根际土壤微生物变化对西洋参种植的影响

以陕西产地不同年限西洋参根际土壤微生物（包括解钾、解磷及自生固氮菌）为研究对象,通过对根际土壤微生物进行分离、培养、计数和鉴定,并对比栽参后的玉米轮作根际土壤微生物数量和类群的变化特征,研究了根际土壤微生物的动态变化对西洋参连续种植的影响。结果表明：与轮作根际土壤相比,随西洋参生长期的增加其根际土壤中细菌数量的变化不明显,但优势细菌种类减少;放线菌数量及种类均有不同程度的减少;引起西洋参病害的霉菌类群明显增加;解磷、解钾、自生固氮菌的比例明显失调。此种变化可引起土壤理化性质的改变,进而影响西洋参的连续种植情况。     

青稞根腐病对根际土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

选取甘肃省卓尼县青稞种植区为研究地点,调查青稞根腐病的发病情况,并分别采集其健康植株和发病株根际的土壤,对比分析其土壤微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)、微生物数量(细菌、真菌、放线菌)以及过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、纤维素酶5种酶活性。结果发现,研究区10个采样点均有青稞根腐病的发生,发病率在5%—20%之间,不同地点发病率不同。根腐病的发生,会显著影响青稞根际微生物生物量,导致微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的含量发生变化,其中微生物生物量氮和磷含量整体降低,且不同采样点微生物量不同。土壤微生物数量总体呈现细菌放线菌真菌的趋势,但不同微生物对根腐病发病的响应不同,细菌和放线菌数量因根腐病的发生而减少,真菌的数量则增多;不同采样点土壤微生物数量不相同,细菌和真菌呈现区域性特征,放线菌的数量不呈现地域性。根腐病的发生还造成土壤酶活性的改变,其中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶的含量因根腐病的发生而降低,而纤维素酶则升高,过氧化氢酶的变化没有规律。总而言之,根腐病的发生会使青稞根际土壤微生物组成发生改变,碳、氮、磷等物质代谢受到抑制,而能量代谢发生紊乱。因此,研究和防治青稞根腐病就必须重视土壤微生物及土壤酶的作用。     

1,3-二氯丙烯药剂对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

通过室内培养实验研究了1,3-二氯丙烯对土壤中微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响,以评价其环境生态效应.结果表明,1,3-二氯丙烯熏蒸土壤后,各浓度处理对土壤真菌数量有强烈的抑制作用;对土壤细菌和放线菌的影响开始均表现为抑制作用,然后抑制作用减弱,逐渐表现出一定的激活作用.1,3-二氯丙烯熏蒸土壤后,高浓度处理对土壤脲酶表现为抑制-激活作用;低浓度处理表现为激活-抑制-激活作用.对蔗糖酶表现为激活-抑制作用,且抑制率逐渐增大.对过氧化氢酶表现为抑制-激活作用,50 d后施药土壤和对照组土壤的过氧化氢酶活性基本趋于一致.     

种植年限对蔬菜日光温室土壤微生物区系和酶活性的影响

以种植2、4、6、11、13、16、19年的蔬菜日光温室土壤为研究对象,并以露地菜田为对照,测定了土壤微生物区系及酶活性的变化.结果表明: 随着种植年限的增加,土壤中细菌、放线菌和微生物总数均呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在种植11年时达到最大值,分别比对照增加了54.8%、63.7%和55.4%,差异达显著水平;而真菌数量持续上升,种植19年约为对照的2.2倍.微生物生理类群中,纤维素分解菌、自生固氮菌、亚硝酸细菌、反硝化细菌和硫化细菌数量的变化趋势与细菌相似, 种植11年分别为对照的1.5、1.6、1.9、1.4和1.1倍;而氨化细菌数量则呈现先减少后增加的趋势,在种植13年时达到最小值,为对照的56.0%.土壤中脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和碱性磷酸酶活性随种植年限的增加呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,而过氧化氢酶活性较稳定.相关分析表明,细菌、放线菌和微生物总数与各土壤酶均呈显著正相关;而真菌数量与脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶均呈负相关,其中与过氧化氢酶的相关性达到显著水平.     

加工番茄连作对农田土壤酶活性及微生物区系的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了连作及活性炭处理对加工番茄土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:加工番茄连作对其微生物区系及土壤酶活性产生一定影响。随连作年限的增加,过氧化氢酶活性呈上升趋势,而脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性呈下降趋势,通过活性碳处理后,脲酶、土壤蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶、磷酸酶活性比对照(未活性炭处理)增加,而过氧化氢酶活性降低。随连作年限的增加,连作2a和3a的细菌数量分别比1a降低12.1%和16.8%,真菌数量连作2a和3a分别比种植1a时提高20%和60%,放线菌数量连作2a和3a土壤中分别是种植1a的1.04倍和1.12倍,通过活性碳处理后,细菌的数量在连作2a和3a时分别比对照增加5.8%和1.6%,放线菌和真菌数量比对照分别降低13.0%、23.1%和8.3%、50%。反硫化细菌数量随连作年限延长而增加,硝酸细菌和好氧性自身固氮菌数量减少。可见通过活性炭处理可减轻自毒物质对加工番茄土壤酶和微生物的影响,从而缓解加工番茄连作障碍。     

微生物菌肥与氮磷肥回补对退化高寒草甸土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响

土壤质量下降是中度退化高寒草甸恢复的一个关键性限制原因, 同时, 不合理的氮磷肥施用对青藏高原生物多样性具有显著的负效应。然而, 目前针对青藏高原中度退化高寒草甸土壤质量提升技术仍缺乏系统研究。因此, 该研究以青藏高原中度退化高寒草甸为研究对象, 在氮磷肥配施耦合微生物菌肥的处理下, 对不同处理的植物群落特征、土壤理化性质及酶活性进行了研究, 以探究最佳的中度退化高寒草甸土壤质量提升技术。结果表明, 氮磷肥和微生物菌肥对土壤pH、酸性磷酸酶活性无显著影响, 但均显著提高了地上生物量, 并对土壤养分相关指标、电导率、碳氮磷循环相关酶活性的影响存在显著的交互作用。综合分析可知, 施用氮磷肥和微生物菌肥均对中度退化高寒草甸有明显的恢复作用, 微生物菌肥施用可改善土壤多功能性, 而氮磷肥配施微生物菌肥的处理效果优于单施氮磷肥。在配施微生物菌肥225 kg·hm^-2的处理下, 45 kg·hm^-2氮添加量配施20 kg·hm^-2磷添加量的处理作用最佳。该研究结果为促进青藏高原中度退化的高寒退化草甸修复, 改善生态系统服务功能提供科学依据。     

轮作与休闲对日光温室黄瓜连作土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同作物轮作和休闲方式对日光温室黄瓜连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性及后茬黄瓜生长和产量的影响.结果表明： 与连作相比,轮作有利于改善土壤微生物结构,增加细菌和放线菌数量,减少真菌数量;轮作与休闲有利于提高土壤转化酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性.在不同作物轮作和休闲方式下,后茬黄瓜结果期的细菌、放线菌数量和土壤转化酶活性均呈先升后降趋势,在盛瓜期达到最大值;真菌数量随生育期延长而增加;脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性则随生育期延长而降低,在初瓜期最高.不同栽培模式下,以大葱-黄瓜轮作和糯玉米-黄瓜轮作的效果更佳,明显改善了后茬黄瓜的生长,提高了产量.     

间作对玉米品质、产量及土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

为了进一步深入了解禾本科作物和豆科作物间作的优势机理,研究了在不同施肥条件下玉米单作、玉米‖花生间作和玉米‖大豆间作对玉米籽粒品质、单株经济产量和生物产量﹑产量及土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌和固氮菌数量及酶活性的影响。结果表明,在不施肥条件下玉米间作可以显著提高玉米籽粒蛋白质、油分和赖氨酸含量,但对淀粉含量影响不显著;在施肥条件下玉米间作可以显著提高淀粉和赖氨酸含量,但对油分和蛋白质含量的增加却影响不显著;间作在提高玉米籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和赖氨酸含量方面的效果没有该施氮水平(50kg/km²)显著。间作可以增加玉米产量及其单株经济产量和生物产量,其中在不施肥和施肥条件下产量分别比单作增加了3.7％、9.7％、19.0％和18.6％,但间作在增加产量方面的效果没有该施氮水平显著。间作在不同施肥条件下可明显增加土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌和固氮菌的数量,且效果达到显著水平。土壤中的酶活性也显著受到间作的影响,在不施肥条件下玉米间作和单作土壤中的转化酶活性差异达到显著水平,在施肥条件下间作和单作土壤中转化酶和磷酸酶活性差异达到显著水平。4种微生物数量和4种酶活性之间呈显著或极显著正相关,玉米籽粒品质、产量及单株生物产量除与转化酶及磷酸酶活性部分相关不显著外,与土壤中的其它酶活性及微生物数量皆显著或极显著正相关。     

氮素形态对专用小麦中后期根际土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了酰胺态氮、铵态氮和硝态氮对强筋小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)\"豫麦34\"、中筋小麦\"豫麦49\"和弱筋小麦\"豫麦50\"生育中后期根际微生物和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,专用小麦根际真菌、细菌、放线菌数量和土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶活性以及根际pH值对氮素形态的反应不同.\"豫麦34\"施用硝态氮,对根际土壤真菌、细菌(除成熟期外)和放线菌数量均具有明显的促进作用;\"豫麦49\"施用铵态氮,根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量最大,根际真菌数量在孕穗期和开花期以酰胺态氮处理最大,而成熟期以硝态氮处理最大;\"豫麦50\"施用硝态氮,对根际土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量均具有明显的促进作用.不同专用小麦品种均表现为在酰胺态氮处理下,根际土壤脲酶活性最高;在铵态氮处理下,根际土壤蛋白酶活性最高;在硝态氮处理下,根际土壤硝酸还原酶活性和pH值最高.     

棉花根系分泌物对土壤速效养分和酶活性及微生物数量的影响

采用水培法收集棉花根系分泌物,在耕作1年的土壤中添加棉花根系分泌物,培养10 d后测定土壤中速效养分、酶活性及微生物数量.结果显示,(1)棉花根系分泌物能极显著提高土壤中速效K和速效P含量4.31%～15.03%和5.99%～24.31%(P<0.01);高浓度分泌物处理下速效N含量比对照显著提高11.39%(P<0.05),其它处理影响不显著;各浓度分泌物对土壤有机质含量均无显著影响.(2)各浓度棉花根系分泌物均使土壤中转化酶活性显著提高,且随分泌物浓度的增加而显著增强;低浓度分泌物能显著提高土壤中磷酸酶的活性,所有浓度处理对土壤脲酶活性均无显著影响.(3)中、高浓度的棉花根系分泌物能显著增加土壤中细菌的数量,低浓度的分泌物能显著增加土壤中真菌的数量,而不同浓度处理的土壤中放线菌的数量均无显著的变化.研究表明,棉花根系分泌物可通过促进土壤细菌及土壤真菌的繁殖来增强土壤转化酶和磷酸酶活性,提高土壤速效P、速效K及速效N含量,从而对棉花根际微环境产生深刻影响.     

接种AM真菌对PAEs污染土壤中微生物和酶活性的影响

土壤灭菌条件下 ,添加 5 0mg·kg-1DEHP和 5 0mg·kg-1DBP ,在温室进行盆栽试验 ,观察土壤施加DEHP与DBP和接种AM真菌 (Acaulosporalavis,光壁无梗球囊霉 ,菌号 :34)后菌根际 (简称A)、菌丝际 (简称B)和常规土 (简称C)中土壤微生物和部分土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明 ,土壤施加DEHP和DBP后 ,A、B和C层土中土壤微生物数量和土壤酶含量下降 ;接种AM真菌后 ,受AM直接影响的A和B层土中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量比不接种低 ,而C层土中三菌数量比不接种高 ;A和B层土中中性磷酸酶和脲酶含量下降 ,脱氢酶含量在A、C层土中下降 ,在B层土中稍有增加 ,AM对土壤脱氢酶活性影响不大。接种AM真菌没有降低DEHP和DBP对土壤微生物生长和土壤酶活性不利影响的程度     

Early effects of temperate agroforestry practices on soil organic matter and microbial enzyme activity

Plant and Soil - A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of alley cropping systems on microbial activity and soil organic matter (SOM) pools. We hypothesized that enzyme activity...     

Glycosyltransferases in plant and animal tissues effects of fixation and lead on enzyme activity.

As the initial step toward the cytochemical localization of glycosyl-transferases in situ, biochemical determinations of these enzyme activities from onion root tips and L1210 cells were performed before and after fixation as well as in the presence of lead ions. Glycosyltransferase activity from roots fixed in buffered formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde before homogenization decreased as the concentration of the fixative or fixation time was increased. Formaldehyde fixation was less inhibitory than glutaraldehyde; 35% of the glycosyltransferase activity was retained after 30 min fixation in 2% formaldehyde while 25% of the enzyme activity remained after a similar fixation in glutaraldehyde. Substantially higher levels of L1210 cell glycosyltransferase activity were retained after a 30 min 2% formaldehyde fixation (60% sialyltransferase; 82% galactosyltransferase), but inhibition by glutaraldehyde was similar to that observed for onion root galactosyltransferase. Glycosyltransferase from formaldehyde-fixed roots was inhbited 35% by lead nitrate, but sialytransferase from formaldehyde-fixed L1210 cells was unaffected by lead ions. These findings are encouraging for further studies aimed at the development of cytochemical technique to localize glycosyltransferase in plant and animal tissues.     

Fluoride effects on the activity of Rhus laccase and the catalytic mechanism under steady-state conditions

Laccase uses three types of Cu(II) sites to catalyze the reduction of O2 to H2O. Fluoride binds to the type 2 site. The effects of F- on the kinetics of O2 reduction were examined to determine the catalytic roles of the copper sites. Under steady-state conditions, F- rapidly inhibits the oxidation of dimethylphenylenediamine. Both reductant-dependent and -independent steps are inhibited. Rapid-freeze ESR spectra under steady-state conditions showed that F- decreased the steady-state concentrations of oxidized type 1 copper and oxidized type 2 copper while increasing the concentration of an oxygen radical intermediate. Stopped-flow kinetic experiments were used to determine the catalytic step(s) affected by F-. The most significant effect of F- was on the reductant-dependent rate of reduction of the type 3 site. While a strictly first-order dependence was observed in the absence of F-, a hyperbolic dependence was detected in the presence of F- indicating a limiting reductant-independent step. The steady-state kinetic rapid-freeze ESR and stopped-flow kinetic data are consistent with the implicated step being the reduction of the oxygen radical in an intermediate containing reduced type 1 and reduced type 2 copper. The results suggest a role for the type 2 Cu(I) site in binding the oxygen radical and catalyzing its reduction to H2O.     

The effect of plant material grown under elevated CO2 on soil respiratory activity

The biodegradability of aerial material from a C4 plant, sorghum grown under ambient (345 µmol mol^–1) and elevated (700 µmol mol^–1) atmospheric CO₂ concentrations were compared by measuring soil respiratory activity. Initial daily respiratory activity (measured over 10 h per day) increased four fold from 110 to 440 cm³ CO₂ 100g dry weight soil^–1 in soils amended with sorghum grown under either elevated or ambient CO₂. Although soil respiratory activity decreased over the following 30 days, respiration remained significantly higher (t-test;p>0.05) in soils amended with sorghum grown under elevated CO₂ concentrations. Analysis of the plant material revealed no significant differences in C:N ratios between sorghum grown under elevated or ambient CO₂. The reason for the differences in soil respiratory activity have yet to be elucidated. However if this trend is repeated in natural ecosystems, this may have important implications for C and N cycling.     

Functional activity of the liver under the conditions of immersion and effects of countermeasures

Ultrasound investigations (USI) of the liver, organs and vessels of the gastroduodenal area, as well as blood biochemistry, were performed in two groups of male volunteers on the 4th day of their stay in the conditions of “dry” immersion with and without the application of countermeasures, including the support load imitator (SLI) or high-frequency electromyostimulation. Using ¹³С-methacetin breath test (¹³C-MBT), two other groups were investigated for the effect of immersion on the detoxification activity and metabolic capacity of the liver and the efficacy of SLI. The performed USIs have identified deceleration in the hepatic venous flow and the signs of plethora in the abdominal venous system. Elevated blood levels were detected in pepsinogen, pancreatic amylase, bilirubin total, due to its unconjugated fraction, insulin, and C-peptide. The ¹³C-MBT has shown a slowdown in the rate of ¹³C-methacetin inactivation and a reduction in the hepatic metabolic capacity. The application of countermeasures during the immersion has not affected the ultrasound patterns of the hemodynamic rearrangement in both the liver and the abdomen. High frequency electromyostimulation during the immersion has neutralized the changes in all biochemical indicators except C-peptide, while the application of SLI has led to the restoration of only pepsinogen and amylase to the initial values. In addition, the use of SLI during the immersion counteracted the reduction in the ¹³C-methacetin inactivation rate and did not substantially affect the reduction in the metabolic capacity of the liver.     

Nitrate concentrations under winter wheat and in fallow soil during summer at Rothamsted

Summary Soil nitrate measurements were made on Broadbalk, under winter wheat and in adjacent fallow soil, during April-August in the years 1972 to 1975 with a nitrate ion selective electrode. The results are presented as pNO₃ values (=–log₁₀[NO₃]).For a given level of manurial N, annual mean pNO₃ values correlate with total rainfall for the period of measurement but not with percolation rate. On the N₂PKNaMg plot, a sharp decrease in nitrate concentration was consistently observed during May in fallow and cropped soil. During long dry periods, nitrate concentrations increased in the 5–25 cm zone in July and August, and on the FYM plot rose to maxima in July.Grain yield and annual mean pNO₃ values were very poorly correlated although the high pNO₃ (Nil and PKNaMg) plots gave much smaller yields than the low pNO₃ plots given N manures.The annual mean difference between (pNO₃)_fallow and (pNO₃)_crop correlated with grain yield on the N₂PKNaMg plot. In 1972, 1974 and 1975, minima in this difference were observed at Feekes' stages of development 6, 10 and 11.1 on this plot, representing depletion of soil nitrate by the crop. Quadratic curves, fitted to the effect of the period of cropping on this difference for the N₂PKNaMg and N₄PKNaMg plots during 1972–74, show maximum depletion of nitrate during June and July. Similar highly replicated measurements made on a commercial field of winter wheat (Long Hoos III at Rothamsted) in 1975 demonstrated well the depletions of nitrate in cropped soil at these stages of crop development. re]19760201     

Solvent isotope effects and the pH dependence of laccase activity under steady-state conditions

Solvent isotope effects and the pH dependence of laccase catalysis under steady-state conditions were examined with a rapid reductant to assess the potential roles of protein protic groups and the catalytic mechanism. The pH dependence of both reductant-dependent and reductant-independent steps showed bell-shaped profiles implicating at least two protic groups in each case. The apparent pKa values were: for the reductant-independent step(s), pK alpha 1 = 8.98 +/- 0.02 and pK alpha 2 = 5.91 +/- 0.03; for the reductant-dependent step(s), pK' alpha 1 = 7.55 +/- 0.12, pK' alpha 2 = 8.40 +/- 0.23. No solvent isotope effect on reductant-dependent steps was detected other than a standard shift effect. However, a significant solvent isotope effect on a reductant-independent step(s) was observed; kH/kD = 2.12 at the pH optimum of 7.5. The concentration dependence of the D2O effect indicated that a single proton was involved. Simulations of the p(H,D) data suggested that the solvent isotope effect was associated with the protein protic group required in its undissociated form (pK alpha 2). The pH effects on reductant-dependent steps are apparently associated with reductant-dependent steps that occur between O2 binding and water formation in the catalytic reaction sequence.