell membrane permeability, and leaf and root Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations. Foliar application of potassium sulfate significantly improved growth, achene yield, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, leaf turgor and enhanced shoot and leaf K⁺ of the salt-stressed sunflower plants, but it did not improve leaf and root Na⁺, Cl⁻, Mg²⁺, P, Ca²⁺, N as well as K⁺/Na⁺ ratios. The most effective dose of K+S for improving growth and achene yield was found to be 1.5% K+0.62% S and 1% K+0.41% S, respectively. Improvement in growth of sunflower plants due to exogenously applied K₂SO₄ was found to be linked to enhanced photosynthetic capacity, water use efficiency, leaf turgor and relative water content.     

NaCl处理对西伯利亚白刺幼苗生长及离子平衡的影响

以1年生西伯利亚白刺水培幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、200、400mmol·L~(-1))处理对幼苗生长及不同器官(根、茎、叶)中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的吸收、运输与分配的影响,探讨西伯利亚白刺的盐适应机制。结果表明:(1)200mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理促进了西伯利亚白刺幼苗的生长及叶片肉质化程度,400mmol·L-1 NaCl处理显著抑制其生长。(2)随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,西伯利亚白刺幼苗根、茎、叶中Na~+含量显著增加,且叶中Na~+含量显著高于茎和根中;根系中K~+含量显著增加;根、茎、叶中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量在200mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理下保持平稳或上升,而在400mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下显著下降。(3)各器官中K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+比值总体随NaCl处理浓度的升高呈下降趋势,且根部离子比值始终高于叶片和茎。(4)随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,西伯利亚白刺幼苗根-茎SK,Na显著下降,而根-茎SCa,Na、SMg,Na及茎-叶SK,Na、SCa,Na、SMg,Na逐渐提高。研究发现,西伯利亚白刺的盐适应机制主要是通过植株的补偿生长效应及叶片对Na~+的聚积作用实现的,同时也与根系对K~+的扣留及茎叶对K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)选择性运输能力增强有关。     

Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid on nitrogen metabolism and ion distribution of watermelon seedlings under salt stress

The effects of foliar spray application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on the growth, nitrogen metabolism, and ion distribution of salt-stressed watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai) seedlings were investigated. Supplementation of the nutrient solution with 100 mM NaCl significantly reduced leaf and root biomass of watermelon plants. Foliar application of 1.25 mM ALA significantly alleviated the inhibition of plant growth under salt stress. Salinity induced significant accumulation of nitrate, ammonium, and soluble protein and a significant decrease in the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in watermelon plants. However, ALA significantly increased the activities of NR, GS, GOGAT, and GDH, but decreased the ammonium content and NiR activity. In addition, salt stress resulted in significant accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^? in plants, but decreased the contents of K⁺ and Mg²⁺. Application of ALA alleviated the salt stress-induced ion toxicity, and increased the contents of K⁺ and Mg²⁺. ALA also increased soluble protein and proline contents in salt-stressed watermelon plants. These results indicated that application of ALA alleviated the accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^? in salt-stressed watermelon plants, especially through regulating nitrogen metabolism and ion distribution, which were associated with an improvement in plant growth.     

Silicon nutrition alleviates physiological disorders imposed by salinity in hydroponically grown canola (Brassica napus L.) plants

The effects of Si nutrition on transpiration, leaf anatomy, accumulation of Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^?, P, Fe and B and some reactive oxygen species related parameters were investigated in canola plants under salinity. Plants were grown hydroponically in growth chamber under controlled conditions at 0 and 100?mM NaCl each supplied with or without 1.7?mM silicon (Si) as sodium silicate. Salinity imposed significant reduction in growth parameters of plants like fresh weights of roots and shoots and leaf area. It also led to accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^? and a decrease in the concentration of K⁺, P, B and Fe. Reduction of transpiration, stomatal density and specific leaf area in leaves and an increase in leaf thickness were amongst other symptoms in salt-affected plants. Salinity led to higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide, increased lipid peroxidation and decrease of catalase and peroxidase activity, which suggests the induction of oxidative stress in plants. Silicon nutrition could prevent toxic ions (Na⁺ and Cl^?) accumulation while higher levels of essential minerals like K⁺, P and Fe were maintained in plants. Consequently, silicon nutrition decreased oxidative stress in plants, evidenced by increase in antioxidant enzyme activity, reduction in hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation.