保安湖沙塘鳢的食性、繁殖、年龄及生长的研究

保安湖沙塘鳢１冬龄成熟,雌雄比１：１．３４,４月初至６月中旬繁殖;个体绝对繁殖力５４０—１９４３ｅｇｇ（１１５４±３１４ｅｇｇ）。渔获物中以体长８．０—１４．０ｃｍ,体重１０．０—４０．０ｇ,２、３龄个体为主。体长－体重关系为Ｗ＝０．０２１２９Ｌ３.０５８５。３龄前生长较快;雄鱼略快于雌鱼。肥满度冬春季较高,最高在３月。体长和体重与年龄的关系可用Ｂｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ生长方程描述,参数分别为：雌鱼Ｌ∞=１５．２９ｃｍ,ｋ＝０．４０７２,ｔ０＝０．１５９６,Ｗ∞＝８４．９ｇ;雄鱼Ｌ∞＝１６．７１ｃｍ,ｋ＝０．３７３６,ｔ０＝０．１０９５,Ｗ∞＝１１８．５ｇ;体重生长拐点年龄和拐点体重雌鱼分别为２．８６ａ和２５.１ｇ,雄鱼３．１３ａ和３５．４ｇ。     

岷江切尾拟鲿的年龄结构与生长特征

以2012年11—12月和2013年4—5月在长江上游岷江河口区域采集的436尾切尾拟鲿(Pseudobagrus truncatus)为研究对象,以耳石为年龄鉴定材料,对其年龄结构和生长特性进行了研究。结果表明:调查样本由1~6龄组成,以2~3龄鱼为主,占统计总量的81.82%;切尾拟鲿随着年龄的增长,雌鱼和雄鱼之间的体重、体长差异逐渐明显,体重与体长呈幂函数关系,雌、雄鱼体长与体重的关系式分别为:W♀=2×10-4L2.3822(n=193,R2=0.904,P0.01),W♂=2×10-4L2.4322(n=225,R2=0.884,P0.01),表明雌、雄鱼均属于异速生长型。选用Gompertz生长方程拟合其生长,雌、雄鱼体长生长方程分别为:♀:Lt=785.78e-1.36e-0.59 t,♂:Lt=926.35e-1.84e-0.42 t;雌、雄鱼体重生长方程分别为:♀:Wt=438.62 e-5.61e-0.45 t,♂:Wt=559.64e-5.49e-0.41 t。雌、雄鱼体长生长的拐点年龄分别为4.18龄和4.75龄,体重生长的拐点年龄分别为3.09龄和2.21龄。研究区的切尾拟鲿显现出低龄化和小型化趋势;为可持续开发利用,建议捕捞规格限制在100 mm(10 g)以上。     

华南地区外来鱼类革胡子鲶的年龄与生长

以2011年8月—2015年6月在华南地区主要水系采集的223尾革胡子鲶(Clarias gariepinus)为研究对象,以矢耳石磨片为主要年龄鉴定材料,对华南地区革胡子鲶种群的年龄结构和生长特征进行研究。结果表明:采集样本由1~3龄3个龄组组成,以1龄鱼为主,占样本总量的60.19%;雌、雄鱼体长与体重关系式分别为:W_♀=5.763×10~(-5)L~(2.737)(n=87,R~2=0.989)、W_♂=9.239×10~(-5)L~(2.631)(n=122,R~2=0.942),均为等速生长类型。选用Von Bertalanffy生长方程描述其生长,雌、雄鱼体长生长方程分别为:L_t=455.566(1-1877.112e~(-8.036t))、L_t=475.187(1-1.48e~(-0.908t))。体重生长方程分别为:W_t=1089.19(1-1877.112e~(-8.036t))~(2.737)、W_t=1019.66(1-1.48e~(-0.908t))~(2.631)。雌、雄鱼生长拐点年龄分别为1.07和1.64龄,拐点年龄处雌、雄鱼的体长分别为297.75和316.79 mm,体重分别为340.08和350.88 g;革胡子鲶野生种群的生长速度随着年龄增长而逐年降低,且性成熟年龄较低的个体生长速度大于性成熟年龄较高的个体,种群年龄结构简单,生产量大,种群数量呈上升趋势。     

摄食水平对不同性别食蚊鱼仔幼鱼生长发育的影响

在实验室27℃水温下,研究了少食、中食和饱食三个摄食水平对0至25日龄雌雄食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)的生长发育特征和饵料利用效率的影响。26d饲养实验结束后,对试验鱼摄食和生长指标、臀鳍分化、性成熟及饵料转换效率进行分析。结果显示:到臀鳍开始分化时,饱食组雄鱼的累计摄食总能量和生长速度开始小于雌鱼,且随日龄的增加差异加大;随摄食水平的增加,0日龄仔鱼到臀鳍分化和性成熟的时间缩短。至实验结束,各摄食组的雄鱼均形成发育完善的生殖足,性腺都达到成熟状态;而雌鱼性成熟迟于雄鱼,且其性成熟更易受到摄食水平的影响,饱食组只有约50%的个体达到性成熟,少食组的卵母细胞则均处在小生长期。随着摄食水平的增加,雌雄鱼的体长、体重和干物质特定生长率均呈明显上升趋势,而干物质饵料转化效率则呈明显下降趋势;实验结束时,雌鱼的生长指标和干物质饵料转化率均大于雄鱼。以上结果表明,伴随臀鳍的分化,食蚊鱼在摄食、生长、发育、性成熟和应对食物丰度变化上表现出显著的性别差异。     

南方鲇的繁殖生物学研究：繁殖时间,产卵条件和产卵行为

南方鲇的雌鱼３－４龄性达成熟,雄鱼２—３龄性达成熟;在此期间,同龄组中已成熟个体的体长、体重、肥满度和成熟系数的平均值均大于未成熟个体。繁殖期为３月中旬至５月中旬,其间,嘉陵江平均水温为１５—２４℃。雌鱼的性腺在６－８月由Ⅵ期退化至Ⅱ期,９至１１月经Ⅲ期发育至Ⅵ期,１２月至来年２月以Ⅳ期性腺状况越冬。雌、雄鱼成熟系数周年曲线均为单峰型,该种鱼为单批产卵类型。产卵场为流水卵石浅滩,水深０．４－１．５ｍ,流速每秒０．７ｍ左右。产卵前雌雄亲鱼有相互激烈追逐、咬斗的发情行为．     

雅鲁藏布江中游双须叶须鱼群体繁殖力与繁殖策略研究

双须叶须鱼Ptychobarbus dipogon隶属裂腹鱼亚科, 叶须鱼属, 是西藏特有经济鱼类, 研究通过对其繁殖力和繁殖策略的研究, 旨在为双须叶须鱼的科学保护和合理开发提供理论依据。于2013年2月至3月以及2014年2月中旬至6月中旬, 在雅鲁藏布江中游区段采集到1030尾双须叶须鱼, 雄鱼体长主要集中在325—400 mm, 雌鱼体长主要集中在375 mm以上, 其中Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期的雌鱼65尾, 体长为320—500 mm, 体重为411.6—1328.0 g。采用SL50%的方法, 雌鱼初次性成熟体长为360.90 mm, 初次性成熟年龄为13.0龄; 雄鱼初次性成熟体长为354.53 mm, 初次性成熟年龄为13.5龄。从不同月份不同性腺发育期所占比例, 不同月份的性体指数变化以及不同月份卵径分布图, 可以看出双须叶须鱼属于同步产卵类型, 集中在2—4月份。双须叶须鱼平均绝对繁殖力为3487粒, 平均相对体长繁殖力为7.2粒/mm, 平均相对体重繁殖力为4.3粒/g, 绝对繁殖力与体长、体重呈正相关, 与年龄无显著相关性。群体性比为1.23 鲶1。综上所述, 双须叶须鱼是繁殖力较低、性成熟较晚和繁殖期较短的鱼类, 我们针对其繁殖特性提出了一些保护性建议。     

雅鲁藏布江中游双须叶须鱼群体繁殖力与繁殖策略研究（英文）

双须叶须鱼Ptychobarbus dipogon隶属裂腹鱼亚科,叶须鱼属,是西藏特有经济鱼类,研究通过对其繁殖力和繁殖策略的研究,旨在为双须叶须鱼的科学保护和合理开发提供理论依据。于2013年2月至3月以及2014年2月中旬至6月中旬,在雅鲁藏布江中游区段采集到1030尾双须叶须鱼,雄鱼体长主要集中在325—400 mm,雌鱼体长主要集中在375 mm以上,其中Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期的雌鱼65尾,体长为320—500 mm,体重为411.6—1328.0 g。采用SL50%的方法,雌鱼初次性成熟体长为360.90 mm,初次性成熟年龄为13.0龄;雄鱼初次性成熟体长为354.53 mm,初次性成熟年龄为13.5龄。从不同月份不同性腺发育期所占比例,不同月份的性体指数变化以及不同月份卵径分布图,可以看出双须叶须鱼属于同步产卵类型,集中在2—4月份。双须叶须鱼平均绝对繁殖力为3487粒,平均相对体长繁殖力为7.2粒/mm,平均相对体重繁殖力为4.3粒/g,绝对繁殖力与体长、体重呈正相关,与年龄无显著相关性。群体性比为1.23鲶1。综上所述,双须叶须鱼是繁殖力较低、性成熟较晚和繁殖期较短的鱼类,我们针对其繁殖特性提出了一些保护性建议。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼年龄与生长的研究

根据在长江中游嘉鱼至新滩口江段采集的瓦氏黄颡鱼标本,对其年龄与生长进行了研究。以脊椎骨为年龄鉴定材料,胸鳍棘和耳石作为对照材料。透射光下,脊椎骨上较宽的暗带和较窄的亮带相间排列成同心圆环,一个暗带和一个亮带构成一个年轮。2—7月形成新年轮,脊椎骨上不存在幼轮。雌、雄鱼的脊椎骨半径与体长呈显著的正相关,回归方程分别为:L_♀=6.95 131.46R-10.12R~2,L_♂=18.06 113.64R-1.70R~2。体长与体重的关系方程分别为:W_♀=1.85×10~(-5)L~(2.98),W_♂=1.69×10~(-5)L~(2.55)。雌鱼为等速生长,雄鱼为异速生长。雌、雄鱼的生长存在差异,1龄后雄鱼生长明显快于雌鱼。雌、雄鱼适宜的生长方程分别为:♀:L_t=300.88e~(-1.67e~(-0.42t)),W_t=511.77e~(-4.98e~(-0.38t)),♂:L_t=415.15e~(-1.96e~(-0.33t)),W_t=777.53e~(-4.92e~(-0.32t))。雌鱼体长、体重生长的拐点年龄分别为1.22龄和4.22龄,雄鱼分别为2.04龄和4.98龄。     

北京地区宽鳍(魚巤)的生长及食性

2004-2006年,作者对分布于北京市怀柔水库上游入库河流怀沙河和怀九河宽鳍鱲的生物学进行了研究。结果显示:北京地区宽鳍鱲年龄组成较小,雄鱼最大3龄,雌鱼最大2龄。体长和体重相关关系式为:W=9×10-6L3.1947(r=0.9784),其种群呈异速增长。1龄组雌雄鱼体长和体重无显著差异,2龄组雄鱼体长和体重显著大于雌鱼,可能与雌鱼性成熟后生长速度减慢有关。雄鱼VonBertalanffy生长方程为:Lt=121.56×(1-e-0.3718(t 0.6272)),最大体长121.56mm;Wt=41.16×(1-e-0.3718(t 0.6272))3,最大体重41.16g;生长拐点tr=2.41龄;雌鱼最大为2龄,未能拟合VonBertalanffy生长方程。丰满度和饱食指数均呈周年变化,这可能与水温变化和繁殖期的影响有关。北京地区的宽鳍鱲为植食性,主要摄食硅藻,取食具选择性,且获得的食物量与藻类的多度一定程度上正相关。雌雄性比接近1∶1,1冬龄性成熟;繁殖期5-7月,5月份成熟系数最高。与嘉陵江种群相比,北京种群体长、体重均小于嘉陵江种群;食性上,前人研究认为嘉陵江种群为肉食性,但经我们重新鉴定,嘉陵江种群也为植食性,个别肉食性食物成分可能是随摄食的藻类带入的;在年龄组成、种群增长方式、性比及繁殖特性上,未发现二者有明显差异。基于北京地区宽鳍鱲的生物学特性,结合该地区的环境特点,我们建议通过控制捕捞数量、选择最适捕捞时间、保护原有生境来维持北京地区宽鳍鱲资源的可持续利用。     

东方田鼠长江亚种（ Microtus fortis calam orum ）的生长与发育

１９９３年１０月－１９９５年５月室内饲养东方田鼠的结果显示：幼鼠３日龄耳壳安全直立,４日龄能辨雌雄,８日龄披毛长全,８－１０日龄睁眠,１０日龄左右牙齿长全,１５－２０日龄可独立生活。冬季出生的约２个月性成熟,春季出生珠约５０天性成熟。其体重生长曲线珂用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ曲线方程进行拟合。     

New information on age and growth in length of Micromesistius australis,Norman 1937 (Pisces,Gadidae), in the South-West Atlantic

Summary Sagittal otoliths were used for age determination in 1121 specimens of Micromesistius australis, caught in waters of the South-West Atlantic during the cruises made by the ships Walther Herwig and Shinkai Maru in agreement with the Argentine Republic, during the years 1978 and 1978/1979, respectively. The interpretation of growth rings required the otoliths to undergo a paraffin wax embedding and cutting technique. The relations otolith length-fish length and fish length-half otolith width were linear. Thus, back calculations, when necessary, were made by a simple extrapolation. Numbers of males and females were nearly equal, resulting in a sex ratio of 1:1.09. Length frequencies and age distributions were calculated for each sex separately. A significant difference in growth between sexes was found, curves for each were derived. A linear, regression was made and the Von Bertalanffy equation estimated as: Lt=56.90 [1-e^{-0.1983 (t+1.84)}], in males, and Lt=60.08 [1-e^{-0.1769 (t+2.07)}] in females, with Lt in cm and t in years. For estimation of these equation parameters age groups 2–16 years in males and 2–22 years in females were taken into account. All theoretical Lt values and almost all observed lengths for females were greater than those of males in corresponding age groups. Previously published observations about M. australis on this subject, are not in agreement or only in partial accord with present results. These are discussed. Original photographs of otolith cross sections illustrating age determination methods are presented for the first time in age and growth studies of this species.     

光倒刺鲃的年龄与生长的初步研究

研究了光倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus hollandi)的年龄与生长规律,结果表明:光倒刺鲃鳞片年轮特征主要为疏密切割型。体长与鳞长呈直线相关L=44.44R-11.69,体重与体长呈指数函数相关W=0.0258L2.9125,4龄以前生长较快,生长指标高,体长指标高,体长和体重的相对增长率大,其生长规律可用Von Bertalanffy方程表达:Lt=67.3[1-e-0.2018(t-0.1338)],Wt=5441.44[1-e-0.2018(t-0.1338)]3。体重生长曲线的拐点位于t=5.678,拐点体长Lr=45.313cm,拐点体重Wr=1660.885g。光倒刺鲃雌性一般在3~4龄性成熟,雄鱼3龄时性成熟。     

Turnover and recruitment in a tundra population of Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus

The population dynamics of tundra-nesting Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus tundrius was studied over 7 years on a 450 km² study area in the Keewatin District of Canada's Northwest Territories. Peregrines showed strong fidelity to nest sites; none of 25 males ringed changed territories, while five of 38 females ringed were recorded changing territories. Such changes usually occurred after nesting failure. Annual turnover of territorial adults was estimated to be 22% (15% for males and 26% for females). Annual mortality of adults was estimated to be 17% (15% for males and 19% for females). If we assumed that territory vacancies, in addition to mate replacements, were indicative of mortality, then maximum annual mortality was estimated at 24% for each sex. Territories were held only by adult Peregrines. The oldest male on territory was at least 7 years old, the youngest was 2. The oldest female on territory was at least 7 years old, the youngest was 3. Territories were held by individuals of each sex for at least 6 years. One pair remained together for at least 4 years. Less than 4% of all young Peregrines produced on the study area in the first 5 years of the study were recruited into the breeding population. More male than female young were recruited despite an even sex ratio among nestlings. Peregrines did poorly in their first breeding attempts. The single young female recruited into the study population dispersed more than three times the median dispersal distance of six recruited males, suggesting that other females probably dispersed beyond the boundaries of the study area.     

Age and growth of albacore Thunnus alalunga in the North Pacific Ocean

The age and growth of North Pacific albacore Thunnus alalunga were investigated using obliquely sectioned sagittal otoliths from samples of 126 females and 148 males. Otolith edge analysis indicated that the identified annulus in a sagittal otolith is primarily formed during the period from September to February. The assessments of the fish age at first annulus formation indicated that the first annulus represents an age of <1 year. This study presents an age estimate (0·75 years) for the formation of the first annulus. The oldest fish ages observed in this study were 10 years for females and 14 years for males. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters of females estimated were L(∞) = 103·5 cm in fork length (L(F) ), K = 0·340 year(-1) and t(0) = -0·53 years, and the parameters of males were L(∞) = 114·0 cm, K = 0·253 year(-1) and t(0) = -1·01 years. Sexual size dimorphism between males and females seemed to occur after reaching sexual maturity. The coefficients of the power function for expressing the L(F) -mass relationship obtained from sex-pooled data were a = 2·964 × 10(-5) and b = 2·928.     

长江上游圆筒吻(鱼句)年龄与生长的研究

于2008—2010年在长江上游四川合江和重庆木洞江段共采集圆筒吻鮈样本511尾,研究了其年龄与生长特征,并提出了合理的鱼类资源保护对策。结果表明,所采集的圆筒吻鮈分6个年龄组,2—4龄居多,占95.7%;体长与鳞径为直线正相关,雌雄群体间无显著差异,表达式为L=51.28 R+37.45(r=0.85,n=397);各龄组、雌雄群体的实测体长均值和退算体长均值无明显差异(t=0.751,P>0.05);体长与体重呈幂函数关系,雌雄群体间无显著差异,表达式为W=8×10 6L3.099(r=0.97,n=397),其生长属等速增长类型;生长规律可以用von Bertalanffy方程表示,分别为:Lt=348.78[1 e 0.18(t+1.15)],Wt=603.17[1 e 0.18(t+1.15)]3.099;生长拐点处的年龄为5.12,此时的体长和体重分别为236.23 mm和180.33 g;圆筒吻鮈个体出现小型化现象;根据研究,长江上游圆筒吻鮈处于不合理的开发状态,应限制捕捞、加强保护。     

Age, growth and feeding in the ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta Ascanius 1767

A study of the age, growth and feeding of the protogynous wrasse Labrus bergylta (Teleostei: Labridae) was made on 25 male and 316 female specimens taken from the southern coasts of the Isle of Man from October 1972 to October 1974. Age determination and back-calculations for length were made from the opercular bones. The oldest male and female specimens were 29 and 25 years old respectively. The growth curves showed only a slight increase in growth rate after sexual inversion, and a pattern of slow irregular increase, with no pronounced levelling off in old fish. The time of sexual inversion varied widely: intersexual specimens of 5 and 14 years were found. The youngest functional male was 6 years old. The weight/length relationships of males and females were very similar and the following equation, derived from all individuals, was used to calculate weights for age utilizing the back-calculated lengths:
The mouth, pharyngeal teeth and gut length to fish length ratio (0.622) suggested an omnivorous diet. Analysis of gut contents confirmed this, with decapod Crustacea, isopods and molluscs the dominant food items. There were seasonal changes in feeding intensity and composition of the diet, related to temperature changes, onshore-offshore migration patterns, availability of food items, and changes in habitat associated with maturation.     

Composition, growth and conditionindex for a population of Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae), in a pond in Heredia, Costa Rica

A pond population of Poecilia reticulata was studied in Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica, between September and November of 1998. The sex ratio was 1:0.49 (males:females). The mean total length was 34.43 +/- 7.26 mm for females, 23.50 +/- 2.24 mm for males and 12.27 +/- 3.41 mm for juveniles. The mean total weight was 0.69 +/- 0.48 g for females: and 0.16 +/- 0.05 g for males and 0.026 +/- 0.027 g for juveniles. The total length-weight relationship for the total population was P= 6 x 10(-5) Lt 3.3272 (r2 = 0.9613). The condition index equation was K = 25.755 e(0.004Lt) (r2 = 0.8925) for females and K = 26.767 e(0.003Lt) (r2 = 0.907) for males. The mean condition index was 31.29 +/- 0.55% for females and 28.52 +/- 0.19% for males. Both sexes reached the sexual maturity when the males and females overcame the 20.00 mm and 23.5 mm of Lt respectively.     

A skeletochronological study of breeding females in a population of Japanese clouded salamanders (Hynobius nebulosus)

The age structure of breeding females of Hynobius nebulosus has not been studied sufficiently. We estimated the ages of 76 individuals from a population in Kyoto by using skeletochronology. The mean age and snout-vent length (SVL) of this population were 4.6 years and 55.7 mm, respectively. It was estimated that the youngest females breed two years post hatching at a mean SVL of 46.5 mm, but a larger number of individuals begins breeding at three years and a mean SVL of 52.2 mm. Because most males also start to breed at three years, there seems to be no gender difference in the timing of sexual maturation. The age of the oldest female was estimated to be 11.8 years. It is possible that the life history of H. nebulosus is characterized by early maturation and arrested growth, and short longevity.     

Growth, maturation and survival of frogs Rana temporaria L.

A total of 1560 breeding frogs were collected in three consecutive years at sites in the west of Ireland. Alt were weighed and measured and the ages of 702 individuals were determined by skeletochronology. The length-weight relationship differed between gravid females, spent females and males, with the gravid females showing the largest weight gain for any increase in length. The majority of males bred for the first time at two years, but most females delayed maturity until they were a year older. While the two-year olds were of similar size, the females subsequently grew at a faster rate and achieved larger maximal sizes than the males. However, both sexes exhibited a decelerating growth rate with age. There was no apparent difference between the sexes in post-maturation survival, which was estimated to be about 50% annually. The oldest frogs were seven years old.     

大别山区黑沟绿太阳鱼种群的形态特征研究

绿太阳鱼是2015年4月在大别山区淠河流域支流中新发现的入侵鱼类。利用2015年7月从黑沟中采集的78尾绿太阳鱼标本，对该物种的形态特征进行了详细测量和分析。结果发现绿太阳鱼种群内的形态相似性较高，但还存在一定的形态差异。相比性别，年龄是造成这种形态差异的主要原因。雄性从Ⅰ龄开始出现显著的形态分化，而雌性差异并不显著。这种形态学的差异完全符合雄鱼筑巢护卵的习性，具体表现在雄鱼头部指标（D1-2、D2-3、眼间距、眼后头长、头长）、臀鳍附近指标（D5-7、D5-8）、背鳍基部指标（D6-8）和尾柄处指标（D9-10）增大。同时相比Ⅰ龄以上的雄鱼，雌鱼和0龄雄鱼的尾柄指标（D8-10、D8-9）较长，身体更适于流水环境。这种雌雄体型上的变化，将有助于雄鱼占领溪流环境中的静水区（深潭），而雌鱼和0龄鱼占领流水区（急滩、湍流），这为该种群适应山区溪流的水文环境，合理分配生态位提供了便利条件，同时也使其对大别山区其他鱼类具有较大的生态危害潜力。