横断山区蝶类的垂直分布及其多样性

2006年对横断山区蝶类的垂直分布进行了调查,共发现蝴蝶603种,隶属12科229属,其中,蛱蝶科在属数、种类数和个体数量上均为最多,绢蝶科、珍蝶科和喙蝶科种类数量很少,但都是该区域的珍稀蝶类.从山麓到山地上部,沿高程梯度,蝴蝶群落的差异明显,无论是种类组成还是群落多样性特征,蝴蝶群落都呈现出明显的垂直分带;横断山区蝴蝶群落垂直带谱包括低山农田蝴蝶群落(Ⅰ)、山地中亚热带常绿阔叶林蝴蝶群落(Ⅱ)、山地暖温带常绿阔叶与落叶阔叶混交林蝴蝶群落(Ⅲ)、山地温带针阔混交林蝴蝶群落(Ⅳ)、山地寒温带暗针叶林蝴蝶群落(Ⅴ)和高山亚寒带灌丛草甸蝴蝶群落(Ⅵ),群落多样性指数变化趋势为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅴ>Ⅵ;在6个垂直带中,山地中亚热带常绿阔叶林带是地形最复杂、植物种类最丰富的垂直带,其蝶类物种数、个体数量、多样性指数均高于其他垂直带,表明在横断山区的蝴蝶群落垂直带谱中,该带蕴藏了最为丰富的蝶类多样性,因此也是最需要优先保护的生态带.     

新疆吉木萨尔县蝴蝶群落多样性

蝴蝶作为指示生物, 被广泛地应用于生物多样性监测及环境质量评估。探究新疆吉木萨尔县蝴蝶群落多样性, 可为当地蝴蝶多样性的保护及环境监测提供基础数据。本研究采用样线法在新疆吉木萨尔县选取山前荒漠、农田、山地草原、山地森林、亚高山草甸5种不同的生境类型, 对蝴蝶种类和群落多样性进行调查。共记录蝴蝶4,401号, 隶属于7科26属38种。其中蛱蝶科有9属12种, 为优势科; 粉蝶科的个体数最多, 占比55.01%; 绢蝶科、凤蝶科和弄蝶科的种类数和个体数最少, 均为单科种, 是该地区的稀有类群。对不同生境蝴蝶群落多样性和相似度分析比较的结果显示: 5种生境中多样性指数从高到低依次为亚高山草甸、山地森林、山地草原、农田及山前荒漠, 其中山地森林和亚高山草甸的相似性系数较高, 达到0.77, 山前荒漠和山地草原的相似性系数最低, 为0.37。蝴蝶物种数及多样性指数随海拔的增加呈上升趋势。蝴蝶群落随月份发生变化, 蝴蝶种类和数量在5月发生、7月达到峰值。蝶类个体数在3年内呈下降趋势。研究结果表明, 蝴蝶物种的组成和多样性与生境类型具有密切联系, 保护生态环境, 维持该地区植物群落的多样性、降低人为干扰程度是保护蝶类多样性的关键。     

新疆东部天山蝶类多样性及其垂直分布

2006-2008年研究了新疆东部天山蝶类多样性和垂直分布.结果表明:研究区域内共记录蝴蝶7科43属63种,占新疆已记录蝶类种数的24.80％,区系组成主要是古北种,占73％;其次是广布种,占27％,没有发现东洋种.其中蛱蝶科的物种数最多,为11属19种,蚬蝶科的物种数最少,只有1属1种.按海拔将生境分为5个垂直自然带,包括低山灌木草原带、山地森林草原带、亚高山草甸带、高山草甸带、垫状植被带.蝶类物种数和个体数排序为亚高山草甸带＞山地森林草原带＞低山灌木草原带＞高山草甸带＞垫状植被带.采用Shannon-Wiener指数和G-F指数对蝶类物种和科、属的多样性进行了分析评价,结果显示亚高山草甸带的蝶类多样性最为丰富,其次是山地森林草原带和低山灌木草原带,而高山草甸带和垫状植被带的蝶类多样性相对较低,物种和科、属多样性分析结果均一致.蝶类垂直分布明显,物种数和个体数随海拔变化的趋势类似,均为先增加后下降.蝶类区系成分随着海拔升高发生改变,广布种的比例逐渐降低,高山草甸带和垫状植被带只有古北种分布.研究结果显示,生境改变对蝴蝶群落影响明显,保护生境是保护蝴蝶生存的最主要措施.     

赛罕乌拉自然保护区蝶类多样性及其影响因素

为了解赛罕乌拉自然保护区蝶类多样性及其影响因素,我们于2017年5–9月分别对保护区的典型草原、湿地、山地沟谷草甸、退化草原、农田、山地旱生灌丛、山地中生灌丛等7种生境中的蝴蝶进行观测调查。共记录和采集蝴蝶2,290只,隶属5科42属63种。蛱蝶科的种类数(34种)和个体数(991只)最多。柑橘凤蝶(Papilio xuthus)、云粉蝶(Pontia daplidice)、绢粉蝶(Aporia crataegi)、荨麻蛱蝶(Aglais urticae)、银斑豹蛱蝶(Speyeria aglaja)等5种为保护区的优势种。保护区蝶类群落的种–多度曲线呈正态分布模式,表明保护区生态环境良好,生境相互重叠,蝶类活动范围在不同生境中可以延伸。不同生境中蝶类群落种类及数量存在一定差异,其中山地中生灌丛蝶类群落的多样性指数最高,优势度指数最低;退化草原的多样性指数和物种丰富度指数均为最低,优势度指数最高;山地沟谷草甸的科、属、种、个体数最多;退化草原的科、属、种、个体数都是最少。区系组成分析表明广布种占63.49%,古北种占36.51%。保护区不同生境中蝶类群落多样性特征指数在各月份间有明显差异,蝴蝶种类及个体数与温度之间呈显著正相关,与降雨量无显著相关性。综上,我们认为适当的干扰有利于蝶类多样性发展,而强烈的人为干扰会严重破坏草场环境,影响蝶类生存和繁衍,降低蝶类多样性。     

申家店林区不同生境蝶类多样性调查

申家店林区植物种类多,植被保存非常完好.作者在近3年内,选择蝶类活动活跃的时间对申家店林区不同生境设点进行蝶类多样性调查,共采集和观察到蝶类67属103种共1964头.通过调查,掌握了申家店林区蝶类种群分布情况,其中灌丛的物种多样性指数最高,农田的均匀度指数最高,农田的优势度指数最高.同时分析了蝶类与寄主、环境之间的相...     

南岭国家级自然保护区蝴蝶多样性与区系研究

广东南岭国家级自然保护区位于南岭山脉中段的核心区域,在生物进化史中具有特殊的地位。对栖息微环境变化敏感的蝶类是生态环境变化的指示物种,对其进行多样性和区系的研究,可为南岭蝶类资源的保护和利用等提供科学依据。于1990-1997年,2006-2016年连续多次对该保护区蝶类进行了调查,结果显示:共记录蝴蝶11科218属501种,是国内诸保护区中蝴蝶种数最多的。分布在东洋区的蝴蝶共377种,占蝶类种数的75.2%,古北区94种,占18.8%,其它跨区系分布的只有30种,属东洋区主导的分布型;国内分布于华南、西南、华中3区的蝴蝶共391种(78.04%),其它分布区种类少,这些说明南岭蝴蝶与南岭植物一样主要属亚热带成分。从自然保护区尺度的蝴蝶区系相似性比较看出,种类数和区系相似性都随着离南岭的距离增大而减少,与海南尖峰岭相比热带成分明显减少,这些说明南岭蝴蝶组分不仅有热带向亚热带过渡的特点,而且明显表现出以南岭为核心向周边扩散,暗示了南岭中段可能为我国蝴蝶的起源和分化中心。弄蝶是蝶类中系统发育过程中最古老的类群,该保护区弄蝶达132种,占我国弄蝶种数的35.68%,这可能与丰富而古老的植物区系紧密相关;黛眼蝶属(幼虫以竹子为寄主)有28种,居国内各保护区之首,这与南岭山地丰富的竹类资源有关,这些表明植物与蝴蝶间密切的协同进化关系。     

云南高黎贡山地区蝴蝶群落多样性

位于滇西北的高黎贡山是全球生物多样性研究和保护的热点地区之一, 然而该地区昆虫多样性缺乏系统调查和总结。本研究聚焦蝴蝶类群, 考虑该区域高山峡谷特点, 结合海拔梯度、生境类型和季节变化, 采用样线法调查、分析蝴蝶物种多样性及群落结构变化。结果显示: 共观测记录到蝴蝶2,055只, 隶属于5科85属151种, 在历史记录上新增27种, 使该地区已知蝴蝶种类达488种; 其中蛱蝶科物种多样性最高, 灰蝶科次之, 凤蝶科最低。蝴蝶群落多样性分析结果表明: 中海拔1,000-2,000 m区域种类丰富、多样性指数最高; 低海拔区蝴蝶分布明显聚集, 并且与高海拔地区空间上分离, 少有重叠。该地区不同生境中蝴蝶的种类及数量差异也较大, 物种数及多样性指数在自然保护区最高、边缘交错带居中及农业种植区最低。此外, 蝴蝶的种类和数量也存在季节差异, 春季调查到的个体数少, 夏季观察到的物种数少, 两年秋季调查到的物种丰富度、多样性均高, 但存在季节内变化。总之, 高黎贡山地区不同海拔、生境、季节间和季节内蝴蝶群落组成有自身特点, 共存物种有限, 蝴蝶群落相似性低。综合评估分布于该地区的蝴蝶保护种类, 包括易危种17种、近危种50种, 有国家二级保护蝴蝶3种。本研究弄清了高黎贡山地区蝴蝶的物种本底, 并调查获得其多样性随海拔、生境和季节变化的模式, 为加强区域物种多样性监测、保护生物多样性提供了科学依据。     

雨雪冰冻灾害对南岭蝴蝶资源的影响

南岭国家级自然保护区巳发现蝴蝶442种,其中不乏有中国分布新纪录和新种。常绿阔叶林中有蝴蝶339种,山地常绿针阔叶林中有蝴蝶369种,山顶常绿阔叶苔藓矮林中有蝴蝶71种;这些蝶类属东洋区的有360种,占总数的81.45%;属古北区的有48种,占总数的10.86%;跨区系分布的有34种,占总数的7.69%;南岭蝶类与福建省蝶类相似百分率高达77.27%,说明两地有共同的起源与演化过程。2008年初的雨雪冰冻灾害使南岭海拨500～1000m森林生态遭受严重破坏,各种蝴蝶在林中的种群密度骤降,海拨700～800m的蝶类仅为海拨1100～1200m冻害较轻林地蝶类数量的23%;整个林区蝶类的种群密度极低,与常年相比,降低率约为90%。凤蝶科的种群在调查地段发现的只占常年见到的37.5%。     

重庆市主城区不同生境类型的蝴蝶多样性

2006年9-11月,选取重庆主城区人工次生林、溪流沿岸农田、山地农田、天然次生林和人工园林等5种不同的生境类型,进行蝴蝶调查.共采集蝴蝶529只,隶属于6科16属20种.研究区优势种蝶类为酢浆灰蝶(Pseudozizeeria maha)(相对多度为38.75%)和菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae)(相对多度为17.01%).5种生境类型的多样性指数变化趋势为天然次生林>溪流沿岸农田>山地农田>人工次生林>人工园林.同时分析了人为干扰和生境类型与蝴蝶多样性的关系.结果表明,人为干扰对蝴蝶多样性的负面影响尤其严重,保留城区内残存的农田生境斑块对蝴蝶多样性的保护有积极的意义.     

以绢蝶为代表的甘肃南部蝶类多样性

在甘肃南部地区的蝶类调查中,共记录到蝴蝶339种,分属于12科,157属,区系组成以广布种为主,占总种数的56.6%;古北种次之,占26.9%;东洋种最少,占16.5%;共采集到绢蝶15种,占分布于中国绢蝶总种数41种的36.6%。样线调查结果显示绢蝶在甘肃南部地区有比较明显的垂直性分布,高山亚冰雪稀疏植被带、亚高山灌丛草甸带、山地森林草原带及山地草原带均有绢蝶分布。各生境中绢蝶多样性与蝶类群落多样性进行比对得出变化趋势不一致,随着海拔升高,绢蝶物种丰富度S及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈逐渐上升趋势,而蝶类群落物种丰富度S及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数总体呈下降趋势。绢蝶是高原地区的特有珍稀物种,君主绢蝶(P.imperator)、依帕绢蝶(P.epaphus)、小红珠绢蝶(P.nomion)等3种绢蝶为甘肃南部地区常见种,元首绢蝶(P.cephalus)等8种绢蝶为甘肃南部地区偶见种,数量极少,其种群及生存状态需予以关注。     

Butterfly diversity and historical land cover change along an altitudinal gradient

Land cover and climate change are both major threats for biodiversity. In mountain ecosystems species have to adapt to fragmented habitats and harsh environmental conditions but so far, altitudinal effects in combination with land cover change have been rarely studied. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of altitude and historical land cover change on butterfly diversity. We studied species richness patterns of butterflies occuring in wetlands and other open habitats along an altitudinal gradient in a low mountain region (340–750 m a.s.l., Bavaria, Germany) with drastic loss of open habitats within the last 40–60 years. We recorded in 27 sites a total of 4,523 individuals of 49 butterfly species and five species of burnet moths. Species richness peaked at mid elevation and increased with patch size. Land cover change was most pronounced at high altitudes, but neither current open habitats, nor the historical loss of open habitats affected the species richness of butterflies. Neither open land specialized butterflies nor generalist and forest species were significantly affected by the loss of open habitats. However, increasing forest area in high altitudes reduces possible refuge open habitats for butterflies at their thermal distribution limits. This could lead to extinction of such butterfly species when temperatures further rise due to global warming.     

Forest use and vertical stratification in fruit-feeding butterflies of Sulawesi,Indonesia: impacts for conservation

Protected forest areas of Sulawesi are gradually being replaced by intensively used agroforestry systems and farmland, especially in lowland and sub-montane regions. Studies on the impact of these man-induced changes on biodiversity are of urgent conservation concern. We compared the fruit-feeding butterfly assemblage of a natural hill forest to that of a disturbed hill forest, representing a mosaic of old secondary forest and recently abandoned or active subsistence farms. Overall, species richness seemed highest in the disturbed site, but both abundance and diversity of endemic butterflies were significantly higher in the natural forest. Although the butterfly assemblage showed a clear vertical structure in the natural forest, vertical stratification was no longer pronounced at the disturbed site. Comparative studies based on diversity estimates from ground samples should consider not only the scale at which sampling is carried out and influences from nearby habitat patches in the surrounding landscape mosaic, but also possible behavioural changes in stratified species after forest modification. This study shows that higher overall species richness does not imply higher species distinctiveness, and indicates that the contribution of land-use systems to global biodiversity should be evaluated with caution, even when relatively high species richness estimates are found.     

广州市不同城市化发展区域蝶类多样性

2005～2006年,对广州地区4个不同城市化发展区域(森林区、农田区、城市区、沿海湿地区)的蝶类进行6次调查,共统计到10科46属73种.森林区科、属、物种和个体数目都最多,沿海湿地区各项数量指标都最小,农田区的个体数量大于城市区,但科、属和物种数却与城市区差异不大.多样性分析结果表明,森林区的种类丰度、多样性指数最高,沿海湿地区的种类丰度和多样性指数最低;均匀度大小依次为沿海湿地区﹥农田区﹥森林区﹥城市区;优势度指数大小依次为沿海湿地区﹥城市区﹥农田区﹥森林区.相似性分析结果表明,森林区和农田区具有的相同物种数最多,相似性系数最高;沿海湿地区和森林区、农田区、城市区具有的相同物种数都较少,相似性系数也较低.     

Climate and plant structure determine the spatiotemporal butterfly distribution on a tropical mountain

Mountains are among the most powerful natural gradients for testing ecological and evolutionary responses of biota to environmental influences because differences in climate and plant structure occur over short spatial scales. We describe the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and drives of fruit‐feeding butterfly diversity in the mountainous region of Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Seven elevations from 822 to 1,388 m a.s.l. were selected for evaluating the effects of abiotic factors and vegetation characteristics on butterfly diversity. A total of 44 fruit‐feeding butterfly species were recorded in a two‐year study. Species richness (local and regional) of fruit‐feeding butterflies decreased with increasing elevation. The interaction between temperature or humidity and precipitation influenced the abundance and β‐diversity of butterflies in the elevation gradient, whereas β‐diversity decreased with increasing plant richness. Butterfly richness (local and regional) and β‐diversity varied with the sampling period, with fewer species in July (2012 and 2013), the dry period, as expected for Neotropical insects. β‐Diversity in space and time was due to species replacement (turnover), indicating that butterfly composition differs throughout the mountain and over time. In summary, climate and plant richness largely influence butterfly diversity in the elevational gradient. Climatic changes in conjunction with increasing anthropic impacts on mountainous regions of southeast Brazil will likely influence the community of mountaintop butterflies in the Espinhaço Mountain Range. Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.     

小兴安岭凉水自然保护区蝶类多样性

2012—2013年选取原始阔叶红松林、人工林、天然次生林和灌丛草甸4种典型植被生境,对小兴安岭凉水自然保护区的蝶类进行了系统研究。共捕获蝶类1438头,分属7科47属76种,4种植被生境中蝶类群落优势类群均为蛱蝶科,不同生境蝶类群落相似性与生境植被类型密切相关。计算分析了4种植被生境中蝶类多样性指数、物种丰富度、优势度指数、均匀度指数和种-多度关系,结果表明:3种森林生境蝶类多样性大于灌丛草甸,原始阔叶红松林蝶类具有最高的多样性指数、较高的物种丰富度、均匀度指数以及最低的优势度指数,种-多度分布为对数正态分布,说明环境质量优越,最适合蝶类生存和繁衍;灌丛草甸蝶类的多样性指数、物种丰富度和均匀度指数均为最低,而优势度指数最高,种-多度分布为对数级数分布,反映植物群落结构较单一,适合各种蝶类生存和繁衍的资源不足;天然次生林蝶类多样性指数、物种丰富度高于人工林,均匀度小于人工林,但前者种-多度分布为对数级数模型,后者为对数正态模型,说明在封山育林状态下,对森林植被组成进行适当合理的干扰,有利于森林的健康发展     

Relationships between the age of northern Kantou plain (central Japan) coppice woods used for production of Japanese forest mushroom logs and butterfly assemblage structure

To discern mechanisms maintaining the diversity of grassland and forest butterflies in coppice woods managed for the production of Japanese forest mushroom logs, we investigated the butterfly fauna in cut-over land tracts shortly after felling and 5 year later, and in forest stands 10, 15, and 25 year after felling (here, we use the term “forests” when referring to the chronosequence of these treed stands). Butterfly species richness and diversity (H′) and the densities of individuals were highest in cut-over lands 5 year after clear-cutting, followed by 25-year-old forest stands. In forests, the richness and densities of forest butterfly species were higher than were those of grassland species. Among forest stands of different ages, forest butterfly species’ richness and the densities of individuals were highest in 25-year-old woods nearing felling time. Some forest butterfly species were observed only in forests. The species richness and densities of grassland butterflies were much higher in cut-over lands 0 and 5 year post felling than in forests; grassland species were rarely found in stands ≥10 year old. Thus, cut-over lands seem to function as temporary habitats for grassland species. Furthermore, the number of forest butterfly species was the same in cut-over lands 5 year after felling and in 25-year-old forest stands; the densities of forest butterfly species was higher in these cut-over lands than in the forest stands. Forest butterfly species living on cut-over land 5 year post felling sipped flower nectar, laid eggs on host plants, and practiced territorial behaviour involved in mate finding. Hence, these cut-over lands functioned as important habitats for various developmental stages of forest butterflies. In conclusion, traditional coppicing in woods for production of Japanese forest mushroom logs is very important for the maintenance of diversity in grassland and forest butterfly species.     

宁夏贺兰山自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性及其环境影响因子

宁夏贺兰山自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性及其与环境因素的关系,2017年5-9月采用样线法对贺兰山东麓6类生境和不同干扰类型10条样线的蝴蝶群落结构及其多样性季节动态进行调查。共记录蝴蝶5科36属45种,蛱蝶科Nymphalidae的属和物种数最多,为17属19种;凤蝶科Papilionidae最少,仅1属1种。菜粉蝶Pieris rapae、云粉蝶Pontia daplidice、斑缘豆粉蝶Colias erate和小檗绢粉蝶Aporia hippia是该地区的优势种,个体数量分别占总个体数的11.76%、11.63%、11.21%和10.17%。不同生境样线优势类群和常见类群不同。蝴蝶的栖息地偏好与寄主植物有关,蝴蝶的生境分布类型可分为生境广布型、湿润平原型、荒漠半荒漠草原型和山地森林型。蝴蝶群落Shannon-Wiener多样性和丰富度指数以灰榆疏林草地生境最高,优势度最低。各物种在生境内的季节变化趋势与不同生境植被生长季节相关,高峰期为7-8月。不同调查时间蝴蝶的优势种和常见种不同。物种数以7月份调查最多,有33种,占全年调查总物种数的73.33%;5月份调查最少,有20种。蝴蝶群落Shannon-Wiener多样性和丰富度指数以8月份最大,5月份最小。蝴蝶成虫发生类型分为全年发生型、春季型、夏季型和夏秋季型。不同生境和季节发生的优势种可以作为对生境状况进行评估的指示类群。采用CCA分析物种分布与微环境因子的关系,海拔对蝴蝶物种多样性分布格局有显著影响。蝴蝶丰富度与海拔、温度、风速显著正相关。适度干扰有利于蝶类多样性增加,较强的人为干扰会影响蝶类栖息环境,降低蝶类多样性。因此,生境差异性和干扰与蝴蝶群落的物种多样性密切相关,维持贺兰山垂直植被带的生境异质性和保持适度干扰是保护蝴蝶多样性的关键。