五种沙生植物根际土壤的盐分状况

以根袋模拟法,研究了古尔班通古特沙漠5种常见沙生植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron Bge)、白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum Bge)、刺沙蓬(Salsola Rathenica Iljin)、骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala Linn)和骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia Shap)根际土壤的pH值和盐分状况,结果表明:5种植物根际土壤的pH值均小于非根际土壤,其中梭梭根际土壤和非根际土壤差值最大,达0.3个单位;5种供试植物根际土壤的电导率均高于非根际土壤,除刺沙蓬外其它供试植物均差异显著(p<0.05);可溶性总盐含量在根际土壤中均出现了聚集的现象,主要是SO2-4、Ca2+和Mg2在根际的聚集,Cl-主要在骆驼刺根际中出现了聚集现象,在其他植物根际和非根际中没有显著变化;5种供试植物中骆驼刺根际土壤盐分聚集最为明显;从Cl- / SO2-4、Na+/ K+、Na+/ Ca2+和Na+/ Mg2+的值可以看出,沙生植物根际土壤主要是硫酸钙、镁盐的聚集,而非氯化钠的聚集.以上结果说明,沙生植物能够通过根际调节降低根际土壤的pH值,从而促进植物对土壤中养分以及水分的利用,同时沙生植物根际土壤中盐分聚集的现象为植物根际的"盐岛"效应的发生提供了很好的依据.     

荒漠盐生植物根际土壤盐分和养分特征

中国西北地区是我国干旱、盐碱化土壤分布面积较广、土壤积盐较重的地区,这里发育着丰富的盐生植物。目前对于干旱荒漠区盐生植物根际特征的研究相对较少,而不同盐生植物的根际特征对于研究盐生植物适应盐渍环境的机制有着重要意义。本研究利采用盆栽根袋法对7种不同类型的荒漠盐生植物的根际盐分和养分特征进行了初步探索。结果表明:盐分在盐生植物根际发生富集,稀盐盐生植物和泌盐盐生植物根际土壤中总盐和8种主要盐分离子的含量都有所增加,而在拒盐盐生植物根际中增加不显著,其中Cl-和Na 的富集程度相对其它6种离子的富集程度要高。稀盐盐生植物和泌盐盐生植物根际土中的SO42-/Cl-比土体有显著的降低,表明在稀盐盐生植物和泌盐盐生植物根际土壤中Cl-的富集程度比SO42-高,拒盐盐生植物根际土盐分SO42-/Cl-比略有提高。7种盐生植物根际土中的Na /K ,Na /Ca2 ,Na /Mg2 比均较土体有显著的增加,芦苇根际土中的增加最小。在所有研究植物中,根际土壤中全N含量比土体的含量高,但全P和全K含量却比土体的含量低;根际土壤中有效态养分的变化则与全态相反,根际土壤中的有效N含量比土体中的都显著降低,除芦苇外,其他六种盐生植物根际土壤中有效P和有效K的含量都高于土体,但有效P的富集不及有效K富集的程度高。在研究的七种植物中,钠猪毛菜根际土壤的有效N亏缺量最高,有效P和速效K富集也最少。7种植物,尤其是稀盐盐生植物和泌盐盐生植物的地上部分的主要盐离子含量比地下部分高,如Cl-、Na 、Ca2 和K ,在根际富集程度最高的Cl-和Na ,在植株的地上部分也增加的最多。     

山东寿光不同种植年限设施土壤的酸化与盐渍化

以山东寿光不同种植年限设施菜地为对象,研究并分析了土壤的酸化与盐渍化状况,结果表明:设施菜地土壤pH值平均为6.86,全盐含量为2.47g.kg-1,与露天菜地、自然土相比有较明显的酸化与盐渍化现象;设施菜地在连续种植0-12.7a间,土壤pH值随种植年限增加而降低,12.7a后则出现随种植年限增加而升高的现象,土壤全盐含量则表现出与pH值相反的变化趋势,其发生变化的转折年限约为8.4a;设施土壤中的Na+,Mg2+,Cl-,SO24-含量随种植年限的变化均表现出与土壤全盐量相同的趋势,且与种植年限的相关性均达到显著水平,这4种离子含量的变化可能是导致土壤全盐量随种植年限变化的重要原因;从土壤盐分离子组成来看,设施菜地土壤主要以SO42-、Cl-、Ca2+为主,分别占全盐量的62.4%、10.6%、9.3%,设施菜地中SO24-、Cl-、Mg2+、Na+含量与全盐量均呈极显著相关,其中相关性程度最大的为SO24-(r=0.9291)和Mg2+(r=0.7224)。设施菜地中SO24-含量与pH值变化存在极显著相关(r=-0.5508),其大量累积可能是造成调查区域设施土壤酸化的重要原因。     

3种药赏两用植物对滨海盐碱土改良效应的比较

为比较种植药赏两用植物对滨海盐碱土的改良效应,采用实生栽培方法种植了薄荷(Mentha haplocalyxBriq.)、地榆(Sanguisorba officinalis L.)和枸杞(Lycium chinense Mill.)1年生植株,对不同土层的pH值以及可溶性盐和主要离子含量的变化进行了比较分析。结果表明:种植3种植物后,0～10、10～20和20～30 cm土层的pH值以及可溶性盐、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-和SO42-含量均有不同程度的变化,且以0～10 cm土层的变化相对明显,并且各土层的离子组成也有所改变。种植3种植物后,0～10和10～20 cm土层的pH值以及0～10 cm土层的可溶性盐含量均低于对照,其中,地榆种植土壤pH值及枸杞种植土壤可溶性盐含量的降低效应最明显。种植3种植物后,各土层的Ca2+含量及10～20和20～30 cm土层的K+和Mg2+含量均极显著高于对照,各土层的Na+含量及0～10 cm土层的Cl-含量、10～20和20～30 cm土层的SO42-含量均极显著低于对照;不同土层的K+/Na+值均高于对照、(K++Na+)/(Ca2++Mg2+)值均低于对照、主要阳离子(Ca2+、K+和Mg2+)的交换量总和均明显增加。总体上,地榆和枸杞对土壤中K+及Ca2+和Mg2+含量、K+/Na+值、主要阳离子(Ca2+、K+和Mg2+)交换量总和的提高效应以及对Na+含量、(K++Na+)/(Ca2++Mg2+)值的降低作用均较强,而薄荷的作用均较弱。研究结果显示:供试的3种药赏两用植物对盐碱地均具有明显的改良作用,其中枸杞和地榆的改良效果较好。     

不同耐盐植物根际土壤盐分的动态变化

以甘肃秦王川引大灌区盐渍化土壤为研究背景,用盆栽根袋法对4种耐盐植物根际和非根际土壤pH和盐分离子的动态变化进行了分析比较。结果表明:4种待测植物随着培养时间的延长土壤pH和EC值呈降低趋势。新疆大叶(Medicago Sativa L.cv.Xinjiangdaye)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)和霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)生长90 d后根际土壤pH明显低于非根际,而裸麦(Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare)根际较非根际pH差异不大。霸王和新疆大叶根际土壤EC值较非根际高,而裸麦和向日葵的根际与非根际差异不大。4种供试植物根际K⁺均出现亏缺,Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、SO^2-₄和Cl^-在新疆大叶、霸王和向日葵3种植物根际均出现富集,对于裸麦:Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和SO^2-₄ 3种离子在植物根际富集,而Cl^-和Na⁺在根际亏缺。随着待测植物培养时间的增加Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺和Na⁺/Mg²⁺ 这3个比值呈降低趋势,说明Na⁺相对于K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的含量降低,生物措施对Na⁺的移除效果较显著。     

新疆若干植物群落对土壤和地下水指示性的初步研究

本文对北疆玛纳斯河流域和南疆策勒河流域共10种植物群落与土壤和地下水的关系进行了初步研究,分析了一些植物的指示意义。1．多枝柽柳是一种富Cl和S的植物,它所生长的土壤中Cl-和SO42-的含量较高．生长多枝柽柳群落的土壤盐化类型一般为氮化物、硫酸盐型1）。2．梭梭和白梭梭的化学元素类型很相似,它们都是富Na植物．土壤中Na+离子的相对含量一般在50%以上。3．琵琶柴在南疆多分布在砾质戈壁上,在北疆则多出现于黄土状母质上。一般说来,琵琶柴生长地段0—30cm土层内的盐分平均含量不超过1%。4．花花柴是一种潜水指示植物,它的地下水深度一般不超过3m。花花柴也是一种富S植物,土壤中SO42-离子的相对含量较高。5．疏叶骆驼刺是一种淡水指示植物。在南疆多生长在沙丘间低地和平沙地上．地下水深多在5m以下,土壤盐渍化较弱。6．铃铛刺也是潜水植物,在玛纳斯河流域它一般指示地下水深度在2—4m左右．该植物体内的低灰分含量与土壤弱盐渍化程度相联系。7．膜果麻黄生长在砾沙质的棕色荒漠土上,土体中有明显的石膏淀积层。8．黑刺是典型盐土植物,所在土壤0—30cm平均含盐量大于2%,黑刺是富Na和富Cl植物,土壤中Na+离子和Cl-离子的相对含量也较高。 9．昆仑蒿总是与昆仑黄土相联系,它是一种富K植物,可用来指示土壤中K的较高含量。     

盐渍化土壤根际微生物群落及土壤因子对AM真菌的影响

为探明盐渍化土壤影响下AM真菌与根际土壤间的关系,试验选取宁夏碱化龟裂土、草甸盐土、盐化灌淤土3种类型4个样地上典型植被群落,测定了植物根际土壤养分含量、微生物群落结构、AM真菌侵染率以及孢子密度。结果显示:盐渍化土壤根际微生物碳源利用类型显著不同,对芳香类化合物的代谢能力整体较弱;红寺堡草甸盐土上微生物优势群落为氨基酸代谢类群,惠农盐化灌淤土为多聚化合物代谢群,西大滩碱化龟裂土为碳水化合物代谢群。AM真菌孢子密度与微生物碳源代谢群间的关系比较复杂。其中,惠农样点根际土壤孢子密度与多聚化合物微生物代谢群呈显著正相关,西大滩地区孢子密度与碳水化合物微生物代谢群呈显著正相关。土壤有机质、全盐、全氮、碱解氮等土壤肥力因子及土壤中的HCO-3、Na+、Cl-等盐基离子含量能解释AM真菌孢子密度与土壤环境因子之间相互关系的大部分信息。较高的HCO-3浓度促进了AM真菌侵染率的提高,但高盐浓度下Na+和Cl-降低了菌根侵染率。土壤对AM真菌孢子密度、侵染率的影响因土壤盐分组成类型的不同而异。研究结果为深入了解AM真菌多样性,促进宁夏盐碱地的合理开发与利用提供了理论依据。     

盐分胁迫对啤酒大麦幼苗生长、离子平衡和根际pH变化的影响

盐分胁迫不仅影响植物的生长,而且会影响植物根际微域环境。根际pH的改变对土壤养分的有效性和微生物群落组成的变化有重要影响。为了探究啤酒大麦幼苗对不同类型盐分胁迫的生理生态响应机制和根际pH变化影响的生理机制,采用水培法,通过不同类型盐分(对照、混合Na盐、混合Cl盐和NaCl)胁迫处理啤酒大麦幼苗,对其生长、离子平衡和根际pH变化进行了研究。结果表明,1)在3种不同类型盐分胁迫下,啤酒大麦幼苗地上部干重、含水量均有所降低,而根冠比增加,尤其在NaCl胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗地上部干重较对照显著降低了17.88%,而根干重和根冠比则分别增加了19.12%和43.86%。不同类型盐分胁迫抑制了啤酒大麦幼苗根长的生长,尤其在混合Na盐胁迫下根长降低明显(P0.05),但促进了根表面积和根体积的增加,尤其在混合Cl盐胁迫下,根表面积和根体积分别增加了41.76%和84.38%。2)不同类型盐分胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗地上部离子平衡发生改变,在混合Na盐和NaCl胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗主要吸收Na~+,地上部K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+显著降低;混合Cl盐和NaCl胁迫下则过量吸收Cl~-,抑制了H_2PO_4~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的吸收。3)在混合Na盐、混合Cl盐和NaCl盐分胁迫下,啤酒大麦幼苗对阴离子的吸收总量高于对阳离子的吸收总量,离子平衡计算结果表明根际呈碱化现象,与原位显色结果一致,且在混合Cl盐胁迫下根际碱化程度最大。     

盐生植物根冠区土壤盐分变化的初步研究

对植物根冠区土壤盐分和盐分组成的变化规律的研究表明,盐生草本植物根际土盐分有降低趋势,27个采样点中仅有7个样点根际土盐分是增加的;盐生灌木根冠区土壤盐分的变化与植株生长状况有关,幼龄树和生长旺盛的灌木根冠区盐分变化不明显,根际土盐分甚至略有下降,随着生长势的衰弱,根际土、冠下土和边缘土均表现出土壤盐分的增加,增加最明显的地带为树冠边缘。根冠区有逐渐形成“盐分岛”的趋势。盐生灌木具有生物积盐作用。稀盐盐生植物和泌盐盐生植物根冠区Na^+／K^+比均呈降低趋势,53个采样点中仅有14个采样点的根际土Na^+／K^+比高于背景土,在31个冠下土采样点中仅有10个采样点的冠下土Na^+／K^+比提高,但柽柳、白刺生长衰弱后边缘土Na^+／K^+比有回升趋势;拒盐盐生植物芦苇根际土Na^+／K^+比则有增加趋势,4个采样点中有3个采样点根际土Na^+／K^+比提高,SO4^-2／Cl^-比的变化在稀盐盐生植物、泌盐盐生植物和拒盐盐生植物间存在差异,稀盐盐生草本植物16个采样点中有10个样点根际土SO4^-2／Cl^-比增加,但稀盐盐生灌木根际土、冠下土SO4^-2／Cl^-比降低,边缘土增加;SO4^-2／Cl^-比在泌盐盐生植物根际土、冠下土和边缘土中均呈明显的降低趋势,20个根际土采样点中仅3个采样点SO4^-2／Cl^-比提高,13个冠下土采样点中只有1个采样点SO4^-2／Cl^-比提高,边缘土SO4^-2／Cl^-比在3个采样点中全部降低;拒盐盐生植物芦苇根际土SO4^-2/Cl^-比变化不明显。     

土壤因子对甘肃、宁夏和内蒙古盐碱土中AM真菌的影响

为探明甘肃、宁夏和内蒙古盐碱土中AM真菌多样性及其与土壤因子间的关系,2005年5月从甘肃、宁夏和内蒙古7个县(市)的盐碱土中采集主要植物的根围土壤样品,研究了AM真菌物种多样性.在分离的4属28种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)20种,多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)2种,原囊霉属(Archaeospora)2种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)4种.其中根内球囊霉(G.intraradices)和薄壁原囊霉(Ar.leptotihum)的分离频度最高.相关分析和通径分析(path analysis)结果表明,AM真菌种的丰度与土壤有机质和速效N含量呈显著负相关;Cl-、CO2-3、HCO-3、Na+、Ca2+、有机质、速效P和速效K直接影响AM真菌种的丰度,而SO2-4、K+、水溶性全盐、Mg2+、pH和速效N则间接影响AM真菌种的丰度;土壤有机质对AM真菌Shannon-Wiener多样性指数有显著直接负效应;Cl-、CO2-3、K+、Mg2+、有机质、速效P和速效K直接影响Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,而HCO-3、Na+、Ca2+、SO2-4、水溶性全盐、pH和速效N则间接影响Shannon-Wiener多样性指数.冗余度分析结果表明,AM真菌种的相对多度与土壤因子间有显著相关性.可见,甘肃、宁夏和内蒙古盐碱土中AM真菌种类丰富,其多样性与土壤养分状况、盐度以及离子含量有关.     

Plant induced alteration in the rhizosphere and the utilisation of soil heterogeneity

Plant-soil interactions result in a special rhizosphere soil chemistry, differing from that of the bulk soil found only a few mm from the root. The aim of this study was to investigate adaptation mechanisms of herbs growing in acid soils through studying their rhizosphere chemistry in a greenhouse experiment and in a field study. Ten herbs were grown in acid soil (pH 4.2 in the soil solution) in the greenhouse. The concentrations of NO₃ ^-, SO₄ ^2-, phosphates, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺ and pH were analysed in soil solutions obtained by centrifugation. The general pattern found was a depletion of nutrients in the rhizosphere compared with their concentrations in the bulk soil. The pH increase (up to 0.7 units) in the rhizosphere soil appeared to be caused by plant uptake of NO₃ ^- (r²=0.88). The ion concentrations in the soil solution of the rhizosphere were dependent on plant species and biomass increase. Although species with a larger biomass and higher growth rates showed a higher degree of ion depletion (except for Na⁺, SO₄ ^2-) in the rhizosphere, there were also species specific responses. A field study of five herbs at five oak forest sites in Southern Sweden (Scania) was also carried out. In addition to the soil solution concentrations, the loss on ignition (LOI) and the concentrations of 0.1 M BaCl₂ extractable K⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Al ions were measured. The amount of soil solution Al was determined as free ionic (quickly reacting) Al. For all species and sites, the LOI and the concentrations of exchangeable cations were higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil, apparently due to the roots preferably growing at organic-rich microsites. The concentrations of the ions as measured in the centrifuged soil solution, were either higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil or were the same in both, except for NO₃ ^- and quickly reacting Al. The lower concentrations of quickly reacting Al in the rhizosphere, compared with the bulk soil could indicate the uptake of Al by the plant or the exudation of complexing substances. The pH differences were only small and mostly non-significant. Plant-soil interactions and the ability of plants to utilise heterogeneity of the soil appear to be more important for plant growth in acid soils than recognised heretofore. Rhizosphere studies provide an important means of understanding plant strategies in acid soils. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于典范对应分析的滨海湿地土壤季节性盐渍化特征

为了更好地开发利用黄河三角洲湿地土壤资源和生态环境建设,运用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和典范对应分析方法(CCA),对黄河口湿地0—10 cm土壤全盐量(TS)、盐分离子组成、pH、钠吸附比(SAR)、电导率(EC)的季节性变化特征及数量关系进行了分析。结果表明:该区土壤属于盐土类型,春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(10月)全盐含量均高于17.9 g/kg,且春季、秋季的含盐量高于夏季,造成春、秋季积盐,夏季脱盐。盐分阳离子以Na~+为主,阴离子以Cl~-为主,除Mg~(2+)在夏季、秋季和Cl~-在秋季表现出强烈的变异性外,其余离子在不同季节均表现出中等强度的变异性。春季,Cl~-与Na~+、Mg~(2+),SO■与K~+;夏季,Cl~-与HCO~-_3,SO■与Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+),Ca~(2+)与Mg~(2+);秋季,Cl~-与SO■,SO■与Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+)与Mg~(2+),均有很好的关联性。pH值均介于7.7—8.1之间,各个季节受盐分离子的影响较小,分布较为均匀。SAR介于3.08—5.29之间,春季受控于HCO~-_3;夏季受控于K~+;秋季受各离子的影响均较小,分布较为均匀。EC介于7.16—13.04 mS/cm,春季受各离子的影响均较小,其空间分布较为均匀;夏季受控于SO■、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+);秋季受控于Na~+。TS与Cl~-、Na~+、Mg~(2+)在季节变化上的差异性一致,且各个季节均受控于Cl~-。故通过合理的措施控制或减少Cl~-来源是一条减轻黄河口湿地土壤盐渍化的合适途径。     

Soil salt and nutrient concentration in the rhizosphere of desert halophytes

North-West China is an arid region where halophyte plants are rich. Very little is known on the rhizospheric soil of the halophytes in this arid desert region. We conducted a rhizobag experiment on the desert Solonchak soil to investigate the salt and nutrient content in the rhizospheric soil of the desert halophytes. The total salt and the concentrations of 8 major kinds of salt ions increased in the rhizosphere of both succulent halophytes and salt secreting halophytes, but this increase was insignificant for salt-resisting halophytes. Accumulation of Cl^– and Na⁺ is the most significant among the 8 major kinds of salt ions. Accumulation of Cl^– was more significant than that of SO₄^2– in succulent halophytes and salt secreting halophytes. The Na⁺/K⁺, Na⁺/Ca²⁺ and Na⁺/Mg²⁺ ratios in the rhizosphere of all 7 kinds of halophytes were higher than those in the bulk soil. Total N increased significantly in the rhizosphere, but total P and total K decreased. However, the available N, P and K in the rhizosphere of the 7 kinds of halophytes except Phragmites communis Trin. behaved in such an opposite way that available N decreased but available P and available K increased. The ionic contents in the aboveground parts were higher than those in the underground parts of the 7 kinds of halophytes, in particular of both the succulent halophytes and the salt secreting halophytes. Accumulation of Cl^– and Na⁺ in the aboveground parts of the plants was the most significant among that of the 8 major kinds of salt ions.     

黄河口湿地柽柳灌丛土壤盐渍化特征

为探究黄河三角洲湿地柽柳灌丛下土壤的盐渍化特征，在黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区(37°35''-12''N，118°33''-119°20''E)黄河入海口附近，根据长势基本一致的原则分别在碱蓬群落、柽柳群落和芦苇群落各选3株柽柳，采集柽柳灌丛下土壤样品，分析土壤盐分和盐碱化参数的空间分布以及距基茎不同距离处研究对象(土壤总盐(TS)、电导率(EC)、pH、交换性钠百分率(ESP))和环境因子(Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、HCO₃^-、SO^2-₄)之间的关系。结果表明：(1)研究区土壤为弱碱化盐土，离子含量由高到低依次为Cl^->Na⁺>SO^2-₄ >Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>HCO^-₃>K⁺。除pH在土壤表层数值最低外，表层土壤TS、EC、ESP和盐分离子大于深层土壤，显示表聚性。(2)土壤盐分和盐碱化参数空间分布总体为：在柽柳基茎周围形成"盐谷"、"碱谷"效应， Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-表现为"盐谷"，K⁺ 、SO^2-₄ 、Ca²⁺ 表现为"盐岛"。(3)在整个土壤剖面中，与TS、EC相关性最强的阴阳离子为Mg²⁺、Cl^-，从灌丛中心到灌丛间裸地Ca²⁺、SO^2-₄与TS、EC的相关性逐渐减弱，Mg²⁺、Cl^-与TS、EC的相关性逐渐增强。Ca²⁺和SO^2-₄与pH表现为较强的负相关性；与ESP相关性最强的阴离子为HCO^-₃，与之相关性最强的阳离子为Na⁺和K⁺，并且Na⁺和K⁺与ESP的相关性表现出从灌丛中心向外逐渐增强。(4)土壤盐渍化主要受控于Na⁺，从灌丛下到灌丛间裸地Cl^-对盐渍化程度的影响逐渐增加，SO^2-₄的影响逐渐降低。     

渗透胁迫和离子毒害对转Bt基因棉幼苗生长及离子分布的影响

研究了渗透和盐胁迫处理对转Bt基因抗虫棉(Gossypium hirsutum) 99B种子的萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以及幼苗不同器官离子吸收和分配的差异。结果表明:渗透和盐胁迫均对转Bt基因抗虫棉幼苗的生长有抑制作用,其中PEG的抑制作用最强,而3种盐的抑制程度以CaCl₂>NaCl>Na₂SO₄,且在Na⁺含量相同时,Cl^-的毒害大于SO₄^2-。渗透胁迫下使根、茎和叶中的Na⁺和Cl^-含量提高,K⁺、Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-含量和K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺和SO₄^2-/Cl^-比值降低,且地上部的变化幅度大于地下部的,其中以PEG的影响最为显著,其次是CaCl₂,Na₂SO₄处理最弱。这些说明,转Bt基因抗虫棉99B的耐盐性较弱。     

Different mechanisms of ion homeostasis are dominant in the recretohalophyte <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tamarix ramosissima</Emphasis> under different soil salinity

Total ion (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄ ^2? and Cl^?) accumulation by plants, ion contents in plant tissues and ion secretion by salt glands on the surface of shoots of Tamarix ramosissima adapted to different soil salinity, namely low (0.06 mmol Na⁺/g soil), moderate (3.14–4.85 mmol Na⁺/g soil) and strong (7.56 mmol Na⁺/g soil) were analyzed. There are two stages of interrelated and complementary regulation of ion homeostasis in whole T. ramosissima plants: (1) regulation of ion influx into the plant from the soil and (2) changing the secretion efficiency of salt glands on shoots. The secretion efficiency of salt glands was appraised by the ratio of ion secretion to tissue ion content. Independent of soil salinity, the accumulation of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ was higher than the contents of these ions in the soil. Furthermore, the accumulation of K⁺, Ca²⁺ and SO₄ ^2? ions by plants was maintained within a narrow range of values. Under low soil salinity, Na⁺ was accumulated, whereas under moderate and strong salinity, the influxes of Na⁺ were limited. However, under strong salinity, the accumulation of Na⁺ was threefold higher than that under low soil salinity. This led to a change in the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio (tenfold), an increase in the activity of salt glands (tenfold) and a reduction in plant growth (fivefold). An apparently high Na⁺/K⁺ ratio was the main factor determining over-active functioning of salt glands under strong salinity. Principal component analysis showed that K⁺ ions played a key role in ion homeostasis at all levels of salinity. Ca²⁺ played a significant role at low salinity, whereas Cl^? and interrelated regulatory components (K⁺ and proline) played a role under strong salinity. Proline, despite its low concentration under strong salinity, was involved in the regulation of secretion by salt glands. Different stages and mechanisms of ion homeostasis were dominant in T. ramosissima plants adapted to different levels of salinity. These mechanisms facilitated the accumulation of Na⁺ in plants under low soil salinity, the limitation of Na⁺ under moderate salinity and the over-activation of Na⁺ secretion by salt glands under strong salinity, which are all necessary for maintaining ion homeostasis and water potential in the whole plant.     

Analysis of salts transport affected by root absorption capacity in surface — irrigated fields in the upper Yellow River basin

In order to analyze the salt transport affected by roots and its effects on soil salinity in an experimental irrigated field newly established in an alluvial valley of the Yellow River in China, spatial distribution of ions contained in waters, soils and crops relevant to these phenomena were evaluated there. During the intensive surveys conducted in year 2007–2008, the Yellow River water, irrigation canal water, groundwater, field soils and crops, etc. were sampled and their chemical characteristics such as electrical conductivity, concentrations of ions Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻and NO₃⁻ were measured. Irrigation seemed to cause increases in the concentrations of ions Na⁺, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ in the groundwater. Although those were also major ions contained in the field soil, the soil was classed as saline but not sodic according to the standard classification. On the other hand, K⁺, which is one of the major essential nutrients for plant growth, was highly concentrated in the crops, while Na⁺ was not concentrated because of crop’s poor ability to absorb it. The ion concentration within the plant body seemed to be reflected by the active and selective ion uptake by roots and the transpiration stream. Furthermore, salt accumulation in the surface-irrigated field largely depended on the upward transport of water and ions in the soil profile affected by root absorption capacity. The information obtained in this study will contribute to the development of scientific methods for sustainable and effective plant production in irrigated fields.