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1.
翅多型现象是昆虫非遗传多型性的一种表现,包括不具飞行能力的短翅型或无翅型,以及可以进行长距离迁飞的长翅型或有翅型。翅多型现象常发生在可以携带病原并将其传播给植物宿主的媒介昆虫中,对植物病害的时空分布与暴发有重要影响。本文从翅型分化的遗传规律、诱导因素、分子机制和伴随翅型分化的其他生理表现4个方面,对植物病原主要传播媒介蚜虫和飞虱的翅型分化研究进行综述和梳理。昆虫翅型分化的诱导因素主要包括温度、湿度和光周期等非生物因素以及虫口密度、宿主营养、病毒等生物因素;而其内在的分子机制大多是通过胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子信号(IIS)通路、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, JNK)信号通路、Wingless和嗅觉受体SaveOrco等调控。翅型分化的同时伴随着生理状态的变化,表现为短翅型具有更强的繁殖能力和长翅型含有更丰富的飞行肌结构成分。目前,昆虫翅型分化的研究尚不够完善,有许多需要解答的问题,如找到胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子信号通路中真正发挥功能的靶基因,JNK如何调控翅型分化以及虫媒病毒影响媒介昆虫翅型的分子机理。本综述可为控制虫媒病原的传播以及其他昆虫翅多型的研究提供参考。 相似文献
2.
昆虫翅型分化的调控及翅多型性的进化 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
翅多型现象普遍存在于各昆虫类群,一些学者就昆虫翅多型进行了大量的研究工作。根据昆虫翅型的分化,可划分为长翅型和短翅型,长翅型具飞行能力,而短翅型不能飞行。一些昆虫种类,如蚜虫,出现无翅个体,被称为无翅型。除飞行能力外,长翅型和短翅型在行为、生理等方面也存在差异。文章主要就环境因素对翅型分化的影响、翅多型的内分泌控制机理、翅多型的遗传机制及其进化等作一概述。 相似文献
3.
表型可塑性(phenotypic plasticity)是有机体在适应生物或非生物环境时呈现不同表型的能力,并且有遗传基础。蚜虫是农林业的重要经济害虫,易受外部环境因素和自身遗传因素的影响而表现出表型的可塑性。本文综述了外部环境因素(如寄主植物、温度、光照、天敌等)的变异对蚜虫表型的影响。总体来说,蚜虫表型会因寄主植物的种类、品系以及发育阶段和营养状况的不同而有所差异; 温度变化对不同蚜虫种类的生殖力、生存力以及有翅蚜产生与否有极大影响。研究人员利用RAPD-PCR、微卫星等分子遗传标记确认寄主植物和温度是造成蚜虫种群遗传分化的重要因素。就内部因素而言,不同的蚜虫种类以及同一种蚜虫的不同克隆系在表型和遗传进化上也有不同程度的差异,在蚜虫受外界条件影响的不同虫态以及不同体色克隆系、不同生活周期的类群之间, 其生物学、生态学和遗传学都有所差异。分析上述各个因素对蚜虫表型可塑性的影响,对于蚜虫的生态进化研究和有效治理蚜害均有重要意义。本文在最后讨论了还有必要深入研究的诸多问题,如表观遗传调控,包括DNA甲基化、基因所在的核小体上的组蛋白的共价修饰和染色质重塑、siRNA介导的基因沉默以及微RNA(microRNA 或 miRNA)调控的基因表达变化等,又如有翅蚜的表型和遗传学研究,以及全球气候变化对蚜虫的生态进化的影响等问题。 相似文献
4.
昆虫翅多型作为生物可塑性发育的典型代表,是昆虫对复杂多变环境适应进化的结果。褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens是一种典型的翅多型昆虫,若虫可发育成短翅型或长翅型成虫,后者的远距离迁飞特性造成褐飞虱在亚洲稻区大面积为害。20世纪60年代以来,前人针对褐飞虱翅多型的发生机理进行了大量研究,发现种群密度、寄主植物质量、温度和光周期等诸多环境因子以及保幼激素均能够影响翅型比例。近20年来,得益于基因组学、 RNAi和基因编辑等生物技术的发展,褐飞虱翅型分化的分子机制研究取得了突破性进展,发现了褐飞虱翅型分化的开关基因FoxO,沉默或敲除FoxO会导致飞虱发育为长翅型;而胰岛素信号通路能够磷酸化FoxO抑制其进入细胞核,从而参与翅型分化调控;锌指转录因子Zfh1能够以启动子结合的方式调节FoxO的转录,与胰岛素信号通路平行调控翅型分化;另一个锌指转录因子Rotund能够与FoxO互作共同调控褐飞虱翅多型。此外,性别决定基因Transformer-2和c-Jun氨基末端激酶通路等也能够影响翅型分化,表明褐飞虱的翅型分化存在多样化的分子调控机制。鉴于半翅目不同亚目间的翅多型机制均有所不同,对褐飞虱翅型分化机制的解析远不足以阐明半翅目乃至整个昆虫纲的翅多型机制,但其研究成果能够引领未来对昆虫翅多型机制的探索研究,并加深人们对昆虫翅及组织可塑性发育与进化的理解。 相似文献
5.
表型可塑性变异的生态-发育机制及其进化意义 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
表型可塑性赋予生物个体在不同环境条件下通过产生不同表型来维持其适合度的能力.研究结果显示多数可塑性变异的产生是基于对环境变异信号的响应、改变基因表达式样并调整发育轨迹的结果,表观遗传调控体系在基因选择性表达和可塑性变异的跨世代传递过程中发挥了重要作用.不同物种和种群对环境变化的敏感性、发生可塑性变异的能力以及可塑性反应模式不尽相同,预示着控制可塑性能力并独立于控制性状的可塑性基凶的存在,这些基因是直接响应环境信号并控制表型表达的调控基因.表型可塑性不仅是物种适应性进化的一个重要方面,也是选择进化的产物,物种的表型可塑性变异对其生态适应和进化模式有深远的影响. 相似文献
6.
表型可塑性与外来植物的入侵能力 总被引:50,自引:4,他引:50
外来植物的入侵能力与其性状之间的关系是入侵生态学中的基本问题之一。成功的入侵种常常能占据多样化的生境,并以广幅的环境耐受性为特征。遗传分化(包括生态型分化)和表型可塑性是广布性物种适应变化、异质性生境的两种不同但并不矛盾和排斥的策略。越来越多的实验证据表明,表型可塑性具有确定的遗传基础,本身是一种可以独立进化的性状。许多入侵种遗传多样性比较低,但同时又占据了广阔的地理分布区和多样化的生境,表型可塑性可能在这些物种的入侵成功和随后的扩散中起到了关键作用。本文首先介绍表型可塑性的含义,简述表型可塑性和生物适应的关系,然后从理论分析和实验证据两个方面论述了表型可塑性与外来植物入侵能力的相关性,最后针对进一步的研究工作进行了讨论。当然,并非所有入侵种的成功都能归因于表型可塑性,作者认为对于那些遗传多样性比较低同时又占据多样化生境的入侵种,表型可塑性和入侵能力的正相关可能是一条普遍法则,而非特例。 相似文献
7.
生物入侵是导致生物多样性丧失的第二大因素,掌握入侵机制可提高外来入侵物种防控管理能力。表型可塑性被认为是外来植物成功入侵的重要机制之一,具有确定的遗传基础。近30年来表型可塑性的研究发展迅猛,野外调查与移植实验相结合,宏观生态与分子生态交叉等多种方法被用来探索外来植物成功入侵的表型可塑性机制。本文从表型可塑性概念、研究发展历程及其在外来植物入侵中的作用等方面进行了综述,并对今后外来入侵植物表型可塑性的研究方向进行了展望。表型可塑性的生态作用是目前研究的关注重点,表型可塑性增强了外来入侵植物的适应性和入侵能力,与遗传分化一起共同促进了外来植物的成功入侵。未来多学科相结合的综合研究方法将成为表型可塑性研究发展趋势,气候变化、土地利用等因素与入侵植物表型可塑性相结合,以及运用基因组学和分子生物学等方法,定量分析比较个体、种群或物种间的表型可塑性是未来研究外来植物入侵机制的方向之一。 相似文献
8.
生物如何适应复杂的环境变化是生物学研究的重要科学问题。其中,昆虫在长期的进化过程中形成了翅多型现象以适应复杂的环境,由此通过调控翅型的转换,对不同的环境条件做出响应,从而优化资源分配以平衡迁移或繁殖的需求,但目前对其分子调控机制仍不十分清楚。本文基于国内外最新研究进展,结合作者自己的研究,系统地综述了昆虫体内参与翅型转换调控的多种途径的研究进展,包括胰岛素信号通路、蜕皮激素信号通路、保幼激素信号通路、JNK信号通路、生物胺信号通路和病毒基因水平转移,指出了未来发展的方向。这些研究成果不仅对于进一步阐明昆虫翅多型的分子机制具有指导意义,也为开发以翅型调控为主要内容的害虫综合治理技术提供参考。 相似文献
9.
边缘种群的表型可塑性和本地适应性的解析是预测植物如何响应气候变化的基础。本研究以普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)的北缘种群为核心对象,以中心种群(中部、南部种群)为对照,进行3地同质园实验,以“空间换时间”的策略模拟未来气温变化情形下普通野生稻种群的表型表现。结果显示,普通野生稻各种群具有丰富的表型可塑性,种群间表型可塑性存在差异。北缘种群在株高、种子量和越冬存活率等指标上表现出明显的本地适应性,反映了对相对低温环境的适应。北缘种群无论北移还是南移都能够正常结实、完成生活史,说明在未来气温变化情形下也能生存;中部和南部种群在上海同质园都不能越冬存活,提示极端低温对于低纬度种群影响较大。这些结果表明,尽管普通野生稻存在明显的适应性分化,但有较强的表型可塑性能力,北缘种群和中心种群都能适应当前的气候变暖。 相似文献
10.
表型可塑性已成为生态进化发育生物学的核心概念,很大程度上由于植物可塑性研究的主要贡献,但人们仍远未完全了解表型可塑性的原因和结果。从整体角度理出表型可塑性研究发展的基本脉络,介绍研究内容、途径和简史,聚焦于几个主要方面的研究进展及发展方向。现代可塑性研究的兴盛始于关于可塑性的进化学重要性的一篇综述,从现象的描述、对其遗传基础和可塑性本身进化的讨论,发展到探索其背后的发育机制、植物生长与适应策略、生态学影响等。未来可塑性研究应在重新理解和评价表型可塑性及其适应性的基础上,更关注自然条件下环境因子和可塑响应的复杂性。表型可塑性的生态-进化学意义仍将是未来研究的重点。 相似文献
11.
COLIN E. ADAMS ALASTAIR J. WILSON MOIRA M. FERGUSON 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2008,95(4):748-757
F ST and RST estimates for Arctic charr from six microsatelite markers collected from two neighbouring Scottish lakes, Loch Maree and Loch Stack, confirm the presence of two distinct genetic groupings representing separate populations within each lake. In both lakes, there was also a clear body size dimorphism, with large and small body size forms that segregated according to genetic grouping. There was evidence of only subtle foraging ecology differences between morphs, with the small body size morph in both lakes being more generalist in its foraging in the summer (consuming mostly plankton but also some macrobenthos) than the large body size morph, which specialized on planktonic prey. Trophic morphology (head and mouth shape) did not differ significantly between morphs (although the small sample size for Maree makes this a preliminary finding). Cluster analysis of the microsatelite data and the presence of private alleles showed that morphologically similar forms in different lakes were not genetically similar, as would be expected under a multiple invasion hypothesis. Thus, the data do not support a hypothesis of a dual invasion of both lakes by two common ancestors but instead suggest an independent origin of the two forms in each lake. Thus parallel sympatric divergence as a result of common selection pressures in both lakes is the most parsimonious explanation of the evolutionary origin of these polymorphisms. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 95 , 748–757. 相似文献
12.
Radwan J 《Experimental & applied acarology》2001,25(2):143-149
In Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze and Robin) two male morphs occur: heteromorphs, with a thickened and sharply terminated third pair of legs that serve as a weapon in intrasexual conflicts, and homeomorphs, with unmodified legs. This study investigated the system of male morph determination. No significant heritability of male morph was found, but cues emanating from a dense colony were found to suppress the production of heteromorphs. Developmental plasticity was retained throughout the protonymphal stage. Diet did not influence morph expression, but lowered temperature decreased the proportion of heteromorphs emerging. 相似文献
13.
TORU MIURA 《Physiological Entomology》2013,38(2):150-156
Wing polyphenism in aphids represents an outstanding example of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. During summer, parthenogenic mother aphids alter the developmental fate of their embryos to produce wingless or winged adult forms in response to high population density (i.e. crowded conditions). Although this maternal effect is well known, the mechanisms underlying transgenerational winged‐morph determination remain largely unresolved. In the present study, the effects of different high‐density treatment durations are tested on the vetch aphid Megoura crassicauda Mordvilko aiming to investigate how and when the density signals detected by mothers are transmitted to embryos. The duration of density treatment shows additive effects on both the number of crowded females producing winged aphids (winged‐producers) and the number of winged progeny. In addition, even when high‐density treatment is stopped, the production of winged offspring continues for several days and depends on the duration of treatment. The results indicate that mother aphids retain high‐density signals for a period after removal of the stimulus. Furthermore, observations of the progeny sequence (i.e. the order in which the offspring are born) and the embryonic stages developing in the mothers reveal that high‐density information may affect embryonic fate at the late embryonic stage immediately before cuticle formation. 相似文献
14.
ANDRZEJ J. JANUSZKIEWICZ BEREN W. ROBINSON 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2007,90(1):25-36
Predation has important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Evolutionary responses to diversifying selection include genetic differentiation, the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and the genetic differentiation of plastic responses between populations. We tested if pumpkinseed sunfish ( Lepomis gibbosus ) respond to predation cues by changing their external body form in functionally sensible ways. We then asked whether predation has influenced the divergence of coexisting littoral and pelagic ecomorphs, by testing for divergent predator-induced responses. Juvenile L. gibbosus of both ecomorphs were reared with and without predation cues supplied by walleye ( Sander vitreus ) feeding on L. gibbosus . Predation cues stimulated increased body depth and dorsal spine length, but no increase in anal spine length or pectoral fin size. The dorsal spines of pelagic ecomorphs also grew longer than did those of littoral ecomorphs, while positive body depth responses were similar in both ecomorphs. This is the second fish taxa in which predator-induced morphological responses have been found, and the first in which divergent responses have been detected between ecomorphs. This suggests that the developmental systems of L. gibbosus ecomorphs have diverged under selection related to predation. We propose that other 'resource polymorphisms' in fishes have evolved under selection arising from a variety of factors, including predation, and not just selection related to resource use. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 90 , 25–36. 相似文献
15.
Aphids (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) produce a number of different phenotypes in their life-cycle, among which are winged (alate) and wingless (apterous) morphs. Lowe & Taylor (1964) and Sutherland (1969a, b) were the first to suggest that aphid clones differ in their propensity to produce the winged morph and that in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris), this propensity is linked to the colour of the phenotype. We tested for the occurrence of genetic variation in winged morph production by rearing individuals from red and green clones of pea aphid under wing-inducing (crowding) and control conditions, and scored the phenotypes of their offspring. Clones differed significantly in alate production and red clones produced on average a higher proportion of winged morphs than green clones. Importantly, however, there was considerable variation between clones of the same colour. Broad-sense heritabilities of winged morph production were 0.69 (crowding treatment) and 0.63 (control). Clones also differed in the number of offspring they produced. When exposed to the crowding stimulus, aphids deferred offspring production, resulting in a higher number of offspring produced in the crowding treatment than in the control. 相似文献
16.
Abstract 1. Crypsis is one of the main defences that insects use to avoid predators, and both the juveniles and adults of many geometrid moths are remarkable in their ability to blend into different host backgrounds. The larvae of Synchlora frondaria have two methods to achieve crypsis: phenotypic plasticity in colouration that enable them to hide more effectively on their host plants, and a self‐decorating behaviour whereby the larvae camouflage themselves with materials from their host plants. 2. Larvae of Synchlora frondaria reared on three different host plants showed systematic differences in relative growth rate, survivorship and larval colouration. 3. Larval colouration varied across diet treatments in a way that was consistent with diet‐induced phenotypic plasticity, and larvae also exhibited characteristic decorating behaviour on all three hosts. 4. Larvae showed highest survivorship on Heterotheca subaxillaris (Asteraceae), and had significantly higher relative growth rates on H. subaxillaris (Asteraceae) and Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) than on Bejaria racemosa (Ericaceae). 5. Synchlora frondaria provides an example of a species where both decorating behaviour and phenotypic plasticity in larval colouration produce a cryptic form that is remarkably responsive to its background. 相似文献
17.
18.
PAUL M. BRAKEFIELD 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1987,31(2):175-191
Changes in wing pattern, colour, shape and size associated with seasonal polyphenism in Melanitis leda were quantified using a series of 155 butterflies collected by N. Manders on Mauritius in 1905. Butterflies of the wetter period were predominantly of the wet season form with large, well differentiated eyespots, short tails, smaller wings and a characteristic background colour. The dry season form occurred only in the drier period and has much smaller eyespots, longer tails, larger wings and a variable background. Many intermediates occurred, mainly in the drier period. These are associated with an absence of extreme seasonal change in Mauritius. The first principal component (PCI) describing the morphometric and colour data is closely related to the wing form (r = 0.80). Regression analyses using temperature and rainfall data for the 8 weeks before each capture showed that about 40% of variation in PCI could be accounted for by temperature in weeks 2–3 before capture. Many of the characters measured are redundant; a subset of seven morphometric characters yields a closely similar PCI. Analysis of is subset in an additional sample of 70 M. leda from Kenya showed that the seasonal polyphenism overrides a small degree of sexual dimorphism. The results are discussed with regard to seasonal changes in adult activity, resting backgrounds and visual predation. Wing phenotype characters are part of an array of coordinated morphological and life history traits which include ovarian dormancy and fat body development in dry season adults. A partial independence occurs in the proximal control of these traits as indicated, for example, by the larger wing and tail size, and smaller eyespots of the small number of the wet season form captured in the drier period in comparison to those of the wetter months. 相似文献
19.
Lindsey J. Gray Gregory A. Sword Michael L. Anstey Fiona J. Clissold Stephen J. Simpson 《Biology letters》2009,5(3):306-309
Swarming and the expression of phase polyphenism are defining characteristics of locust species. Increases in local population density mediate morphological, physiological and behavioural changes within individuals, which correlate with mass marching of juveniles in migratory bands and flying swarms of adults. The Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera) regularly forms migratory bands and swarms, but is claimed not to express phase polyphenism and has accordingly been used to argue against a central role for phase change in locust swarming. We demonstrate that juvenile C. terminifera express extreme density-dependent behavioural phase polyphenism. Isolated-reared juveniles are sedentary and repelled by conspecifics, whereas crowd-reared individuals are highly active and are attracted to conspecifics. In contrast to other major locust species, however, behavioural phase change does not accumulate across generations, but shifts completely within an individual''s lifetime in response to a change in population density. 相似文献
20.
Nicholas A. Levis Sofia de la Serna Buzón David W. Pfennig 《Ecology and evolution》2015,5(7):1405-1411
Phenotypic plasticity is commonplace, and plasticity theory predicts that organisms should often evolve mechanisms to detect and respond to environmental cues that accurately predict future environmental conditions. Here, we test this prediction in tadpoles of spadefoot toads, Spea multiplicata. These tadpoles develop into either an omnivore ecomorph, which is a dietary generalist, or a carnivore ecomorph, which specializes on anostracan shrimp and other tadpoles. We investigated a novel proximate cue – ingestion of Scaphiopus tadpoles – and its propensity to produce carnivores by rearing tadpoles on different diets. We found that diets containing tadpoles from the genus Scaphiopus produced more carnivores than diets without Scaphiopus tadpoles. We discuss why Scaphiopus tadpoles are an excellent food source and why it is therefore advantageous for S. multiplicata tadpoles to produce an inducible offense that allows them to better utilize this resource. In general, such inducible offenses provide an excellent setting for investigating the proximate and evolutionary basis of phenotypic plasticity. 相似文献