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1.
刘灿然  马克平 《生态学报》1998,18(2):138-150
采用经验贝叶斯方法、非参数方法(刀切法和自助法)和种-面积曲线外推方法对北京东灵山地区5种类型植物群落的物种数目进行了估计,考察了这些方法的估计行为,从中得出如下结论:(1)只要抽样强度不是很小,经验贝叶斯方法就能给出群落物种数目很好的估计,但与非参数方法相比,其估计的标准差较大;(2)在适当的抽样强度下,非参数方法也能给出群落物种数目很好的估计。如果抽样强度过低,则估计值也偏低;相反,如果抽样强  相似文献   

2.
根据群落物种数目估计的结果,并利用10条种-面积曲线对东灵山地区几个类型植物群落的临界抽样面积进行了研究,并与其它几个群落最小面积的确定方法进行了比较。结果发现用各种方法确定的临界抽样面积是不同的,并且各种方法受种-面积曲线不同形式影响的程度也不同,但方法1受的影响最小,其意义比较直观、明确,由它得到的结果也比较可靠。对5个群落来说,要抽到这5个群落的乔、灌、草及整个群落60%的种所需的临界抽样面积分别为325~525m2(13~21个5m×5m的样方)、100~500m2(4~20个样方)、175~275m2(7~11个样方)和225~350m2(9~14个样方)。  相似文献   

3.
刘灿然  马克平 《生态学报》1997,17(6):601-610
群落的物种数目,即物种丰富度,是最古老、同时也是最基本的一个多样性概念,从对它的估计中可以得到关于物种灭绝速率方面的信息,这对生物多样性保护是非常重要的。已经提出了很多方法来估计群落中的物种数目,这些方法可以分为两大类,即基于理论抽样的方法和基于数据分析的方法。前者包括经典估计方法和贝叶斯估计方法;后者包括对数正态分布的积分方法、再抽样方法和种-面积曲线的外推方法。发现:(1)有些方法适用于动物群落,如大多数基于理论抽样的方法;有些方法则适用于植物群落,如大多数基于数据分析的方法;(2)这些方法还没有经过全面而系统地比较;(3)还没有一个普遍认为比较好的方法。因此,建议采用野外调查与模拟研究相结合的方法对各种估计方法进行系统地评价。  相似文献   

4.
生物群落多样性的测度方法   总被引:17,自引:1,他引:16  
刘灿然  马克平 《生态学报》1997,17(6):601-610
群落的物种数目,即物种丰富度,是最古老、同时也是最基本的一个多样性概念,从对它的估计中可以得到关于物种灭绝速率方面的信息,这对生物多样性保护是非常重要的。已经提出了很多方法来估计九落中的物种数目,这些方法可以分为两大类,即基于理论抽样的方法和基于数据分析的方法。前者包括经典估计方法和贝叶斯估计方法;后者包括对正态分布的积分方法、再抽样方法和种-面积曲线的外推方法。发现:(1)有些方法适用珐动物群落  相似文献   

5.
根据群落物种数目估计的结果,并利用10条种-面积澧线对东灵山地区几个类型植物群落的临界抽样面积进行了研究,并与其它几个群落最小面积的确定方法进行了比较。结果发现用各种方法确定的临界抽样面积是不同的,并且各种方法受种-面积曲线不同形式影响的程度不同,但方法1受的影响最小,基意义比较直观、明确,由它得到的结果也比较可靠,对5个群落来说,要抽到这5个群落的乔、灌、草及整个群落60%的所种所需的临界抽样面  相似文献   

6.
本文综述了估计区域或全球物种数目的一些方法,它们是:1)从已知区域或动植物区系进行简单的外推;2)通过抽样进行外推(包括Erwin的方法以及Hodkinson和Casson的方法)3)May的两种方法(包括基于食物网结构的方法和基于个体大小的方法);4)分类学家的观点;5)基于物种描述速度的方法和基于物种累积函数的方法;并对各种方法的局限性进行了讨论。最后得出结论,需要同时用几种方法,以给出与一个既定的分类群中的物种数目相吻合的一些估计.  相似文献   

7.
山西南部地木耳群落特征及其资源分布的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
采用样方法对不同生境中地木耳分布规律进行了研究;分析了地木耳的群落特征及其生物量,结果表明:(1)群落种类组成,共有38种,34属,21科,单科单种14种;(2)群落垂直结构简单,只有灌木层、草本层和地被层;(3)地木耳平均生物量为10kg/hm^2,干重7.3kg/hm^2,湿重140kg/hm;(4)地木耳的自然含水量42%,持水量一8.6%,在海拔600-800m之间,地木耳生物量最大;(5  相似文献   

8.
岷江上游暗针叶林采伐迹地人工混交林群落结构   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
对四川岷江上游高山峡谷区暗针叶林采伐迹地年龄为20-40年的人工混交林群落结构进行了研究,结果是:(1)群落中各层次物种盖度的大小相互影响,相互制约,而林下(各)层次物种盖度的大小主要取决于其上(各)层盖度(或郁闭度)的大小,(2)人工重建的群落所能容纳的物种数及物种在群落中的分布状况主要取决于乔木物种郁工,海拔高度及经营强度。(3)群落中出现大量的耐荫植物,先锋灌丛植物已被抑制或淘汰,(4)乔木  相似文献   

9.
退化植物群落结构及其物种组成在人为干扰梯度上的响应   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20  
在岷江上游大沟流域,沿着人为干扰梯度,调查了退化榛栎群落的结构及其物种组成变化。结果表明:(1)除密度外,群落木本层的结构特性(密度、高度、生物量、基径面积和物种多样性)与干扰强度的增加呈负相关,而其草本物种多样性、生态优势度呈正反应,但地上生物量变化呈现相反的趋势;(2)根据群落内植物种群密度(或盖度)在干扰梯度上的响应变化,群人47个种可基本上分成3个反应种组:16个为扩展种(invasive  相似文献   

10.
库布其沙漠及其毗邻地区鼠类群落的结构分析   总被引:13,自引:2,他引:11  
武晓东  刘勇 《兽类学报》1994,14(1):43-50
根据库布其沙漠及其毗邻地区生境和鼠类分布的差异,应用系统聚类法,将该地区的鼠类划分为5个群落:(1)沙漠鼠类群落;(2)半荒漠区沙地鼠类群落;(3)荒漠鼠类群落;(4)荒漠化草原鼠类群落;(5)干草原鼠类群落。5个群落可聚为3个群落组。(1)沙地群落组;(2)半荒漠和荒漠群落组;(3)干草原群落组。同时对鼠类群落的多样性、均匀度等进行了初步分析。  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT Point counts are the most frequently used technique for sampling bird populations and communities, but have well‐known limitations such as inter‐ and intraobserver errors and limited availability of expert field observers. The use of acoustic recordings to survey birds offers solutions to these limitations. We designed a Soundscape Recording System (SRS) that combines a four‐channel, discrete microphone system with a quadraphonic playback system for surveying bird communities. We compared the effectiveness of SRS and point counts for estimating species abundance, richness, and composition of riparian breeding birds in California by comparing data collected simultaneously using both methods. We used the temporal‐removal method to estimate individual bird detection probabilities and species abundances using the program MARK. Akaike's Information Criterion provided strong evidence that detection probabilities differed between the two survey methods and among the 10 most common species. The probability of detecting birds was higher when listening to SRS recordings in the laboratory than during the field survey. Additionally, SRS data demonstrated a better fit to the temporal‐removal model assumptions and yielded more reliable estimates of detection probability and abundance than point‐count data. Our results demonstrate how the perceptual constraints of observers can affect temporal detection patterns during point counts and thus influence abundance estimates derived from time‐of‐detection approaches. We used a closed‐population capture–recapture approach to calculate jackknife estimates of species richness and average species detection probabilities for SRS and point counts using the program CAPTURE. SRS and point counts had similar species richness and detection probabilities. However, the methods differed in the composition of species detected based on Jaccard's similarity index. Most individuals (83%) detected during point counts vocalized at least once during the survey period and were available for detection using a purely acoustic technique, such as SRS. SRS provides an effective method for surveying bird communities, particularly when most species are detected by sound. SRS can eliminate or minimize observer biases, produce permanent records of surveys, and resolve problems associated with the limited availability of expert field observers.  相似文献   

12.
Common to all of the nitrate nitrite porter family are two conserved motifs in transmembrane helices 5 and 11 termed NS (nitrate signature) 1 and NS2. Although perfectly conserved substrate-interacting arginine residues have been described in transmembrane helices 2 and 8, the role of NSs has not been investigated. In the present study, a combination of structural modelling of NrtA (nitrate transporter from Aspergillus nidulans) with alanine scanning mutagenesis of residues within and around the NSs has been used to shed light on the probable role of conserved residues in the NSs. Models show that Asn168 in NS1 and Asn459 in NS2 are positioned approximately midway within the protein at the central pivot point in close proximity to the substrate-binding residues Arg368 and Arg87 respectively, which lie offset from the pivot point towards the cytoplasmic face. The Asn168/Arg368 and Asn459/Arg87 residue pairs are relatively widely separated on opposite sides of the probable substrate translocation pore. The results of the present study demonstrate the critical structural contribution of several glycine residues in each NS at sites of close helix packing. Given the relative locations of Asn168/Arg368 and Asn459/Arg87 pairs, the validity of the models and possible role of the NSs together with the substrate-binding arginine residues are discussed.  相似文献   

13.
Almost 40 years ago, Terry L. Erwin published a seemingly audacious proposition: There may be as many as 30 million species of insects in the world. Here, we translate Erwin's verbal argument into a diversity-ratio model—the Erwin Equation of Biodiversity—and discuss how it has inspired other biodiversity estimates. We categorize, describe the assumptions for, and summarize the most commonly used methods for calculating estimates of global biodiversity. Subsequent diversity-ratio extrapolations have incorporated parameters representing empirical insect specialization ratios, and how insect specialization changes at different spatial scales. Other approaches include macroecological diversity models and diversity curves. For many insect groups with poorly known taxonomies, diversity estimates are based on the opinions of taxonomic experts. We illustrate our current understanding of insect diversity by focusing on the six most speciose insect orders worldwide. For each order, we compiled estimates of the (a) maximum estimated number of species, (b) minimum estimated number of species, and (c) number of currently described species. By integrating these approaches and considering new information, we believe an estimate of 5.5 million species of insects in the world is much too low. New molecular methodologies (e.g., metabarcoding and NGS studies) are revealing daunting numbers of cryptic and previously undescribed species, at the same time increasing our precision but also uncertainty about present estimates. Not until technologies advance and sampling become more comprehensive, especially of tropical biotas, will we be able to make robust estimates of the total number of insect species on Earth.  相似文献   

14.
The possible cancer risks caused by ionizing radiation doses of ~1 mSv or less are too small to be estimated directly from epidemiological data. The linear no-threshold (LNT) approach to estimating such risks involves using epidemiological data at higher (but still low) doses to establish an “anchor point”, and then extrapolating the excess cancer risk linearly down from this point to the low dose of interest. The study in this issue by Professor Tubiana and colleagues, summarizing a French Academy of Sciences report, argues that such LNT extrapolations systematically give substantial overestimates of the excess cancer risk at very low doses. We suggest that, to the contrary, even if there are significant deviations from linearity in the relevant dose range, potentially caused by the effects of inter-cellular interactions or immune surveillance, we know almost nothing quantitatively about these effects. Consequently, we do not know the magnitude, nor even the direction of any such deviations from linearity—the risks could indeed be lower than those predicted by a linear extrapolation, but they could well be higher.  相似文献   

15.
New methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions per site were developed. The methods are unweighted pathway methods based on Kimura's two-parameter model. Computer simulations were conducted to evaluate the accuracies of the new methods, Nei and Gojobori's (NG) method, Miyata and Yasunaga's (MY) method, Li, Wu, and Luo's (LWL) method, and Pamilo, Bianchi, and Li's (PBL) method. The following results were obtained: (1) The NG, MY, and LWL methods give overestimates of the number of synonymous substitutions and underestimates of the number of nonsynonymous substitutions. The major cause for the biased estimation is that these three methods underestimate the number of synonymous sites and overestimate the number of nonsynonymous sites. (2) The PBL method gives better estimates of the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions than those obtained by the NG, MY, and LWL methods. (3) The new methods also give better estimates of the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions than those obtained by the NG, MY, and LWL methods. In addition, estimates of the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous sites obtained by the new methods are reasonably accurate. (4) In some cases, the new methods and the PBL method give biased estimates of substitution numbers. However, from the number of nucleotide substitutions at the third position of codons, we can examine whether estimates obtained by the new methods are good or not, whereas we cannot make an examination of estimates obtained by the PBL method. (5) When there are strong transition/transversion and nucleotide-frequency biases like mitochondrial genes, all of the above methods give biased estimates of substitution numbers. In such cases, Kondo et al.'s method is recommended to be used for estimating the number of synonymous substitutions, although their method cannot estimate the number of nonsynonymous substitutions and is time-consuming. These results, particularly result (1), call for reexaminations of some genes. This is because evolutionary pictures of genes have often been discussed on the basis of results obtained by the NG, MY, and LWL methods, which are favorable for the neutral theory of molecular evolution.  相似文献   

16.
With many sophisticated methods available for estimating migration, ecologists face the difficult decision of choosing for their specific line of work. Here we test and compare several methods, performing sanity and robustness tests, applying to large‐scale data and discussing the results and interpretation. Five methods were selected to compare for their ability to estimate migration from spatially implicit and semi‐explicit simulations based on three large‐scale field datasets from South America (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and Ecuador). Space was incorporated semi‐explicitly by a discrete probability mass function for local recruitment, migration from adjacent plots or from a metacommunity. Most methods were able to accurately estimate migration from spatially implicit simulations. For spatially semi‐explicit simulations, estimation was shown to be the additive effect of migration from adjacent plots and the metacommunity. It was only accurate when migration from the metacommunity outweighed that of adjacent plots, discrimination, however, proved to be impossible. We show that migration should be considered more an approximation of the resemblance between communities and the summed regional species pool. Application of migration estimates to simulate field datasets did show reasonably good fits and indicated consistent differences between sets in comparison with earlier studies. We conclude that estimates of migration using these methods are more an approximation of the homogenization among local communities over time rather than a direct measurement of migration and hence have a direct relationship with beta diversity. As betadiversity is the result of many (non)‐neutral processes, we have to admit that migration as estimated in a spatial explicit world encompasses not only direct migration but is an ecological aggregate of these processes. The parameter m of neutral models then appears more as an emerging property revealed by neutral theory instead of being an effective mechanistic parameter and spatially implicit models should be rejected as an approximation of forest dynamics.  相似文献   

17.
Glycosylation is a critical attribute of therapeutic proteins given its impact on the clinical safety and efficacy of these molecules. The biochemical process of glycosylation is inextricably dependent on metabolism and ensuing availability of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars (NSs) during cell culture. Herein, we present a comprehensive methodology to extract and quantify these metabolites from cultured cells. To establish the full protocol, two methods for the extraction of these compounds were evaluated for efficiency, and the requirement for quenching and washing the sample was assessed. A chromatographic method based on anion exchange has been optimized to separate and quantify eight nucleotides and nine NSs in less than 30 min. Degradation of nucleotides and NSs under extraction conditions was evaluated to aid in selection of the most efficient extraction protocol. We conclude that the optimized chromatographic method is quick, robust, and sensitive for quantifying nucleotides and NSs. Furthermore, our results show that samples taken from cell culture should be treated with 50% v/v acetonitrile and do not require quenching or washing for reliable extraction of nucleotides and NSs. This comprehensive protocol should prove useful in determining the impact of nucleotide and NS metabolism on protein glycosylation.  相似文献   

18.
We have compared two statistical methods of estimating the time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) from a sample of DNA sequences, which have been proposed by Templeton (1993) and Bandeltet al. (1995). Monte-Carlo simulations were used for generating DNA sequence data. Different evolutionary scenarios were simulated and the estimation procedures were evaluated. We have found that for both methods (i) the estimates are insensitive to demographic parameters and (ii) the standard deviations of the estimates are too high for these methods to be reliably used in practice.  相似文献   

19.
Summary The weights of mice in lines selected for different combinations of high and low body weights at 5 and at 10 weeks of age were recorded from 3 to 21 weeks of age. The average growth curve for each line was computed using the Gompertz function. The growth curves of lines selected for high or low weight at a single age (ST lines) showed large differences in estimates of mature size and small differences in estimates of maturing rate, i.e. of the relative rate of growth to maturity. The growth curves of lines selected by independent culling for divergent combinations of deviations of opposite sign in 5- and 10-week weights (ICL lines) showed little difference in estimates of mature size and a large difference in estimates of maturing rate. The growth curves of lines selected by index for divergence in 5-week weight with no change in 10-week-weight or for divergence in 10-week-weight with no change in 5-week weight showed large differences in estimates of mature size and large differences in estimates of the maturing rate. The relationship between mature size and maturing rate was affected in different ways by the three types of selection.  相似文献   

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