美国黄松、班克松和油松的抗寒性比较

通过人工冰冻和电导率的测定,对黄土丘陵沟壑区引种载培的美国黄松、班克松和乡土树种油松的抗寒性进行了鉴定,并探讨其抗寒机理.结果表明,班克松的抗寒性比油松强,而美国黄松的抗寒性比油松稍弱.班克松的束缚水/自由水比值高达7.0,组织中ABA含量高达164.3 μg·g^-1 FW;但可溶性糖和K⁺含量较低,分别为12.0%和2 450 μg·g^-1 DW.油松则是可溶性糖、K⁺和ABA含量都较高,分别为18.68%、4 538 μg·g^-1 DW和95.8 μg·g^-1 FW;束缚水/自由水比值较低,为2.58.美国黄松的可溶性糖含量较高,18.05％;但束缚水/自由水比值、K⁺和ABA含量都较低,分别为2.18、2 275 μg·g^-1 DW和63.3 μg·g^-1 FW,可能是其抗寒性较弱的内在原因.班克松较低的叶绿素含量和较高的类胡萝卜素/叶绿素比值对其抗寒性也有贡献.说明3种树种虽然都是抗寒树种,但其内在机理仍有差异.     

重茬地黄土壤酚酸的动态积累及其对地黄生长的影响

为了探究酚酸物质与地黄连作障碍之间的关系,检测了重茬地黄土壤中阿魏酸、香草酸、香草醛和对羟基苯甲酸等4种酚酸物质的积累量,并通过水培条件下添加酚酸,研究了4种酚酸对地黄生长的影响。结果表明：阿魏酸、香草酸和香草醛含量在地黄生长期表现为持续增加,而对羟基苯甲酸含量先升高后降低;外加阿魏酸（8 μg·ml^-1）、香草酸（0.8 μg·ml^-1）、香草醛（1.2 μg·ml^-1）和对羟基苯甲酸（3.0 μg·ml^-1）对水培地黄根长、根质量、全株鲜质量和株高有较强的抑制作用;酚酸处理使地黄叶片叶绿素含量降低,除对羟基苯甲酸外差异性极显著;经过酚酸处理的地黄幼苗SOD和POD活性为先升高后下降,丙二醛含量升高,其中阿魏酸的处理使根中酶活性降至最低,根部腐烂死亡。推测4种酚酸可能是造成地黄化感作用的物质。     

3个三角梅品种中类黄酮的毛细管电泳分析比较研究

甜菜色素和属于类黄酮的花青素在自然界排斥分布,然而我们在甜菜色素代谢类型植物三角梅中发现积累多种类黄酮。为了进一步证实这一现象,本研究对3种白花三角梅（Bougainvillea sp.,Bougainvillea glabra‘Alba’,and Bougainvillea‘White Stripe’）中的5种类黄酮（槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素、杨梅素和芹菜素）采用毛细管电泳分析方法进行了调查。结果表明,只有3种类黄酮：槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素被检测出。3个材料中,被探测出来的总黄酮含量最高的是Bougainvillea glabra‘Alba’,1 749 μg·g^-1,Bougainvillea‘White Stripe’ 1 241 μg·g^-1以及B.sp1 312 μg·g^-1。被探测出来的3种黄酮中,槲皮素含量最高852～1 114 μg·g^-1,异鼠李素161～628 μg·g^-1,而山奈酚之被检测出微量。本研究对于定性定量可食用的三角梅中的类黄酮组成是十分有意义的。甜菜色素和类黄酮在三角梅中的积累关系以及可能的功能本研究也做了讨论。     

风车草和香根草在人工湿地中迁移养分能力的比较研究

为研究风车草（Cyperus alternifolius）和香根草（Vetiveria zizanioides）迁移养分的能力,建立17.0 m²风车草潜流式人工湿地和13.3 m²香根草潜流式人工湿地处理猪场废水,在四个季节末测定植物生物量和组织氮、磷、铜、锌含量.结果表明,香根草地下部生物量大于风车草,地上部生物量则是风车草大于香根草.风车草年地上部收获量为3406.47 g·m^-2,比香根草的1483.88 g·m^-2高2.3倍;风车草的氮含量为22.69 mg·g^-1,比香根草的15.44 mg·g^-1高7.25 mg·g^-1;风车草的磷含量为6.09 mg·g^-1,比香根草的5.47 mg·g^-1高0.62 mg·g^-1.植株含铜、锌量风车草略比香根草高.风车草每年迁移N 68.72 g·m^-2和P 18.49 g·m^-2,香根草迁移N 8.93 g·m^-2和P 3.69 g·m^-2.风车草人工湿地每年由植物迁移的氮、磷、铜、锌比香根草高4～7倍.     

贵州盘县煤矸石中汞的环境效应

通过冷原子荧光方法测定了贵州盘县新鲜煤矸石、不同风化程度煤矸石及煤矸石风化土壤中植物的Hg含量,对该地煤矸石中汞的分布规律及其环境效应进行了研究。结果表明,新鲜煤矸石中汞含量平均为(0.137±0.076) μg·g^-1,未表现异常富集。不同风化程度的煤矸石土壤Hg含量未有明显的变化规律,平均含量为(0.154±0.056) μg·g^-1,略高于土壤背景值。但在自燃后的煤矸石风化土壤和受其淋滤影响的下部土壤中汞却表现为异常富集,平均含量高达(1.627±0.294) μg·g^-1。煤矸石风化土壤尤其是自燃后的煤矸石风化土壤中Hg的植物可利用性都比较高,部分农作物中Hg含量超过了国家标准中食品Hg含量限值,要选择合适的作物进行栽培。     

木本植物基因组DNA提取及鉴定

采用改良后的CTAB法,对山葡萄、软枣猕猴桃、蒙古栎、核桃楸、西伯利亚红松和偃松基因组DNA进行提取。结果表明,所提基因组DNA分子量与λDNA（48 kb）接近,其紫外吸收比在1.66～1.89之间。第3次和第4次上清提取的DNA质量优于第1次和第2次。从提取产量看,每克鲜重提取DNA量最小为15 μg·g^-1（核桃楸第4次上清）,最高的为272 μg·g^-1（山葡萄第3次上清）。西伯利亚红松和偃松第1次和第2次上清基本未提出DNA,第3次和第4次上清中得到了较高质量的DNA。经酶切鉴定和PCR扩增,所提的基因组DNA可以用于进一步研究。     

山茶花叶片DNA提取及RAPD反应体系的研究

山茶花（Camellia japonica L.）是我国特产的名贵花卉之一,由于其品种繁多,在系统分类和品种鉴定上存在一定的难度。本研究针对山茶花的DNA提取方法和RAPD扩增体系进行了摸索,旨在为山茶花在DNA水平的分类鉴定和分子生物学方面研究打下一定的基础。实验采用改进的CTAB法提取山茶花叶片DNA,得到的DNA纯度较高,OD₂₆₀/OD₂₃₀值为1.90～2.0,OD₂₆₀/OD₂₈₀值为1.80～1.83,得率也较高,一般在150～200 μg·g^-1左右,片段完整性较好,大于20 kb,符合分子遗传实验的要求;在山茶花RAPD扩增条件的研究中,发现20 μL反应体系中加入100 ng DNA、125 μmol·L^-1 dNTP(each)、1.2 μmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺、1×Buffer、0.5 μmol·L^-1引物、1 U Taq酶最为合适,退火温度一般设为37℃左右,扩增产物的电泳条带数多、清晰、明亮。     

荷兰鸢尾突变株‘紫韵’的花色突变相关机理分析

为了探索荷兰鸢尾蓝紫色花及突变紫色花的显色分子机制及色素沉积差异,该研究以蓝紫色野生型‘展翅’和紫色突变株‘紫韵’为材料,通过花色素苷测定、转录组测序和qRT PCR方法对花色变异进行分析。结果表明：(1) 紫色突变株‘紫韵’花旗瓣中的总花色素苷含量(392.7 μg·g^-1)显著低于野生型‘展翅’(543.5 μg·g^-1);与‘展翅’相比,‘紫韵’有3种花色素苷含量显著下降［矢车菊素 3 芸香糖苷含量由144.42 μg·g^-1降为46.39 μg·g^-1,矮牵牛素 3 (6 鼠李糖基 2 木糖基葡萄糖苷)含量由61.86 μg · g^-1降为31.67 μg · g^-1,矢车菊素 3 (2G 木糖基芸香糖苷)含量由25.22 μg·g^-1降为7.65 μg·g^-1］,但6 羟基矢车菊素 3 葡萄糖苷含量由5.88 μg·g^-1升为10.34 μg·g^-1。(2)RNA seq分析共获得46 530个unigenes,与‘展翅’相比,‘紫韵’有43个基因上调表达,73个基因下调表达; 层次聚类分析发现,花色素苷途径中共有2个差异表达基因——查尔酮合成酶(CHS)基因(IhCHS1)和花青素 3 O葡萄糖转移酶(UFGT)基因(IhUFGT1),且二者均下调表达。(3)qRT PCR分析表明,随着花的发育,IhUFGT1在2个品种中表达量均上升,始花期达到最高,且在‘紫韵’花中的表达明显低于‘展翅’。研究认为,4种花色素苷含量的显著变化,可能是导致花色由野生型‘展翅’蓝紫色向突变株‘紫韵’紫色方向转变的主要原因;IhUFGT1基因在紫色‘紫韵’花中表达量比‘展翅’相对大幅度的降低,致使花色素苷含量相应变化,最终导致花色由蓝紫色转为紫色。     

硝酸镧对碱胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

在150 mmol·L^-1 NaHCO₃胁迫下,研究了不同浓度硝酸镧对黑麦草幼苗生长的影响及其对叶片光合生理响应的调节作用。结果表明,叶面喷施低浓度硝酸镧(0.05 mmol·L^-1)预处理显著减小了碱胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生物量、叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、叶绿体希尔反应、光合电子传递、光合磷酸化、Mg²⁺ ATP酶、RuBP羧化酶活性和光合效率的下降幅度,却对光呼吸调节酶乙醇酸氧化酶活性无明显影响。而高浓度硝酸镧(0.5 mmol·L^-1)预处理不仅对碱胁迫没有缓解作用,反而加重了碱胁迫伤害。因此,适宜浓度硝酸镧可以通过改善光合功能从而缓解碱胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

小兴安岭主要乔、灌木燃烧过程的烟气释放特征

测定了小兴安岭林区凉水林场10种乔木和9种灌木可燃物燃烧过程中释放的CO₂、CO、xHy、SO₂和NO等气体含量,计算了不同可燃物的气体释放量及排放因子.结果表明：乔木和灌木可燃物试样燃烧过程中释放的CO₂、含碳气体总量和5种气体总量的平均值分别为1 277.04和1 149.06 mg·g^-1、1 476.27和1 147.18 mg·g^-1、1 486.21和1 459.67 mg·g^-1,乔木均大于灌木;乔木和灌木的CO、NO和SO₂释放量平均值分别为231.58和282.93 mg·g^-1、3.61和5.03 mg·g^-1、6.32和7.46 mg·g^-1,灌木均大于乔木;乔木和灌木的CO₂、CO排放因子分别为2.8853和2.7718、0.4558和0.2425,乔木大于灌木.     

La(NO3)3浸种对NaCl胁迫下红小豆幼苗生长的影响

采用向1/2Hoagland营养液中按一定比例添加中性盐(NaCl)模拟盐胁迫的方式,研究了La(NO₃)₃浸种对盐胁迫下红小豆(Phaseolus angularis)幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,盐胁迫不同程度地降低了红小豆幼苗的株高、叶面积、地上部分鲜重、总根数及根系活力、根苗SOD、POD、CAT活性等,明显增加了根苗MDA含量水平。(2)使用适当浓度的La(NO₃)₃浸种可以提高对照组和盐处理组红小豆的株高、叶面积、总根长、总根数、叶绿素、根活力及SOD、POD和CAT活性,也可以显著降低根苗MDA含量水平,且大多表现出在盐胁迫下变化幅度高于正常处理。La(NO₃)₃浸种有利于缓解盐胁迫带来的不良影响。(3)低浓度的La(NO₃)₃浸种处理能够提高红小豆幼苗的耐盐性,缓解盐胁迫伤害,而高浓度处理则加剧了盐胁迫伤害。30mg/LLa(NO₃)₃浸种对提高红小豆幼苗耐盐性的效果最好。     

Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of Rosmarinus officinalis (Labiatae) essential oil in mammalian cells in vivo

Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) oil is widely used by the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries as a fragrance component of soaps, creams, lotions, and perfumes. Although it is popular, potential harmful side-effects of the oil have been described. We investigated the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of essential oil of R. officinalis in rodents, using comet, micronucleus and chromosome aberration assays. The animals were treated by gavage with one of three dosages of rosemary oil (300, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg). Liver and peripheral blood cells were collected from Swiss mice 24 h after treatment for the comet assay (genotoxicity endpoint), along with bone marrow cells for the micronucleus test (mutagenicity endpoint). Bone marrow cells were collected from Wistar rats 24 h after oil treatment for the micronucleus and chromosome aberration assays. Based on the comet assay, all three doses of rosemary oil induced significant increases in DNA damage in the mouse cells. There was a significant increase in micronucleated cells and chromosome aberrations only at the two higher doses. We conclude that rosemary essential oil provokes genotoxic and mutagenic effects when administered orally.     

Sex differences in micronucleus induction with hycanthone methanesulfonate in bone marrow cells of mice.

The clastogenic effect of the antischistosomal drug hycanthone methanesulfonate was studied with the micronucleus test in mouse bone marrow cells. Male and female (102/El x C3H/El)F1 mice were treated with single i.p. injections. Bone marrow was sampled 18, 24 and 30 h after treatment with 100 mg/kg. The highest micronucleus yield occurred at 24 h. The dose response for micronucleus induction at 24 h after treatment was non-linear for doses between 5 and 300 mg/kg. The lowest effective dose was 5 mg/kg for females and 10 mg/kg for males. The experiments revealed a significantly higher sensitivity of female mice for the induction of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes by hycanthone methanesulfonate. This result supports the recommendation to use both sexes for quantitative assessment of genotoxicity in the micronucleus test.     

Investigations of genotoxic activity of antimicrobial/antiviral agent FS-1 in human lymphocytes and tumor cell

A very promising antiviral and antimicrobial agent FS-1 was studied for its ability to induce DNA damage and micronuclei in human tumor cell lines HeLa and Caco-2 at concentrations of 200, 500 and 1000 microg/ml without exogenous metabolic activation. The compound was additionally tested for DNA damaging ability in human lymphocytes at concentrations of 200, 400 and 800 microg/ml. Neither DNA damage nor micronucleus formation was observed after treatment of all types of cells with FS-1. Based on these results, FS-1 can be further studied for its safety to humans for potential application in clinical medicine as an antimicrobial/antiviral drug.     

NaHCO3胁迫下硝酸镧对黑麦草幼苗光合机构的保护作用

研究了150 mmol·L^-1NaHCO₃胁迫下,不同浓度硝酸镧对黑麦草幼苗光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数、Mehler反应,以及叶黄素循环的影响.结果表明：低浓度硝酸镧(0.05 mmol·L^-1)叶面喷施处理能显著减小NaHCO₃胁迫下黑麦草叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔限制值(L_s)的下降幅度和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i) 的上升幅度,有效缓解NaHCO₃胁迫对叶片PSⅡ光化学猝灭(q_P)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、依赖光合碳同化电子传递(ETR_p)和依赖Mehler反应电子传递(ETR_m) 的抑制,增强黑麦草叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性,提高非光化学能量耗散(NPQ)、叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)和脱环氧化程度(A+Z)/(V+A+Z),从而减轻NaHCO₃胁迫对光合机构的伤害;但高浓度硝酸镧(0.5 mmol·L^-1)对NaHCO₃胁迫伤害的缓解效果不明显.表明适宜浓度的硝酸镧能够缓解NaHCO₃胁迫下非气孔因素引起的黑麦草叶片光合速率下降以及对光化学效率的抑制,并通过促进Mehler反应直接耗散过剩激发能和激活依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散,保护NaHCO₃胁迫引起的过剩光能对光合机构造成的伤害,而Mehler反应加强所产生的活性氧可被抗氧化酶活性的提高所清除.     

Induction of micronuclei by CsCl in vivo and in vitro

In the present study, we report the results of an investigation of the potential of nonradioactive CsCl for the induction of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of mouse bone marrow and in human lymphocytes cultured and blocked with cytochalasin-B. No significant increase in micronucleus frequency was observed in the polychromatic erythrocytes of mice which received 500 mg/kg of CsCl. In vitro experiments with human lymphocytes cultured in medium containing 250 and 500 μg/ml CsCl also showed no increase in micronucleus frequency compared to untreated controls. These same experiments, however, demonstrated a reduction in mitotic activity with increasing CsCl concentration in the culture medium. This report is the first to describe studies on the possible induction of micronuclei in vitro and in vivo by nonradioactive CsCl.     

大豆对臭氧、二氧化碳及其复合效应的响应

以大豆‘中黄14'为试验材料,首次模拟研究大气中O₃、CO₂浓度增加,及其逐渐和持续增加O₃、CO₂浓度复合效应对大豆的影响.结果表明,CO₂浓度增加可缓解O₃对叶片的伤害程度,受害时间推迟,受害症状无实质性变化.熏气20 d测定各处理叶片生理参数发现,在本底大气环境下,叶片气孔阻力和蒸腾速率与对照差异较小,熏气时O₃、CO₂浓度增加诱导叶片气孔关闭,气孔阻力明显增加,蒸腾速率显著降低.与对照相比,O₃浓度增加,大豆干物质积累、产量和收获指数明显降低,籽粒粗脂肪含量明显减少,粗蛋白含量显著增加;CO₂浓度增加,干物质积累和产量显著提高,收获指数无明显差异,籽粒粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量均明显减少;逐渐和持续增加O₃和CO₂浓度复合效应处理下,大豆干物质积累、产量和收获指数差异不明显,籽粒粗蛋白含量不同程度地减少,粗脂肪含量显著增加.     

Administration-route-related differences in the micronucleus test with benzene

The effect of route of administration on the outcome of the micronucleus test was studied in 2 laboratories by administering the model chemical benzene intraperitoneally (i.p.) and orally (p.o.) to 2 strains of mice: MS/Ae and CD-1. On the basis of results obtained in a small-scale acute toxicity study and in a pilot micronucleus test, full-scale micronucleus tests were performed with a 24-h sampling time at doses of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg i.p. and 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg p.o. In both strains of mice, a higher incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) was observed after p.o. administration. The ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) to total erythrocytes decreased more markedly at higher doses i.p. in both strains. Thus, benzene induced more micronuclei via the p.o. route, while inhibitory effects on bone marrow cells were stronger after i.p. administration.