冷蒿(Atemisia frigida)种群在放牧干扰下构件的变化

对放牧干扰下冷蒿种群构件的变化进行了研究.结果表明：在放牧干扰下,冷蒿种群营养枝和生殖枝高度在轻度放牧时缓慢下降,在中度、重度放牧后,枝条高度迅速下降.随着放牧强度的增加,冷蒿种群的营养枝密度和不定根密度增加,分枝密度和个体大小之间存在一定补偿特性,营养枝密度的回归曲线表明重牧下冷蒿的营养枝密度已接近补偿阈值.随着放牧强度的增加,冷蒿种群匍匐茎长度显著地增加;生殖枝密度在轻度放牧增加,到中度放牧后生殖枝数急剧减少,重度放牧下生殖枝基本消失.枝条的性别分化发生变化,生殖枝的分化率（生殖枝密度/总枝条密度）降低.与此同时,营养枝的分化率却随着放牧强度的增加而增加.伴随之,冷蒿种群繁殖格局也发生了重大的调整.     

牧压梯度对克氏针茅生长和繁殖的影响

用比较样地法调查了牧压梯度对克氏针茅生长和繁殖的影响,结果表明：长期过度放牧使克氏针茅株丛发生破碎和小型化,营养生长的株丛密度增加,生殖生长的株丛密度减少,生殖枝比例下降,枝条生物量和种子产量下降,分蘖节向地表移动,株丛茎基部和根系的储藏碳水化合物含量显著减少。而中度放牧干扰使克氏针茅的株丛大小和生殖枝营养枝比例保持适中,有利于发挥株丛和枝条各自的生长和繁殖潜力。     

牡压梯度对克氏针茅生长和繁殖的影响

用比较样地调查了牧压梯度对克氏针茅生长和繁殖的影响,结果表明,长期过度放牧例克氏地茅株丛发生破碎和小型化,营养生长和株丛密度增加,生殖生长的株丛密度减少,生殖枝比例下降,枝条生物量和种子产量下降,分蘖节向地表移动,株丛茎基部和根系的储藏碳水化合物含量显著减少,而中度放牧干扰使克氏针茅的株丛大小和生殖权－营养枝比例保持适中,有利于发挥株丛和枝条各自的生长和繁殖潜力。     

刈割干扰下内蒙古草原两种丛生禾草繁殖策略的适应性调节

刈割是内蒙古草原的主要利用方式之一。当植物面对刈割干扰时, 可以通过繁殖策略的调节适应变化的环境。研究刈割干扰下植物繁殖策略的调节对于揭示植物的适应与进化机制具有重要意义。为此, 选择内蒙古典型草原的大针茅(Stipa grandis)和糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa), 在1979年围封的羊草(Leymus chinensis)样地(对照)和毗邻的长期刈割区对其繁殖策略进行了研究。结果显示: 1)长期刈割干扰下, 大针茅的种群生物量与对照区无显著差异, 由于其株丛生物量显著降低, 大针茅种群生物量的维持得益于种群密度的显著增加。糙隐子草的种群生物量比对照区显著提高, 由于其株丛生物量与对照区无显著差异, 糙隐子草种群生物量的增加也是因为密度的显著提高。因此, 密度调节是两种植物应对长期刈割干扰的重要的调节机制。2)长期刈割干扰下, 两种植物在无性繁殖和有性繁殖过程所采取的密度调节策略并不相同。大针茅种群生殖株丛的密度无显著变化, 非生殖株丛的密度显著提高, 导致其非生殖株丛的相对密度显著增加, 而生殖株丛的相对密度显著降低。因此刈割干扰下大针茅种群在密度调节上采取了保持有性繁殖株丛密度, 增加无性繁殖株丛密度的策略。糙隐子草种群非生殖株丛的密度显著增加, 但生殖株丛的密度增加幅度更大, 导致其非生殖株丛的相对密度显著降低, 而生殖株丛的相对密度显著提高。因此刈割干扰下糙隐子草种群在密度调节上采取了增加无性繁殖株丛密度的同时, 更大幅度地增加有性繁殖株丛密度的策略。3)长期刈割干扰下, 两种植物对生物量生殖分配的调节采取了不同的策略。大针茅株丛生物量向生殖枝分配的比例无显著变化, 通过降低生殖枝向穗的生物量分配比例, 降低了对有性生殖过程的生物量分配的投入; 而糙隐子草则通过增加株丛生物量向生殖枝分配的比例, 维持生殖枝向穗的生物量分配比例, 从而增加了对有性繁殖过程生物量分配的投入。4)长期刈割干扰下, 大针茅的株丛面积和株丛分蘖数与对照区无显著差异。糙隐子草株丛面积降低, 但是株丛分蘖数无显著变化。本实验说明, 植物种群有性繁殖和无性繁殖之间的密度调节和资源分配调节是草原植物应对刈割干扰下的重要调节机制, 不同的响应策略影响着植物种群的消长动态。     

放牧影响下羊草种群生殖生态学的研究

在种群水平上系统研究了放牧对松嫩草原关草种群无性繁殖、有性生殖和生物量的生殖分配的影响。结果表明,放牧制约了羊草种群无性繁殖和有性生殖的更新途径,表现在随放牧强度增加,无性繁殖体营养技密度、根茎牙密度和有性生殖体种子生物量、结实数和生殖枝分化率等指标均显著下降,是生牧后下降迅速。随放牧强度增加,关草种群根茎生物量的分配比例显著增加,而同化器官、非同化器官和种子生物量分配比例都显著下降,极牧阶段几科     

双岛湾大叶藻的有性生殖特征

对威海双岛湾大叶藻(Zostera marina L.)种群的有性生殖特性进行了研究。结果表明:该水域中,大叶藻种群于3月下旬或4月上旬进入生殖枝始现期,5月上旬进入始花期,6月下旬进入种子散落高峰期,7月上旬进入生殖枝死亡始期,7月下旬生殖期结束,其有性生殖物候进程与水温密切相关,15℃是其开花适宜水温;生殖枝的侧枝数和扇状聚伞花序数在进入始花期时达到最大,分别为4.4和4.9个·株-1,佛焰苞数和生殖枝高度均在种子散落始期最大,分别为18.6个·株-1和96.2 cm,种子败育率较高,平均为40%,成熟种子产量为44.8粒·株-1;生殖枝密度在始花期时达到最大,为64株·m-2,生殖枝分化率平均仅有12.6%,有性生殖期间营养枝密度和种群总密度的下降幅度超过40%;生殖枝生物量在初果期达到最大(27.9 g·m-2),从始花期至种子散落高峰期平均种群生物量分配格局为地下部38.4%,营养枝52.4%,生殖枝9.2%,生殖分配较低,成熟种子产量为1859粒·m-2。     

内蒙古高原四种针茅种群年龄与株丛结构的研究

用样带法调查了内蒙古高原4种针茅(StipaL.)的年龄结构,并将其年龄划分为5个阶段:幼苗、幼龄、成年、老龄前期和老龄期。结果表明:幼苗对种群年龄结构和动态有较大的影响,针茅幼苗的存活率通常很低,而成年株丛的存活率较高,株丛的实际寿命很长,老龄株丛在种群中占有较大的比例。4种针茅中大针茅(S.grandisP.Smirn.)和克氏针茅(S.kryloviiRoshev.)的幼苗比例较高,从贝加尔针茅(S.baicalensisRoshev.)群落到小针茅(S.klemenziiRoshev.)群落种群中幼龄和成年株丛比例呈下降的趋势,而老龄株丛比例呈增加的趋势;针茅属植物在株丛水平上的动态主要表现为株丛的破碎与枝条自疏过程,以及株丛生殖枝数量和营养枝生物量的波动,幂函数模型Y=aXb可以对株丛的枝条自疏过程进行定量描述     

羊草种群种子生产的初步研究

 本文报道了国产优良牧草——羊草,在不同人为干扰的环境条件下,种群种子生产数量性状变化的若干规律。种群密度是成穗率的限制因素之一,在平均为604.7株／m2中等密度的数年割草场上,成穗率随密度增加呈幂函数y=dx-b形式下降,而在平均为1604.9株／m2高密度的长期连续割草场上,成穗率随密度增加呈直线y=a-bx形式下降。种子发芽率与千粒重呈显著正相关(r＝0.9768**)。放牧对成穗有不良影响,但对籽粒的干物质积累过程有一定的促进作用。长期连续割草对种群生殖生长的整个过程均不利,停刈后,自然恢复的速度缓慢。     

放牧强度对荒漠草原建群种短花针茅空间异质性的影响

为探讨不同放牧强度下短花针茅种群密度空间分布的变化特点及差异,本研究以内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原建群物种短花针茅为对象,分析了对照、轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧4块样地短花针茅种群小尺度空间分布异质性.结果表明: 短花针茅种群密度分别为重度放牧(27.81株·m^-2)>中度放牧(22.17株·m^-2)>对照(11.31株·m^-2)>轻度放牧(10.76株·m^-2),中度与重度放牧显著增加了短花针茅种群密度;通过半方差函数进行模型拟合,对照、轻度放牧、中度放牧及重度放牧样地短花针茅种群分布分别符合指数模型、球状模型、指数模型和球状模型;通过对短花针茅种群的空间分布格局分析,各样地结构比分别为对照(99.7%)>重度放牧(94.7%)>轻度放牧(92.7%)>中度放牧(87.9%),表明4块草地空间自相关性程度均较高,主要受结构性因素影响,中度放牧草地短花针茅种群结构比最小,受随机性因素影响相对较大;通过分形维数分析,4块草地空间结构良好,空间分布简单,并随着放牧强度增大,空间分布更简单且均质化;结合2D及3D图看,轻度放牧及重度放牧均造成短花针茅种群空间分布从梯度分布变成斑块分布,并使空间异质性降低.     

不同放牧强度对人工草地牧草生殖分配及种子重量的影响

不同放牧强度对白三叶,红三叶,鸭茅的生殖分配及种子千粒重影响极显著,一定强度的放牧干扰有利于提高休牧后三叶草的花序密度,但鸭茅花序密度却随放牧强度却随放牧强度的提高而出现明显下降,放牧草地三种牧草种群的生殖分配均低于对照草地,在放牧草地,随放牧强度的提高,白三叶生殖分配逐渐增加,红三叶及鸭茅生殖分配逐渐减少,提高放牧强度后,三叶草千粒重出现递减趋势,而鸭茅却出现递增趋势,在无放牧干扰草地,三叶草种群趋于生产数量较少的大粒种子,在放牧干扰下,趋于生产数量较多的小粒种子;鸭茅种群则出现相反的变化。     

不同载畜率下瓣蕊唐松草的生长和繁殖对策

放牧是内蒙古草原最主要的利用方式, 而草原植物在不同放牧压力下的生长和繁殖策略是它们与有蹄类动物长期协同进化的结果。为了了解瓣蕊唐松草(Thalictrum petaloideum)的生长和繁殖策略如何响应载畜率的变化, 作者依托中国科学院内蒙古草原站的大型放牧实验平台, 从种群、个体和器官三个组织水平上研究了该物种对放牧强度的响应。结果表明: 1)在种群水平上, 随着载畜率的增加, 瓣蕊唐松草减少了生殖株丛数或不进行有性生殖生长。该实验条件下, 载畜率每hm ² 7.5只羊(夏季)是瓣蕊唐松草不再进行生殖生长的阈值; 2)在个体水平上, 随着载畜率的增加, 瓣蕊唐松草降低了株高和个体生物量, 减少了生殖枝、花朵和种子等生殖器官的数量。随着载畜率的增加, 瓣蕊唐松草生殖分配的调节从依赖于植株个体大小向不依赖于植株个体大小转变。3)在器官水平上, 随着载畜率的增加, 瓣蕊唐松草减少了生殖枝的花朵负荷, 提高了单粒质量。籽粒数量和籽粒质量之间的权衡是瓣蕊唐松草应对放牧干扰的重要机制。     

Variations in Tiller Dynamics and Morphology in Lolium multiflorum Lam.Vegetative and Reproductive Plants as affected by Differences in Red/Far-Red Irradiation

Lolium multiflorum Lam, plants were grown in a growth room undertwo light sources with red/far-red ratios of 1·62 and0·84 but similar photosynthetically active radiation.In both situations the capacity to produce new tillers and thelight available per tiller decreased with canopy growth. Tilleringwas further reduced by the low red/far-red ratio while lightinterception and plant dry weight were unaffected by this treatment.In both reproductive and vegetative plants under the lower red/far-redratio the time between leaf expansion and the appearance ofa tiller in its axil was increased and the proportion of ‘maturebuds’ that developed was reduced. Irradiation with lowred/far-red advanced the reproductive development and increasedthe number of fertile tillers per plant. It also caused longerleaf sheaths, blades and reproductive shoots. The results suggestthat as canopy density increases the lower light interceptionper tiller and the photomorphogenic effect of low red/far-redratios may reduce the capacity to produce new tillers. Lolium multiflorum, Lam., annual ryegrass, tillering, tiller growth, leaf growth, flowering, light quality.     

Growth and reproductive strategies of Thalictrum petaloideum under different stocking rates

放牧是内蒙古草原最主要的利用方式, 而草原植物在不同放牧压力下的生长和繁殖策略是它们与有蹄类动物长期协同进化的结果。为了了解瓣蕊唐松草(Thalictrum petaloideum)的生长和繁殖策略如何响应载畜率的变化, 作者依托中国科学院内蒙古草原站的大型放牧实验平台, 从种群、个体和器官三个组织水平上研究了该物种对放牧强度的响应。结果表明: 1)在种群水平上, 随着载畜率的增加, 瓣蕊唐松草减少了生殖株丛数或不进行有性生殖生长。该实验条件下, 载畜率每hm ² 7.5只羊(夏季)是瓣蕊唐松草不再进行生殖生长的阈值; 2)在个体水平上, 随着载畜率的增加, 瓣蕊唐松草降低了株高和个体生物量, 减少了生殖枝、花朵和种子等生殖器官的数量。随着载畜率的增加, 瓣蕊唐松草生殖分配的调节从依赖于植株个体大小向不依赖于植株个体大小转变。3)在器官水平上, 随着载畜率的增加, 瓣蕊唐松草减少了生殖枝的花朵负荷, 提高了单粒质量。籽粒数量和籽粒质量之间的权衡是瓣蕊唐松草应对放牧干扰的重要机制。     

高寒草甸放牧扰动与两种植物的反应研究

对不同放牧强度下矮嵩草草甸植物垂穗披碱草和鹅绒委陵菜的生长和繁殖特性进行了5年研究。结果表明,垂穗披碱草株高、分蘖数、地上物量、地下生物量、有性繁殖效力在不放牧或轻度放牧下最大,营养生长效力在重度放牧中最大,而贮藏效力在重度放牧中最小。鹅绒委陵菜叶数、匍匐茎长度、地上生物量、匍匐茎生物量、开花数、生殖生物量、有性繁殖效力及营养繁殖效力在放牧区显著高于不放牧的对照区。说明适当的放牧干扰有利于垂穗披碱草营养生长,但放牧过重会抑制其有性繁殖;由于放牧采食减少了种间竞争影响,从而提高了鹅绒委陵菜营养,生长效力和有性繁殖效力。两物种地下贮藏物的比例随着放牧强度增加显著减少。放牧强度对高寒草甸的群落演替方向有显著影响。     

Habitat protection,cattle grazing and density‐dependent reproduction in a desert tree

Anthropogenic activities usually trigger changes in the population density of plants. Thus, land management practices can influence density‐dependent demographic parameters and species interactions. We investigated plant‐pollinator interactions and reproduction in Prosopis flexuosa, the largest tree species in the Central Monte desert of Argentina, an important economic and cultural resource for humans and a functionally prominent species. We hypothesized that reproductive output of P. flexuosa would be limited at low densities, and that exclusion of catle grazing would enhance population density and consequently interaction frequency with pollinators and reproductive success. The study was conducted in and around Ñacuñán Biosphere Reserve (Mendoza, Argentina), where cattle grazing has been excluded for over 35 years. Working in five pairs of protected and cattle grazed 1‐ha plots, we recorded density of adult trees, pollinator visitation frequency to inflorescences and seeds per inflorescence in focal trees. Adult tree density was higher in protected plots than in cattle grazed plots. Density of reproductive trees was positively correlated with seed production, suggesting positive density dependence for reproduction (Allee effect). Pollinator visitation to inflorescences and seed production was higher in protected plots compared with plots under cattle grazing. Suppression of anthropogenic degradation has resulted in higher adult tree density in protected plots, indirectly higher pollinator visitation to inflorescences and higher reproductive success of trees. Increased frequency of plant‐pollinator interactions and tree reproduction suggest success of management practices aimed at protecting P. flexuosa woodlands.     

Effects of simulated herbivory on tillering and reproduction in an annual ryegrass,Lolium remotum

This study examined the overall impact of simulated herbivory on tillering and reproductive performance of an annual ryegrass,Lolium remotum. The interaction between herbivore damage and intraspecific competition and the effect of the timing of damage were also studied. The experimental plants were sown at two densities and were randomly assigned to eight different damage treatments consisting of artificial leaf area removal by clipping with scissors or removal of one-third of the ripening seeds. The treatments were executed at two flowering stages. The pattern of tiller development differed significantly among treatments and between densities. At the lower density, earlier treatments delayed tiller development more than the same treatments executed later. At the higher density, all treatments delayed tiller development. The density effect was significant for all reproductive traits measured. The reproductive output of plants grown at the higher density was lower and the negative treatment effects were stronger than at the lower density. The treatment effect was significant for seed dry weight per plant and individual seed weight but not for number of seeds per plant. There were no statistically significant interaction effects between the damage treatments and density, suggesting that the plants responded to the damage similarly, irrespective of the density. The plants did not totally compensate for losses due to damage at either density, even though they slightly increased their resource allocation to sexual reproduction at the higher density.     

不同生态条件下羊草种群种子生产的探讨

本文以1982—1985年的野外定位调查为依据,定量分析了羊草种群种子生产的三个问题,即成穗率、结实器官性状及种子千粒重与生态条件的关系。放牧影响羊草种群的成穗率,但对籽粒的干物质生产过程有促进作用,停牧以后,即使经过数年割草,种群的种子生产仍有较强的恢复能力,与原放牧地有明显差异。长期割草对羊草种群的整个生殖生长过程均不利,停刈以后,经过数年休闲,种子生产能力仍很低,与原长期割草地几乎没有明显差异。由此反映出对种子生产的影响,长期割草较长期放牧更严重,并且自然恢复的速度缓慢。羊草种群各有性繁殖阶段的性状,均与光、温度和水分有比较密切的联系,但这些联系的密切程度,又因样地具体条件而有差异。     

松嫩平原野大麦无性系分蘖株的年龄结构

野大麦无性系分蘖株由３个龄级组成,为明显的增长型年龄结构、１龄级蘖在无性系生殖生长中占绝对优势。分蘖株龄级越高,其数量增长速率越小,对无性系物质积累的贡献越小,１、２龄级分蘖株数量和生物量均随着无性系丛径和总蘖数的增加而增长,３龄级蘖与总蘖数间呈直线相关。平均单蘖生产力随着龄级增加而下降。生殖蘖平均单蘖重具有相对稳定性。无性系中１龄级蘖平均单蘖重体现出一定的密度调节作用,无性系潜在种群也为明显的增     

Effects of livestock exclusion on density,survival and biomass of the perennial sagebrush grass Hymenachne pernambucense (Poaceae) from a temperate fluvial wetland

In Argentina, the intensification of soybean production has displaced a substantial proportion of cattle ranching to fluvial wetlands such as those in the Delta of the Paraná River. Cattle grazing affects structure and dynamics of native forage plants but there is little information on this impact in populations from fluvial wetlands. This study addresses the effect of cattle ranching on density, survival, mean life-span and aerial biomass of Hymenachne pernambucense (Poaceae), an important forage species in the region. The study was carried out monthly for one year in permanents plots subject to continuous grazing and plots excluded from grazing in the Middle Delta of the Paraná River. In plots excluded from grazing, tillers showed significantly higher population density and survival, and a two-fold increase in mean life-span, while continuous grazing decreased survival of cohorts. The largest contribution to tiller density in ungrazed and grazed populations was made by spring and summer cohorts, respectively. Total and green biomass were significantly higher in the ungrazed population, with highest differences in late spring-early summer. Cattle grazing affected the relationship between tiller density and green biomass suggesting that cattle prefer sprouts because they are more palatable and nutritious than older tissue.