陶瓷工业污染区41种植物的硫含量特征

为提高酸污染地区植物净化吸收大气S污染物的能力,研究了广东西樵山41种主要植物的S含量特征.结果表明:(1)41种植物的叶片或地上部分S含量介于1.81～16.47mg·g^-1平均值为4.00mg·g^-1,高于我国其他地区植物S含量的平均水平.马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和荷木(Schima superba)的叶片S含量是大气相对清洁区鼎湖山的2～3倍.(2)华山矾(Symplocos chinensis)、银柴(Aporosa dioica)和光叶山矾(Symplocos lancifolia)和山胡椒(Lindera glauca)的叶片S含量最高,分别为16.47、12.42、11.31和6.68mg·g^-1,是优良的S污染净化植物.(3)同科植物具有相近的S富集能力,目前常用作绿化植物的3种山矾科植物均有较强的大气污染抗性和高S含量特征,预示着山矾科可能存在其他一些优良的S污染净化种类,有待进一步的研究发掘.     

广州市大气污染对两种绿化植物叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了广州市工业生产区 (CS)、交通枢纽区 (GC)、居民生活区 (GP)和清洁对照区 (BY)等 4个大气采样点栽种的两种绿化植物大叶紫薇 (Lagerstroemiaspeciosa)和白兰 (Micheliaalba)叶绿素荧光特性的差别。综合污染指数表明 4个研究地点的污染程度由大到小的顺序为交通枢纽区 (GC) >工业生产区 (CS) >居民生活区 (GP) >清洁对照区 (BY)。不同污染地点大叶紫薇和白兰叶片的叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo,ΦPSⅡ和qP随污染程度的加剧而减少 ,细胞膜渗漏率和qN则上升。白兰这些参数的减少或增加的幅度大于大叶紫薇。用外源NaHSO3 或MV处理这两种植物时 ,细胞渗漏率的增加量和叶绿素含量下降量都是白兰大于大叶紫薇。结果表明绿化植物叶绿体光系统II活性和膜系统完整度的下降与其生长地点污染程度的加剧是一致的 ,大叶紫薇的抗污染能力大于白兰     

浙江天童国家森林公园5种常绿阔叶植物的一次和二次抽枝进程

中国东部亚热带常绿阔叶林中, 部分常绿木本物种具有明显的二次抽枝现象, 即在春天完成第一次抽枝, 间隔一定的时间后又开始新一轮抽枝。但是关于这些植物第二次抽枝的进程, 迄今鲜有报道, 限制了人们对这些植物生活史对策的理解。该文以浙江天童常绿阔叶林中有二次抽枝的5种植物光叶山矾(Symplocos lancifolia)、檵木(Loropetalum chinense)、窄基红褐柃(Eurya rubiginosa var. attenuata)、杨梅(Myrica rubra)和栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)为研究对象, 调查并比较了第一次抽枝和第二次抽枝在昆虫取食压力、展叶动态和小枝投资大小3个方面的差异, 探讨第二次抽枝动态的主要特点。结果表明: 1)昆虫取食压力上, 杨梅、栲树2种植物第二次抽枝的叶片虫食率显著高于第一次抽枝, 光叶山矾、檵木和窄基红褐柃3种植物第一、二次抽枝的叶片虫食率没有差异; 2)在现叶速率(叶片数量的增加速率)上, 同一物种第一、二次抽枝的叶片数量增长模式相同, 光叶山矾、檵木、窄基红褐柃和杨梅4个物种呈持续式增长, 栲树则呈爆发式增长, 但是完成现叶所需时间并不完全相同, 光叶山矾、窄基红褐柃和杨梅第二次抽枝完成现叶比第一次少6-9天, 檵木和栲树第一、二次抽枝完成现叶所需时间则无差异; 3)在展叶速率上, 光叶山矾、檵木和窄基红褐柃第二次抽枝显著高于第一次抽枝, 但第一次抽枝较晚的杨梅和栲树第一、二次抽枝之间没有差异; 4)调查的5种植物, 第二次抽枝的投资总量均小于第一次抽枝, 光叶山矾、窄基红褐柃、杨梅和栲树4种植物, 第二次抽枝形成的小枝在叶片数量、单叶面积、小枝长度和小枝直径上都显著小于第一次抽枝, 檵木第二次抽枝形成的小枝在叶片数量和小枝长度上没有差异, 单叶面积和小枝直径则显著小于第一次抽枝。总体上看, 所研究物种第二次抽枝中的叶片虫食率、现叶速率和展叶速率都不小于第一次抽枝, 而第二次抽枝小枝投资总量较小, 这些可能是物种对相对较大的昆虫取食压力和即将来临的冬天不利条件等的适应。     

三种相思植物对短期大气污染的响应

3种2－3年生相思盆栽于代表不同污染程度的交通繁忙区、工业生产区和相对清洁区,4个月后进行植物叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光特征参数的测定。结果表明,生长在污染区的相思植物的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（gs）和光系统Ⅱ原初光化学效率（Fv／Fm）均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度因植物种类和污染类型的不同而有差异,不同实验点上大腺相思叶片蒸腾速率（E）和水分利用效率（WUE）则维持相对稳定,多花和流苏相思的WUE均以污染环境下较低,根据Pn、gs和Fv/Fm的变化以及实验点上其它植物对应测定值比,推测3种相思植物对大气污染都表现出中等强度的抗性,且多花相思和流苏相思相对好于大腺相思。     

宝山堇菜(Viola baoshanensis)、紫花地丁(V. yedoensis)光合异质性比较

利用荧光成像技术,研究了特定和不同光合有效辐射下,宝山堇菜(Viola baoshanensis)、紫花地丁(V.yedoensis)不同叶龄(幼叶和成熟叶片)叶片纵向(叶基、叶中部、叶尖)间的光合异质性特征。特定光化光照射下,两种堇菜不同叶龄的Fv/Fm、ΦpsⅡ、qP、PS/50和Abs在叶尖、叶中部、叶基间呈依次降低趋势,NPQ/4和qN变化趋势与之相反。Fv/Fm、ΦpsⅡ和Abs在两种堇菜不同叶龄的叶片纵向间均没有显著性差异,NPQ/4和qN均显示宝山堇菜不同叶龄的叶片纵向间存在显著差异;但NPQ/4和qN分别显示紫花地丁成熟叶和幼叶叶片的叶尖和叶基处差异显著。qP的显著差异只存在于宝山堇菜幼叶的叶尖和叶基处,PS/50在两种植物幼叶纵向间均有显著差异。快速光曲线的变化中,两种堇菜α由叶尖向叶基下降幅度不明显,幼叶纵向间Pm差异显著,成熟叶叶尖处Pm显著高于叶中部和叶基。两种堇菜成熟叶叶尖处Ik显著高于叶中部和叶基,宝山堇菜幼叶纵向间Ik差异显著,而紫花地丁幼叶纵向间Ik差异不显著。以上结果反映出两种堇菜叶片纵向间Fv/Fm和ΦpsⅡ具有较高的均质性,Fv/Fm和ΦpsⅡ的下降受到NPQ/4、qN、qP、PS/50和Abs的综合影响,但Fv/Fm和ΦpsⅡ的变化与NPQ/4、qN、qP、PS/50的显著变化并不一致。叶龄对两种堇菜叶片纵向间α影响不显著,对Pm影响显著,α的小幅下降反映两种堇菜叶片纵向间捕光能力基本相同。叶片纵向间Ik的显著差异受叶龄和植物种类的综合影响。     

3种阴生地被植物对SO_2胁迫的生理响应及净化能力

该研究以3种阴生地被植物麦冬、虎耳草和紫萼玉簪为研究材料,采用人工模拟熏气方法,测定不同浓度(5.71,11.43,17.14,22.86mg·m~(-3))SO_2胁迫下参试植物的外观受害症状,以及膜质过氧化、保护酶活性、渗透调节物质等生理指标,以叶片吸硫量比较3种植物的净化能力,并采用模糊数学隶属函数与主成分分析法对其抗SO_2能力进行综合评价。结果显示:(1)随着SO_2熏气浓度的升高,3种植物的叶片都有不同程度的受害症状,叶片叶绿素含量、汁液pH值和相对含水量下降,丙二醛含量、叶片相对电导率、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量上升,且其SOD和CAT活性显著增强。(2)隶属函数法和主成分分析法综合评定结果显示,3种地被植物对SO_2抗性能力表现为:麦冬紫萼玉簪虎耳草,与叶片受伤害症状和叶液pH值下降的顺序相反,说明这2个指标可作为简单可行的评价SO_2抗性的重要鉴定指标。(3)3种植物均有一定的SO_2净化能力,其强弱顺序为虎耳草麦冬紫萼玉簪。研究表明,3种阴生地被植物都能够在SO_2胁迫下提高其保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,增强其抗硫胁迫和SO_2吸收能力,并以麦冬对SO_2抗性最强,虎耳草对SO_2的吸收能力最强;该试验中最低参试SO_2浓度远远高于城市大气中的实际SO_2浓度,在试验环境下3种阴生植物再都未呈现伤害症状,说明吸收硫能力强的虎耳草和麦冬可以在SO_2污染严重的林下区域大面积应用推广。     

抗SO2绿化植物的初步筛选

盆栽于广州市华南植物园内的72种城市绿化植物的叶片经模拟SO2(20mmol／L NaHSO3浸泡)处理后,研究其叶绿素荧光参数的变化,还比较了其中31种植物叶片的细胞液pH值和对碱缓冲能力的大小。通过对这些生理参数的分析,初步筛选出了一批抗污能力较强的树种,如：傅园榕(Ficus microcarpa var．fuyuensis)、红桂木（Artocarpus nitidus ssp.lingnanensis)、幌伞枫（Heteropanax fragrans)石笔木(Tutcheria spectabilis)等,和抗性较差的树种,如：印度第伦桃(Dillenia indica)、灰木莲(Manglietia glauca)、灰莉(Fagraea ceilanica)等。     

福建尤溪九阜山野生山矾科植物资源特征

经调查,福建尤溪九阜山省级自然保护区共有野生山矾科植物17种,主要有羊舌树Symplocos glauca、越南山矾S. cochinchinensis、光叶山矾S. lancifolia、华山矾S. chinensis、白檀S. paniculata和山矾S. sumuntia等。对该区野生山矾科植物资源状况、花期、果熟期、生活型、生态环境条件和开发利用途径进行分析,并提出相应的保护与开发利用对策。     

水淹对水芹叶片结构和光系统II光抑制的影响

通过探讨在水淹条件下水芹(Oenanthe javanica)叶片结构的变化以及出水对其光系统II功能和光抑制的影响, 阐明水芹光合机构在水淹条件下及出水后死亡的可能原因。结果表明: 水淹条件下新生沉水功能叶光系统II(PSII)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm) 、电子传递活性与对照叶片差异很小, 但水淹使气生功能叶的Fv/Fm显著降低; 植株总生物量呈负增长趋势; 活体弱光条件下, 沉水叶出水后2小时叶片相对含水量(RWC)和Fv/Fm无显著变化; 中等光强和强光条件下其RWC和Fv/Fm迅速降低; 离体条件下, 5小时的中等光强对沉水叶的Fv/Fm影响不显著, 在随后的弱光下能恢复到出水时的初始状态; 强光能使沉水叶的Fv/Fm大幅降低, 且弱光下不能恢复到出水时的初始水平; 在解剖结构上, 水芹沉水叶的叶片总厚度、上下表皮厚度和气孔大小都显著低于气生叶, 而且沉水叶没有明显的栅栏组织分化, 但是沉水叶上表皮的气孔密度显著高于气生叶。研究结果表明, 水淹使水芹原气生叶PSII功能迅速衰退, 但对新生沉水叶片影响很小。水芹植株出水后, 沉水叶片结构变化使其在光下保水能力下降, 而强光导致了光合机构的光抑制和反应中心失活。田间条件下两者共同作用则加剧了对叶片光合机构的破坏, 进而致使其死亡。     

山矾科中原氏山矾复合体的叶形态特征及分类意义

该研究在形态学观察以及统计学分析的基础上,深入研究了山矾科中原氏山矾复合体的叶片形态学结构。结果表明:叶片质地在整个复合体中可分为革质、纸质2种类型,叶片大小变异幅度较大,除中原氏山矾(Symplocos kawakamii)、棱角山矾(S.tetragona)、蒙自山矾(S.henryi)均与其他种差异显著外,其余种均属于连续过度,叶片分形可以初步区分该复合体植物。该研究结果为中原氏山矾复合体的进一步研究提供了依据,对复合体的分类处理具有一定的分类学意义。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.