海南岛菜萨蛛属2新种（蜘蛛目：球蛛科）

作者在进行中国海南岛及西沙群岛无脊椎动物资源调查研究时,发现了蜘蛛目球蛛科莱萨蛛属2新种,命名为半月莱萨蛛Lasaeola lunata sp．nov．和锥莱萨蛛Lasaeola fastigata sp．nov．。所有标本均保存在河北大学生命科学学院。文中测量单位为mm。     

螺旋哈蛛雌蛛的描述（蜘蛛目：跳蛛科）

哈蛛属Hasarina自1963年Schenkel建立以来,至今仅知一种,即螺旋哈蛛Hasarina contortospinosa Schenkel, 1963 (Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., 25A: 462—464, f. 262)模式标本釆自甘肃。Schenkel仅记述了雄性个体。继后 Wesolowska 于1981年再次报道了该种,也仅记述了雄性个体。(Ann.Zool. Warszawa, 36(7): 132—133, f. 10—13)。笔者整理我国跳蛛科蜘蛛标本时,从采自福建崇安、湖南张家界、四川峨眉山的标本中,发现了该种雌蛛,现将其补充描述于下。     

中国拟平腹蛛属一新种(蜘蛛目:拟平腹蛛科)

拟平腹蛛属(Zodarium Walckenaer,1847)我国仅记载辽拟平腹蛛(Zodarium chaoyangense Zhu et Zhu,1983)一种,笔者在镜检河北农田蜘蛛标本过程中,又发现一新种。至此,我国该属已有二种,为了便于比较研究,本文一并记述如下。     

卵形栅蛛雄蛛的描述(蜘蛛目:栅蛛科)

在整理湖南的标本时,鉴定到一种栅蛛,其外雌器的内部结构与卵形栅蛛相同。该种是宋大祥等于1982年(动物学集刊,2:81—84)发表的一个新种,但它们仅记述了雌性个体,现将其雄性作一补充描述。     

中国瘤胸蛛属二新种（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科：微蛛亚科）

本文描述了在湖北省神农架林区采到的微蛛亚科瘤胸蛛属(Oedothorax)二新种:裂缝瘤胸蛛,新种Oedothorax rimatus sp.nov.和穿孔瘤胸蛛,新种Oedothorax foratus sp.nov.。模式标本均保存于白求恩医科大学生物教研室。     

中国瘤胸蛛属一新种（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科：微蛛亚科）

本文描述了采自湖北省神农架林区的微蛛亚科瘤胸蛛属Oedothorax一新种:毛丘瘤胸蛛,新种Oedothorax collinus sp.nov.这一新种雄蛛头胸部背侧隆突上生有短毛,触肢胫节多突起。雌蛛外雌器背板略隆起。模式标本保存于白求恩医科大学生物教研室。     

台湾管巢蛛和樟木管巢蛛的雄性新发现(蜘蛛目,管巢蛛科)

作者在进行中国管巢蛛属系统学研究时,发现了管巢蛛科管巢蛛属2雄性新发现:台湾管巢蛛Clubiona taiwanica Ono,1994和樟木管巢蛛Clubiona zhangmuensis Hu et Li,1987.这两种以前描述时均只有雌性,在此予以补充描述.所有标本保存在河北大学生命科学学院.文中测量单位为mm.     

拟荒漠豹蛛雌蛛的记述

拟荒漠豹蛛Pardosa paratesquorum为Schenkel(1963)报道的我国狼蛛新种,但笔者在研究中国狼蛛时发现,原描述中雌、雄配对有误。由于Schenkel指定雄蛛为本种的模式标本,故现将其配对的雌蛛作一补充报道。原Schenkel记述的雌蛛已作为新种(似荒漠豹蛛Pardosa tesquoroides)另文报道。拟荒漠豹蛛Pardosa paratesquorum Schenkel,1963雌蛛体长6.3—8.5mm。背甲深褐色。正中斑黄色,前端膨大,起自后眼列后缘,此斑在颈沟处明显内凹。放射沟清晰。侧斑由2—3个间断的黄色斑点组成。前眼列前凹,短于中眼列。前中眼明显大于前侧眼;前中眼间距大于前…     

中国幽蛛属两新种(蜘蛛目,平腹蛛科)

记述了中国平腹蛛科Gnaphosidae幽蛛属Sco-tophaeus 2新种：思茅幽蛛Scotophaeus simaoensis sp．nov．和明才幽蛛Scotophaeus mingcaii sp．nov．。思茅幽蛛,新种Scotophaeus simaoensis Zhang,Yin et Bao,sp．nov．(图1～6)。正模♀,副模17♀♀,云南思茅,1979年3月3～4日;1♀,湖南沅江,1979年3月29日,王家福采。本种与布氏幽蛛Scotophaeus blackwallii(Thorell,1871)相似,但它们有如下不同：外雌器腹面观前端正中有1较大的角质兜,两侧褶襞之间相距较窄;纳精囊形状很不相同。交媾管较短,弯曲呈半圆形,后者呈螺旋形。新种以模式产地命名。明才幽蛛,新种Scotophaeus mingcaii Yin,Zhang et Bao,sp．nov．(图7～11)。正模♀,湖南大庸市,1986年6～7月,张明才采。本种与布氏幽蛛Scotophaeus blackwallii(Thorell,1871)近似,但它们有如下不同：外雌器腹面观前端正中无角质兜,两侧褶襞短,合抱呈心形。纳精囊与交媾管之间有1个扭曲,交媾管弯曲呈“U”形。新种以采集者名字命名。模式标本保存于湖南师范大学生命科学学院。文中量度单位为mm。     

中国疣舟蛛属一新种：蜘蛛目：皿蛛科

本文记述１９９０年６月间采自吉林省长白山区的疣舟蛛属一新种,并对该种的雌雄蛛形态进行了描述,同时将该新种与其近似种进行了比较。模式标本均保存在白求恩医科大学生物教研室。     

Insights into the bacterial symbiont diversity in spiders

Most spiders are natural enemies of pests, and it is beneficial for the biological control of pests to learn the relationships between symbionts and their spider hosts. Research on the bacterial communities of insects has been conducted recently, but only a few studies have addressed the bacterial communities of spiders. To obtain a complete overview of the microbial communities of spiders, we examined eight species of spider (Pirata subpiraticus, Agelena difficilis, Artema atlanta, Nurscia albofasciata, Agelena labyrinthica, Ummeliata insecticeps, Dictis striatipes, and Hylyphantes graminicola) with high‐throughput sequencing based on the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The bacterial communities of the spider samples were dominated by five types of endosymbionts, Wolbachia, Cardinium, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, and Rickettsiella. The dominant OTUs (operational taxonomic units) from each of the five endosymbionts were analyzed, and the results showed that different spider species were usually dominated by special OTUs. In addition to endosymbionts, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Acinetobacter, Novosphingobium, Aquabacterium, Methylobacterium, Brevundimonas, Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Citrobacter, Arthrobacter, Pseudonocardia, Microbacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus were detected in spider samples in our study. Moreover, the abundance of Sphingomonas, Methylobacterium, Brevundimonas, and Rhizobium in the spider D. striatipes was significantly higher (p < .05) than the bacterial abundance of these species in seven other spider species. These findings suggest that same as in insects, co‐infection of multiple types of endosymbionts is common in the hosts of the Araneae order, and other bacterial taxa also exist in spiders besides the endosymbionts.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

New Coleoptera records for New Brunswick, Canada: Kateretidae, Nitidulidae, Cerylonidae, Endomychidae, Coccinellidae, and Latridiidae

We report 20 new species records for the Coleoptera fauna in New Brunswick, Canada, five of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, including one species that is new for Canada. One species of Kateretidae, Kateretes pusillus (Thunberg) is newly recorded for New Brunswick and the Maritime provinces. Stelidota octomaculata (Say), Phenolia grossa (Fabricius), andCryptarcha strigatula Parsons of the family Nitidulidae are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick; the latter species is new to the Maritime provinces. Two species of Cerylonidae, Philothermus glabriculus LeConte and Cerylon unicolor (Ziegler), are reported for the first time for New Brunswick. Philothermus glabriculus is new for the Maritime provinces. Two species of Endomychidae, Hadromychus chandleri Bousquet and Leschen and Danae testacea (Ziegler) are newly recorded for New Brunswick. Three species of Coccinelidae, Stethorus punctum punctum (LeConte), Naemia seriata seriata Melsheimer, and Macronaemia episcopalis (Kirby) are added to the provincial list. Macronaemia episcopalis (Kirby) is a species new to the Maritime provinces. Nine species of Latridiidae, Cartodere nodifer (Westwood), Dienerella ruficollis (Marsham), Enicmus aterrimus Motschulsky, Enicmus fictus Fall, Encimus histrio Jay and Tomlin, Lathridius minutus (Linnaeus), Stephostethus productus Rosenhauer, Corticaria elongata (Gyllenhal), and Corticarina longipennis (LeConte) are newly recorded for New Brunswick. Stephostehus productus is newly recorded from Canada. Collection and habitat data are presented for all these species.     

Substance,rights, value,and abortion

Most serious contemporary opposition to abortion is grounded on the belief that human fetuses are members of the same moral category as beings like us, and that the loss of any such life is one of the worst possible losses. Substance view theorists oppose abortion for this reason: in their view beings like us are essentially rational substances with inherent moral worth, and those who perform induced abortion fail to recognize this moral worth. In a recent series of articles, Rob Lovering presents reductio‐style arguments against the substance view, in part arguing that it is inconsistent with our intuitions in rescue and spontaneous abortion cases. In a recent reply, Henrik Friberg‐Fernros argues that the substance view can evade these problematic implications because of a distinction between killing and letting die. According to this argument, the fetus’s right to life is a negative right not to be killed, not a positive right to be rescued, thus the anti‐abortion theorist who lets fetuses die acts acceptably. I argue this stance fails to recognize the inherent moral worth that the substance view contends fetuses possess. One who refrains from saving a person, or doesn’t care how many people she saves, cannot reasonably claim to value life. Furthermore, this stance is at odds with most contemporary anti‐abortion views that oppose induced abortions of both the killing and letting die variety.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.     

Conjugates of abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, ethylene, gibberellins, and jasmonates

Phytohormones, including auxins, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, and jasmonates, are involved in all aspects of plant growth, and developmental processes as well as environmental responses. However, our understanding of hormonal homeostasis is far from complete. Phytohormone conjugation is considered as a part of the mechanism to control cellular levels of these compounds. Active phytohormones are changed into multiple forms by acylation, esterification or glycosylation, for example. It seems that conjugated compounds could serve as pool of inactive phytohormones that can be converted to active forms by de-conjugation reactions. Some conjugates are thought to be temporary storage forms, from which free active hormones can be released after hydrolysis. It is also believed that conjugation serves functions, such as irreversible inactivation, transport, compartmentalization, and protection against degradation. The nature of abscisic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, gibberellin, and jasmonate conjugates is discussed.     

Genes, exercise, growth, and the sedentary, obese child.

It is still not possible to provide an evidence-based answer to the question of whether regular exercise is essential for normal growth. It is also unclear whether very low levels of exercise result in growth deficits. Regular exposure to exercise is characterized by heterogeneity in responsiveness, with most individuals experiencing improvements in fitness traits but a significant proportion showing only very minor gains. Whether a sedentary mode of life during the growing years results in a permanent deficit in cardiorespiratory fitness or a diminished ability to respond favorably to regular exercise later in life remains to be investigated. Although several genes have been associated with fitness levels or response to regular exercise, the quality of the evidence is weak mainly because studies are statistically underpowered. The special case of the obese, sedentary child is discussed, and the importance of the "energy gap" in the excess weight gain during growth is highlighted. Obese, sedentary children have high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, elevated glycemia and type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, respiratory problems, orthopedic complications, and other health disorders more frequently than normal weight, physically active children. The role of genetic differences in the inclination to be sedentary or physically active is reviewed. An understanding of the true role of genetic differences and regular exercise on the growth of children will require more elaborate paradigms incorporating not only DNA sequence variants and exercise exposure but also information on nutrition, programming, and epigenetic events during fetal life and early postnatal years.     

Biofuels, facts, fantasy, and feasibility

It is frequently claimed that green algae are intrinsically more productive, often by orders of magnitude, than higher plants commonly grown as crops for food. There is no firm evidence for this belief. On the contrary, there is much experience which shows that algae are not more but less productive. Under optimal conditions, all green organisms photosynthesize at the same rate in low light and, whilst commonly cultivated ‘sun’ species show some differences in rate in full light, these do not translate into widely different rates of accumulation of biomass. Accordingly, irrespective of crop, one acre of land, pond or bioreactor, can annually yield about enough biomass to fuel one motor vehicle or meet the calorific requirement of several people. This amount of biomass is not sufficient to make other than a very small contribution to our present road transport requirements and yet contributes significantly to global food shortages and rising prices. Reliable evidence also suggests that, if all of the inputs are taken into account, the net energy gain of liquid biofuels, derived either from algae or terrestrial crops, is either very modest or non-existent and will therefore bring about little or no sparing of carbon dioxide emissions.     

New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Stenotrachelidae, Oedemeridae, Meloidae, Myceteridae, Boridae, Pythidae, Pyrochroidae, Anthicidae, and Aderidae

We report 19 new species records for the faunal list of Coleoptera in New Brunswick, Canada, six of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, and one of which is new Canadian record. We also provide the first recent records for five additional species in New Brunswick. One new species of Stenotrachelidae, Cephaloon ungulare LeConte, is added to the New Brunswick faunal list. Additional records are provided for Cephaloon lepturides Newman, as well the first recent record of Nematoplus collaris LeConte. Two species of Oedemeridae, Asclera puncticollis (Say) and Asclera ruficollis (Say), are newly reported for New Brunswick, and additional locality and bionomic data are provided for Calopus angustus LeConte and Ditylus caeruleus (Randall). The records of Ditylus caerulus are the first recent records for the province. Three species of Meloidae, Epicauta pestifera Werner, Lytta sayi LeConte, and Meloe augustcollis Say are reported the first time for New Brunswick; Epicauta pestifera is newly recorded in Canada. Lacconotus punctatus LeConte and the family Mycteridaeis newly recorded for New Brunswick. The first recent records of Borus unicolor Say (Boridae) are reported from the province. One new species of Pythidae, Pytho siedlitzi Blair, and the first recent records of Pytho niger Kirby are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Three species of Pyrochroidae are newly reported for the province, including Pedilus canaliculatus (LeConte) and Pedilus elegans (Hentz), which are new for the Maritime provinces. Five species of Anthicidae and the first recent record of Anthicus cervinus LaFerté-Sénectére are newly reported for New Brunswick. Anthicus melancholicus LaFerté-Sénectère, Sapintus pubescens (LaFerté-Sénectère), Notoxus bifasciatus (LeConte), and Stereopalpus rufipes Casey are new to the Maritime provinces faunal list. Ambyderus granularis (LeConte) is removed from the faunal list of the province. Three species of Aderidae, Vanonus huronicus Casey, Zonantes fasciatus (Melsheimer), and Zonantes pallidusWerner, are newly recorded for New Brunswick; Zonantes fasciatus and Vanonus huronicus are new for the Maritime provinces' faunal list. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.     

Incorporating Science,Technology, Fairness,and Accountability in Environmental,Health, and Safety Decisions

The Precautionary Principle is in sharp political focus today because (1) the nature of scientific uncertainty is changing and (2) there is increasing pressure to base governmental action on more “rational” schemes, such as cost-benefit analysis and quantitative risk assessment, the former being an embodiment of ‘rational choice theory’ promoted by the Chicago school of law and economics. The Precautionary Principle has been criticized as being both too vague and too arbitrary to form a basis for rational decision making. The assumption underlying this criticism is that any scheme not based on cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment is both irrational and without secure foundation in either science or economics. This paper contests that view and makes explicit the rational tenets of the Precautionary Principle within an analytical framework as rigorous as uncertainties permit, and one that mirrors democratic values embodied in regulatory, compensatory, and common law. Unlike other formulations that reject risk assessment, this paper argues that risk assessment can be used within the formalism of tradeoff analysis—a more appropriate alternative to traditional cost-benefit analysis and one that satisfies the need for well-grounded public policy decision making. This paper will argue that the precautionary approach is the most appropriate basis for policy, even when large uncertainties do not exist, especially where the fairness of the distributions of costs and benefits of hazardous activities and products are a concern. Furthermore, it will offer an approach to making decisions within an analytic framework, based on equity and justice, to replace the economic paradigm of utilitarian cost-benefit analysis.