SARS-CoV 中国株基因组全长cDNA的构建及其恢复病毒的生物学性质

严重急性呼吸综合征是SARS-CoV引起的一种重要新发传染病,其致病机制的研究对于防治该病十分必要。为了利用反向遗传学技术研究SARS-CoV的致病机制,将覆盖SARS-CoVBJ01株基因组全长的7个cDNA片段纯化后进行体外连接,构建基因组全长cDNA分子,以其为模板,使用T7RNA聚合酶系统在体外进行转录,获得病毒RNA。用电穿孔转染法将转录体RNA导入VeroE6细胞,可观察到典型的SARS-CoV致细胞病变作用。对收获的恢复病毒采用RT-PCR方法进行鉴定,结果表明获得的恢复病毒与SARS-CoVBJ01株原病毒序列一致。以针对SARS-CoV的抗体对感染细胞作间接免疫荧光反应,证明获得了具有特异感染性的恢复病毒。同时用细胞病变法和空斑试验测定了恢复病毒及其亲本毒株的病毒滴度,结果表明二者在致病性上没有明显差异,恢复病毒具有与原型株相似的生物学特性。SARS-CoVBJ01株基因组全长cDNA的成功构建及对恢复病毒生物学性质的研究将为进一步探索SARS-CoV致病的分子机制及研制新型疫苗奠定良好的基础。     

口蹄疫病毒泛亚型O/CHINA/99株全长cDNA分子克隆构建和感染性鉴定

设计并合成了O型口蹄疫泛亚型代表毒株O/CHINA/99基因组9条引物,利用RT-PCR扩增各基因片段,酶切后连到pOK-12载体上,经酶切、PCR和序列测定表明,O/CHINA/99全基因组由8 200个核苷酸组成,构建的感染性cDNA与原毒株的序列同源性为99.1%;利用T7 RNA聚合酶系统进行体外转录,转录产物RNA用脂质体转入BHK-21细胞传代培养,可观察到典型的FMDV致细胞病变效应;拯救病毒接种2日龄乳鼠后,可出现典型的临床症状,并于16～48h内死亡。以上结果表明,O/CHINA/99株全长cDNA分子克隆构建成功,并从构建的全长cDNA拯救出了口蹄疫病毒。     

茶尺蠖小RNA病毒全长cDNA克隆的构建

为了初步研究茶尺蠖小RNA病毒(Ectropis oblique picorna-like virus, EoPV)的复制机制,从被EoPV感染致死的茶尺蠖幼虫中分离并纯化病毒粒子,提取病毒RNA,根据已公布的EoPV核苷酸序列,利用基因组上单一的酶切位点,设计特异性引物,应用RT-PCR扩增出5个覆盖全长的片段。 随后采用融合PCR将5个片段拼接,最终将全长定向克隆到低拷贝质粒载体上,成功构建cDNA全长克隆p-EoPV。 双酶切及测序鉴定证明全长克隆构建成功。 与原序列比较发现,该克隆在氨基酸水平上有8个突变和1个缺失。 本研究为深入探讨EoPV病毒生物学特性、病毒复制机理等奠定了基础     

麻疹病毒全长cDNA构建及其感染性的研究

为发展新型疫苗和改造目前使用的麻疹病毒疫苗,以麻疹病毒疫苗株为模板,构建了具有感染性的麻疹病毒cDNA克隆.用RT-PCR分6段扩增出麻疹病毒全长基因,通过酶切、拼接构建麻疹病毒疫苗株CC-47的全长正链cDNA序列,并精确地置于T7启动子控制下与丁型肝炎病毒核酶序列之前.克隆麻疹病毒CC-47株蛋白N、P、L编码区质粒并置于T7启动子控制下,用4个质粒共转染哺乳动物细胞,在表达T7 RNA聚合酶的重组痘苗病毒VTF7-3的作用下进行病毒拯救.经免疫荧光、PCR等方法检测证实,获得了具有感染性的麻疹病毒.所拯救的病毒在哺乳动物细胞连续传3代后,仍能检出病毒抗原和核酸.     

小反刍兽疫病毒基因组全长cDNA的构建及其序列的测定

根据小反刍兽疫Nigeria75/1株全基因组序列设计并合成PPRV特异引物,进而应用RT-PCR技术分5段扩增了PPRV全基因组cDNA。将扩增的各个cDNA重叠片段JF1、JF2、JF3、JF4和JF5分别克隆到载体上,建立了PPRV的初级cDNA克隆。在扩增5′末端时,引入AscI酶切位点和T7启动子序列;在基因组3′末段引入PacI酶切位点,后者供cDNA模板的线性化之用。将扩增片段再依次连接,最后亚克隆到质粒pok12中,获得了PPRV全长基因组cDNA克隆pok12-PPRV。通过序列同源性和进化树分析,结果表明,Nigeria75/1与MV和RPV的遗传关系最近。Nigeria75/1株全长cDNA的序列测定及构建,为拯救PPRV和在分子水平进一步深入研究PPRV打下坚实的基础。     

猪水泡病病毒HK'1/70株基因组全长cDNA的构建及其序列测定

从实验感染猪水泡病病毒(SVDV)的乳鼠组织中提取RNA,利用长距离的RACE技术,扩增出覆盖SVDV HK'1/70株全基因组的2个忠实性的cDNA重叠片段(3'PCR片段和5'PCR片段),分别克隆进pGEM-T Easy载体.利用AatⅡ和BssHⅡ酶切含5'PCR片段的重组质粒,回收目的片段,定向克隆于含3'PCR片段的重组质粒,构建出了SVDV HK'1/70株全长cDNA重组质粒,然后进行序列测定.结果表明,HK'1/70株基因组全基因组序列长7 401 nt(poly A除外),其中5'NCR长743 nt,该毒株蛋白编码区的核苷酸序列为6 558 nt,编码一个长2 185个氨基酸的聚合蛋白,3'NCR长102 nt,其后是至少含有74个A碱基的poly A尾.在HK'1/70株全长cDNA序列的5'端引入了T7启动子序列,在poly A 3'端引入了Psp1406Ⅰ识别序列.通过序列同源性和进化树分析,结果表明,HK'1/70属于第Ⅱ抗原遗传群,SVDV与CB5的遗传关系最近,且位于CB5遗传进化树的分支上.HK'1/70株全长cDNA的序列测定及构建,为拯救SVDV和在分子水平进一步深入研究SVDV打下坚实的基础.     

猪水泡病病毒HK′1／70株基因组全长cDNA的构建及其序列测定

从实验感染猪水泡病病毒(SVDV)的乳鼠组织中提取RNA,利用长距离的RACE技术,扩增出覆盖SVDVHK′1/70株全基因组的2个忠实性的cDNA重叠片段(3′PCR片段和5′PCR片段),分别克隆进pGEM-T Easy载体。利用AatⅡ和BssHⅡ酶切含5′PCR片段的重组质粒,回收目的片段,定向克隆于含3′PCR片段的重组质粒,构建出了SVDV HK′1/70株全长cDNA重组质粒,然后进行序列测定。结果表明,HK′1/70株基因组全基因组序列长7 401 nt(poly A除外),其中5′NCR长743 nt,该毒株蛋白编码区的核苷酸序列为6 558 nt,编码一个长2 185个氨基酸的聚合蛋白,3′NCR长102 nt,其后是至少含有74个A碱基的poly A尾。在HK′1/70株全长cDNA序列的5′端引入了T7启动子序列,在poly A3′端引入了Psp1406Ⅰ识别序列。通过序列同源性和进化树分析,结果表明,HK′1/70属于第Ⅱ抗原遗传群,SVDV与CB5的遗传关系最近,且位于CB5遗传进化树的分支上。HK′1/70株全长cDNA的序列测定及构建,为拯救SVDV和在分子水平进一步深入研究SVDV打下坚实的基础。     

登革2型型内嵌合病毒全长cDNA克隆的构建

运用OL－PCR（Overlap PCR)方法,扩增出D2－04和D2－MON501结构蛋白区、5′非编码区等域的嵌合片段,以此片段替换pDVWS501质粒中的相应部分后,转化DH5α菌。测序结果表明,已成功构建含有D2－04株完整的PrM和E基因、一部分C基因,及D2－MON501株非编码区、非结构蛋白区和大部分C基因的嵌合病毒全长cDNA（QH－04／MON501）克隆。为进一步研究登革2型病毒结构蛋白区对毒力的影响打下基础。     

人呼吸道合胞病毒兰州株基因组全长cDNA克隆的构建及鉴定

目的构建用于呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)体外拯救的RSV基因组全长cDNA克隆,并进行鉴定。方法根据RSV Long株基因组序列设计并合成引物,利用RT-PCR技术分6段扩增RSV LZ01/09基因组序列并构建克隆载体;测序后,利用重叠PCR与酶切连接技术,根据基因组序列选择特异性酶切位点,引入Kpn I、Xma I和Sal I酶切位点,构建成4个亚克隆载体;将亚克隆载体的插入片段连接至经过改造且包含T7启动子、锤头状核酶、多克隆位点、丁肝核酶、T7终止子的p RSV1载体中,构建RSV基因组全长cDNA克隆;对克隆全长cDNA序列进行测定,与亲本RSV LZ01/09基因组进行同源性比对分析,并与RSV实验参比株进行系统进化树分析。结果测序结果显示,RSV LZ 01/09的基因组全长为15 204 bp,与GenBank公布的RSV基因组序列长度相当,将完整的序列提交GenBank,登录号为KY782635;酶切及测序结果显示,用于RSV全长cDNA克隆构建的基本载体p BSKS-MCS(简称p RSV1)与预期相符,RSV全长基因组cDNA克隆质粒(简称转录载体p RSV1-4F)酶切片段大小与预期一致;同源性比对结果显示,全长cDNA序列与亲本RSV LZ01/09基因组序列同源性高达99.83%;系统进化树分析结果显示,其与RSV-A亚型序列同属于一个分支。结论测序及酶切分析结果表明已成功构建RSVLZ01/09基因组全长cDNA克隆,为建立拯救RSV重组病毒的反向遗传学系统平台奠定了基础。     

SARS病毒BJ01株核壳蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达与鉴定

通过RTPCR从SARS病毒BJ01株的RNA中扩增全长N基因,经凝胶回收后插入pBAD/TOPOThioFusion表达载体。然后在Top10中利用阿拉伯糖进行诱导表达,在优化的条件下,表达产物以可溶性为主,表达量约占细菌可溶性总蛋白的47%。表达产物采用ProBond蛋白纯化系统纯化后,目的蛋白约占67%。经免疫印迹法检测,表达产物与SARS病人恢复期血清和兔的抗血清均可进行特异反应。BJ01株核壳蛋白在大肠杆菌中的高效可溶性表达为后续的ELISA试剂盒的研制奠定了基础。     

一株泰乐菌素高效降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

【目的】从长期堆放泰乐菌素药渣附近的土壤中分离出泰乐菌素降解菌,并考察其对泰乐菌素的降解特性。【方法】采用梯度驯化、划线分离法筛选出泰乐菌素优势降解菌,通过形态观察、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析方法对其进行系统发育分析及菌种鉴定,并考察菌株对泰乐菌素的降解特性。【结果】从长期堆放泰乐菌素药渣的土壤中分离得到1株泰乐菌素高效降解菌,命名为TS1,其为革兰氏阴性杆菌,菌落形态呈圆形,乳白色,表面光滑,不透明,边缘整齐,鉴定为越南伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia vietnamiensis)。该菌株在温度35°C、pH 7.0的条件下培养72 h,对初始浓度为300 mg/L泰乐菌素的降解率可达99%以上。【结论】说明菌株TS1对泰乐菌素具有良好的降解特性,可用于生物修复被泰乐菌素废渣废水污染的生态环境。     

玉竹品质与主要生态因子的相关性

采用逐步回归、主成分分析和灰色关联度分析等方法,研究不同产地野生玉竹的有效成分(多糖、水溶物和醇提物)含量和抗氧化活性与主要生态因子的相关性.结果表明: 1月均温、7月均温、年降水量、无霜期、土壤pH和全钾含量是影响玉竹有效成分含量的主要生态因子,对玉竹有效成分含量变化的影响程度占99.0%.与土壤因子相比,气候因子对3种有效成分含量的影响较大;土壤全钾含量是对玉竹有效成分含量直接影响最大的因素,年降水量是最主要的决策因素,1月均温是最主要的限制因素.多糖和水溶物含量是影响玉竹抗氧化活性的主要因子,玉竹对DPPH自由基的清除能力随多糖和水溶物含量的增加而增大.     

Biologic, antigenic, and full-length genomic characterization of a bovine-like coronavirus isolated from a giraffe

Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess large RNA genomes and exist as quasispecies, which increases the possibility of adaptive mutations and interspecies transmission. Recently, CoVs were recognized as important pathogens in captive wild ruminants. This is the first report of the isolation and detailed genetic, biologic, and antigenic characterization of a bovine-like CoV from a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in a wild-animal park in the United States. CoV particles were detected by immune electron microscopy in fecal samples from three giraffes with mild-to-severe diarrhea. From one of the three giraffe samples, a CoV (GiCoV-OH3) was isolated and successfully adapted to serial passage in human rectal tumor 18 cell cultures. Hemagglutination assays, receptor-destroying enzyme activity, hemagglutination inhibition, and fluorescence focus neutralization tests revealed close biological and antigenic relationships between the GiCoV-OH3 isolate and selected respiratory and enteric bovine CoV (BCoV) strains. When orally inoculated into a BCoV-seronegative gnotobiotic calf, GiCoV-OH3 caused severe diarrhea and virus shedding within 2 to 3 days. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses were performed to assess its genetic relatedness to other CoVs. Molecular characterization confirmed that the new isolate belongs to group 2a of the mammalian CoVs and revealed closer genetic relatedness between GiCoV-OH3 and the enteric BCoVs BCoV-ENT and BCoV-DB2, whereas BCoV-Mebus was more distantly related. Detailed sequence analysis of the GiCoV-OH3 spike gene demonstrated the presence of a deletion in the variable region of the S1 subunit (from amino acid 543 to amino acid 547), which is a region associated with pathogenicity and tissue tropism for other CoVs. The point mutations identified in the structural proteins (by comparing GiCoV-OH3, BCoV-ENT, BCoV-DB2, and BCoV-Mebus) were most conserved among GiCoV-OH3, BCoV-ENT, and BCoV-DB2, whereas most of the point mutations in the nonstructural proteins were unique to GiCoV-OH3. Our results confirm the existence of a bovine-like CoV transmissible to cattle from wild ruminants, namely, giraffes, but with certain genetic properties different from those of BCoVs.     

Construction of a full-length iASPP expression plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)/iASPP and its biological activity

In order to obtain a full-length expression plasmid for the p53 inhibitor protein, iASPP, fractional amplification was used to clone its full-length coding sequence (CDS) region. The amplified PCR product was then digested and inserted into the pMD19-T simple vector and subcloned into the pCDNA3.1(+) vector. A recombinant eukaryotic expression vector containing the complete CDS region of iASPP was successfully constructed. pcDNA3.1(+)/iASPP was able to express iASPP protein in an in vitro translation system and in cells. Its biological activity was verified using Western blotting, immunoprecipitation and cell apoptosis analysis. This successful preparation of a full-length iASPP expression plasmid lays the foundations for further studies on the function of iASPP.     

台湾泥鳅源维氏气单胞菌Zy01株的分离鉴定及药敏特性研究

【目的】从患病台湾泥鳅体内分离到一株优势菌Zy01,通过鉴定并筛选敏感药物,为台湾泥鳅维氏气单胞菌病的防控提供参考。【方法】从患病台湾泥鳅肌肉溃烂处分离细菌,经理化特性及16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定,通过人工感染试验确定病原,并利用K-B法进行药敏分析。【结果】菌株Zy01为2015年11月引发台湾泥鳅疾病的病原菌,其对台湾泥鳅的LC50为2.0×10~6 CFU/m L。菌株Zy01理化特性与维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)基本一致,16S rRNA基因序列与维氏气单胞菌相似性为99%,综合判断该病原菌为维氏气单胞菌。菌株Zy01对环丙沙星、头孢拉定、诺氟沙星、阿奇霉素及庆大霉素等10种抗生素高度敏感;对苯唑西林、青霉素、阿莫西林等9种抗生素不敏感。【结论】分离菌株Zy01对台湾泥鳅有致病性,养殖时可选用庆大霉素及新霉素等药物进行防控。     

Moderate mutation rate in the SARS coronavirus genome and its implications

Background

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused a severe global epidemic in 2003 which led to hundreds of deaths and many thousands of hospitalizations. The virus causing SARS was identified as a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and multiple genomic sequences have been revealed since mid-April, 2003. After a quiet summer and fall in 2003, the newly emerged SARS cases in Asia, particularly the latest cases in China, are reinforcing a wide-spread belief that the SARS epidemic would strike back. With the understanding that SARS-CoV might be with humans for years to come, knowledge of the evolutionary mechanism of the SARS-CoV, including its mutation rate and emergence time, is fundamental to battle this deadly pathogen. To date, the speed at which the deadly virus evolved in nature and the elapsed time before it was transmitted to humans remains poorly understood.

Results

Sixteen complete genomic sequences with available clinical histories during the SARS outbreak were analyzed. After careful examination of multiple-sequence alignment, 114 single nucleotide variations were identified. To minimize the effects of sequencing errors and additional mutations during the cell culture, three strategies were applied to estimate the mutation rate by 1) using the closely related sequences as background controls; 2) adjusting the divergence time for cell culture; or 3) using the common variants only. The mutation rate in the SARS-CoV genome was estimated to be 0.80 – 2.38 × 10^-3 nucleotide substitution per site per year which is in the same order of magnitude as other RNA viruses. The non-synonymous and synonymous substitution rates were estimated to be 1.16 – 3.30 × 10^-3 and 1.67 – 4.67 × 10^-3 per site per year, respectively. The most recent common ancestor of the 16 sequences was inferred to be present as early as the spring of 2002.

Conclusions

The estimated mutation rates in the SARS-CoV using multiple strategies were not unusual among coronaviruses and moderate compared to those in other RNA viruses. All estimates of mutation rates led to the inference that the SARS-CoV could have been with humans in the spring of 2002 without causing a severe epidemic.