Two New Species of Chaetopterygini (Trichoptera,Limnephilidae) from North-Eastern Turkey

In the present study, two new species of the tribe Chaetopterygini (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae) from north-eastern Turkey are described and illustrated. Rizeiella camiliensis sp.n. is the second species of the northern Anatolian genus Rizeiella and Kelgena macahelensis sp.n. is the third species of the Caucasian genus Kelgena.     

Characteristics of caddis larvae assemblages from shallow lakes in the Bükk Mountains,North Hungary

Seventeen caddisfly species of four families (Limnephilidae, Sericostomatidae, Phryganeidae, and Leptoceridae) with a total of 1047 individuals were collected from four sampling sites in the littoral zone of Disznóskút Lakes in the Bükk Mountains. Three of these four families of Trichoptera were also recorded in the Central European lakes. From among the four substrates (sand, silt, large stones, and aquatic plants) of the littoral zone, silt and aquatic plants were dominant. Besides species of Limnephilidae found in higher than the average abundance in the silt, species of Phryganeidae and Leptoceridae also occurred. The trophic relationships of the species of these families can be considered as follows: shredders- predators- scrapers, shredders- detritivores- predators, and predators- shredders- scrapers. From the aquatic plants the species of Limnephilidae, Phryganeidae and Leptoceridae, belonging to the trophic relationships of detritivores- shredders, scrapers- predators, shredders- detritivores- predators, and predators- shredders- scrapers- detritivores were collected. The analysis (PCA) of the spatial and seasonal distribution of Trichopteran larvae at the four littoral zone sites shows that the assemblages collected near the inflow of the stream into the lake in late summer and near the inflow of the small channel into the lake in summer are very different from the others, for which Limnephilus elegans, Micropterna lateralis, and Stenophylax permistus are responsible at the previous site, while Halesus digitatus, Halesus tessellatus, and Mystacides nigra are responsible at the latter one. The other assemblages (mostly those in winter) are very similar to each other, which can be explained by the decreasing number of detectable species and their presence in low abundance. For the variance, Limnephilus rhombicus (57%) and Potamophylax nigricornis (16%) are essentially responsible. Considering the species composition of the larval assemblages, the site at the inflow of the stream into the lake was the most different (38%) from the others, and was 62% similar to them. This dissimilarity can possibly be explained by the presence of a mixed assemblage with typical stream and lake inhabitants of species of Limnephilidae present in high abundance at this silt dominated site and other caddis species that are typical stream inhabitants or common in streams and small rivers, and may have drifted into the lake.

     

The first record of dicosmoecinae from the Cenozoic of the Russian Far East with a brief global overview of fossil Limnephilidae (Insecta: Trichoptera)

A new genus and species, Prodicos rasnitsyni gen. et sp. nov. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae), from the Upper Eocene–Lower Oligocene of Russia is described. The global fossil record of adult Limnephilidae is reviewed.     

The identification of British limnephilid larvae (Trichoptera)

Fifty–six species of Limnephilidae have been recorded from Britain. Larvae of forty–three species were collected, and the identities of forty–two were confirmed by direct association of individual larvae with their resultant adult stage. Information was obtained on the larvae of twelve more species, leaving the larva of only onespecies, Limnephilus fuscinervis, unknown. A key is provided to the fifth instar larvae of fifty–four species. Limnephilus nigriceps is omitted from the keydue to lack of information. The terminology of morphological characters is reviewed.     

Multimodal sensory organs in larvae of some insect species

The morphological diversity of antennal sensory organs in larvae of Galeruca sp. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), Limnephilus centralis (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae), and Eristalis tenax (Diptera, Syrphidae) was studied. A sensory cone on the antenna was found in all the species studied. The cuticular part of the antennal cone is pierced with pores. No significant differences in the shape of the antennal cone were revealed. The innervation patterns of the antennal cone varied from single cells in the leaf beetle larvae to groups of cells with a common scolopoid sheath in the fly larvae. The cone combines several types of sensilla that perform mechanoreceptor, olfactory, and gustatory functions. The morphology and ultrastructural organization of the antennal cone in relation to the heterogeneity of the larval habitats are described.     

Fine structure and function of the abdominal chloride epithelia in caddisfly larvae

Summary The larvae of the caddisfly Anabolia nervosa Curt. (Limnephilidae) possess 10 fields on the dorsal and ventral sides of the 3rd to 7th abdominal segments, which were formerly regarded as specialized sites of respiration. The epithelial fine structure and histochemical localization of chloride unequivocally show that the main function of these sites is the transport of electrolytes. They probably participate in osmoregulation by the absorption of salt. Therefore, these specialized areas of the hypodermis are termed chloride epithelia.     

Oviposition in three species of limnephiloid caddisflies (Trichoptera): hierarchical influences on site selection

1. Oviposition site selection was studied in three trichopteran species; an undescribed species of Hydatophylax (Limnephilidae), Onocosmoecus unicolor (Limnephilidae) and Neophylax rickeri (Uenoidae), in two Coastal Range streams in California, U.S.A. 2. Hydatophylax sp. egg masses were generally found at or above the water surface on substrata near the bank in pools, where undercut banks, overhanging vegetation and rocks shaded attachment sites and provided wind protection. Onocosmoecus unicolor females deposited their egg masses exclusively above the water on moist emergent wood. The egg masses of N. rickeri were almost exclusively found in high velocity areas of riffles, where females oviposited under water and attached their egg masses to the submersed undersides of unembedded, protruding stones with large emergent surfaces. 3. For Hydatophylax sp. and N. rickeri, a hierarchical selection scheme is proposed in which females use cues at three different spatial levels (stream, stream subunit, substratum) to choose oviposition sites. Females of O. unicolor seemed to choose at only two different levels of spatial resolution (stream, substratum). 4. The formation of large aggregations of egg masses in N. rickeri and O. unicolor suggests that females actively choose oviposition sites where conspecific egg masses are already attached. The clustering of egg masses may minimise the risk of predation through the dilution effect, because egg masses of N. rickeri and O. unicolor are both attacked by dipteran predators. 5. Females of the three Trichoptera species studied are able to make a clear choice of oviposition site in the heterogeneous stream environment. In comparison with other stream microhabitats, these are characterised by stable and relatively predictable environmental conditions during the time of egg development, which is seen as the main selective pressure leading to the observed egg‐laying behaviour.     

Exploring a key synapomorphy: correlations between structure and function in the sternum V glands of Trichoptera and Lepidoptera (Insecta)

The sternum V glands are a key synapomorphy that unites Trichoptera with Lepidoptera, but their functional aspects have not been analysed from an evolutionary perspective. We examine phylogenetic trends and correlations between chemical and morphological features of these glands. The most likely ancestral gland compounds are heptan‐2‐ol, 4‐hepten‐2‐one and ‐ol, nonan‐2‐one, and 6‐nonen‐2‐one and ‐ol, making pheromone production a plausible ancestral function. The most widespread gland compounds (heptan‐2‐one and ‐ol and nonan‐2‐one and ‐ol) are not known from Apataniidae + Limnephilidae (Trichoptera), which in turn uniquely produce a number of methylated 3‐ketones and their corresponding alcohols, probably functioning as pheromones. We propose a functional connection between perforated patches on sternum IV in females and a scaly/dome‐covered area around the gland openings, as well as between perforated patches and lack of Trichoptera‐type opening muscles. We also propose a functional connection between the shape of the gland reservoirs and the presence of gland reservoir musculature. The perforated patches were significantly correlated with several gland compounds that had double bonds between carbon atoms: the double bonds may lower the viscosity of the compounds, facilitating secretion through the tiny pores of the perforated patches. The production of defensive substances in Pycnopsyche (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) is probably connected to the presence of large, compartmentalized gland reservoirs. Large glands in male Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) are probably linked to male aggregation pheromone production. The relative sizes of sternum V gland reservoirs and fenestral gland reservoirs in female philopotamids (Trichoptera) suggest a complementary function of the two structures. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106 , 561–579.     

Taxonomic notes on Macromitrium catharinense (Bryopsida,Orthotrichaceae) with its new synonyms

Macromitrium catharinense Paris is a poorly known moss of the family Orthotrichaceae reported from Brazil. In the present paper, Macromitrium catharinense is taxonomically re‐evaluated, resulting in the synonymization of M. drewii H. Rob. from Ecuador and M. catharinense var. gracilius (Müll. Hal.) Paris from Brazil. The phenetic relationships between M. catharinense and other closely related species of Macromitrium from Brazil and Ecuador are also discussed.     

The true identity of Obama (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) flatworm spreading across Europe

Since 2008 there have been many records in Europe (British Isles, Spain, France, Italy) of a large terrestrial planarian morphologically very similar to the Brazilian species Obama marmorata. Sequences of mitochondrial (Cox1) and nuclear (18S, 28S, ITS‐1 and EF) genes from European specimens and some from Brazil indicate that they belong to a species different from that of other specimens also collected in Brazil. Moreover, the phylogenetic results show that they are not sister‐species. Histological sections of both Brazilian and European specimens reveal subtle morphological differences between the two species. Obama marmorata is confined to Brazil, and the second, herein described new species, O bama nungara sp. nov. , is found in Brazil and Europe. These cryptic species may be syntopic in areas in Brazil. The new species occurs in human‐modified environments both in Brazil and in Europe. We also conclude that the specimens from Spain and Argentina identified previously as Obama marmorata belong to the new species.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allamanda calcicola</Emphasis> (Apocynaceae), an overlooked new species from limestone outcrops in the States of Minas Gerais and Bahia,Brazil

Summary   Allamanda calcicola Souza-Silva & Rapini, an overlooked new species endemic to the limestone outcrops along the S?o Francisco River Basin, in south-western Bahia and northern Minas Gerais, Brazil, is described and illustrated. It was confused with A. martii and A. schottii, two species from eastern Brazil, which (along with A. polyantha) form a different complex of closely related species. However, A. calcicola is more closely related to A. puberula, another species from the semi-arid region of Brazil.     

Host range and genetic strains of leafminer flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in eastern Brazil reveal a new divergent clade of Liriomyza sativae

相似文献   

Diversity and paleoenviromental significance of Brazilian fossil Galictis (Carnivora: Mustelidae)

The evolutionary history of the genus Galictis in South America probably begins after the Great American Biotic Interchange. Two species are recognised: Galictis vittata and Galictis cuja. The latter are more frequently found in open areas in southern South America and the first occurs in humid forests from northern South America to Central America. Apparently, they do not occur in sympatry. Both are differentiate by the presence of a metaconid in the first inferior molar of G. vittata and for its bigger size when compared to G. cuja. The fossil record of Galictis is scarce, G. cuja is known by few specimens from Argentina, Chile and Brazil; G. vittata have only one record from Southern Brazil. The specimens related to this record were collected by Peter Lund and are housed at the Statens Naturhistoriske Museum. However, the specimens published by Lund are not fossils. Thus, it is presented here other unpublished specimens collected by Lund and housed at the same museum that we recognise as the first G. vittata fossils. Additionally, it is described here the first fossil record for G. cuja from the late Pleistocene of Brazil – an almost complete mandible recovered from sedimentary deposits from Central Brazil.     

Description of Two New Neotropical Helicopsyche (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)

Helicopsyche flinti sp.n. and Helicopsyche cochleara sp.n. are described from Brazil and Ecuador. H. cochleara sp.n. has certain affinities with H. planorboides Machado from eastern Brazil. H. flinti sp.n. is related with other Neotropical Helicopsyche.     

Two new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptolobium</Emphasis> (Leguminosae,Papilionoideae) from Brazil

Two new species of Leptolobium from Brazil are described and illustrated. Leptolobium araguaiense, restricted to northern Brazil, is similar to L. panamense, but differs in raceme length, ovary pubescence, flower and bract length, hilum shape, habit, geographical distribution, and preferential habitat. Leptolobium multijugum, from midwestern Brazil, is perhaps most closely related to L. glaziovianum, but it has more numerous leaflets and smaller bracts and bracteoles than any other species in the genus.     

Prevalence of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria on Pepper in Brazil

Bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas spp., is one of the major diseases of pepper in Brazil, causing considerable losses to crop productivity. The efficient management of the disease is hampered by the high variability of the causal agents. In Brazil, there is no knowledge of which species of Xanthomonas occurs on pepper. In this study, 59 strains of Xanthomonas spp. isolated from different pepper‐producing regions of Brazil were characterized by biochemical and molecular techniques. Results showed the prevalence of X. euvesicatoria as the causal agent of bacterial spot on pepper in Brazil.     

Mollugo brasiliensis sp. nov. (Molluginaceae) from eastern Brazil

The new species Mollugo brasiliensis Thulin & Harley, a perennial viscous herb with 6–8 stamens, few‐seeded capsules and tuberculate seeds, is described from eastern Brazil. It is compared primarily with the two other native members of Molluginaceae previously known from Brazil, M. verticillata L. and Glischrothamnus ulei Pilger.     

Two noteworthy <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phallus</Emphasis> from southern Brazil

During a survey of gasteroid fungi from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil, two noteworthy species of the genus Phallus were identified: P. duplicatus (new record from Brazil) and P. granulosodenticulatus. The latter is a poorly known species described by Braun in 1932 that was recently recollected, and its taxonomy is discussed based on the examination of fresh and type specimens.     

Notes on neotropical Amanoa (Euphorbiaceae)

Lectotypes are designated forAmanoa caribaea Krug & Urban andA. guianensis Aublet; presumed syntypes of the latter taxon are shown to be heterogeneous by inclusion of a previously unrecognized species. Four new species ofAmanoa are described:A. congesta from French Guiana and northeastern Brazil;A. gracillima from Manaus, Brazil;A. nanayensis from Amazonian Peru and adjacent Colombia and Brazil; andA neglecta from French Guiana and Surinam.Amanoa sinuosa is proposed as a new name for the later homonymA. robusta Leal. A key to the 13 neotropical species is presented.