荔蝽卵平腹小蜂越冬环境初步调查

荔蝽卵平腹小蜂Anastatussp．是一种卵寄生蜂,主要寄生于荔枝蝽TessaratomapapillosaDrary的卵内,对荔枝蝽的为害有一定的控制作用。60年代初,蒲蛰龙等[1]对该蜂生物学特性开展了研究,并成功地利用蓖麻蚕卵、柞蚕卵作为替代寄主大量繁殖此蜂,释放于荔枝园防治荔枝蝽,取得了良好效果。从80年代开始,刘志诚等[2]开展人工卵的研究,取得成功,目前已经形成一套成熟的人工繁蜂、放蜂防治荔枝蝽的技术。但在自然界,该蜂难以形成强大的自然种群,越冬后早春的自然种群数量相当低,早春寄生率不高。在释放平腹小蜂的同时,如何保护它们,…     

几种生物农药对平腹小蜂的毒性

荔枝蝽(Tessaratoma papillosa)是荔枝和龙眼最重要的害虫之一,平腹小蜂(Anastatusjaponicus)能大量寄生荔枝蝽卵,对荔枝蝽起着很好的控制作用.但由于荔枝和龙眼需经常使用农药防治病虫害以保证荔枝和龙眼的高产高质,为使化防和生防统一协调,本文就几种果园常用的生物农药对平腹小蜂的毒性进行了研究.     

信息化合物在平腹小蜂寄主选择过程中的作用

利用“Y”型嗅觉仪研究了平腹小蜂对不同荔枝品种的离体叶片、活体植株、叶片挥发油和挥发物单个组分以及对荔枝蝽不同处理的的选择行为反应.结果表明,三月红和淮枝品种对平腹小蜂的引诱效果较好,而糯米糍、桂味、妃子笑和黑叶品种的作用不明显.作为荔枝叶片的主要挥发物组分,α-蛇麻烯和β-子丁香烯对平腹小蜂的引诱效果也不明显,但两者在天敌搜索寄主过程中表现为协同作用,并且当均以0.3 μl·μl^-1的浓度混合后,引诱效果最好.双向选择试验表明,平腹小蜂对荔枝蝽卵没有明显的趋性,而对荔枝蝽雌成虫及成虫腹末的水提液趋性较强.培养皿生测试验则表明,平腹小蜂在荔枝蝽卵样点处作出选择行为的数量和滞留次数最多,对荔枝蝽卵有较高的选择性.荔枝蝽成虫挥发物的主要组分(E)-2-己烯醛对平腹小蜂没有显著的引诱作用.     

学习经历在平腹小蜂寄主选择过程中的作用

研究了已经交配与未经交配的平腹小蜂在羽化后不同时间对中间寄主柞蚕卵信息记忆的持效性,比较了经学习训练与未经学习训练的平腹小蜂在不同时间对其自然寄主荔枝蝽卵和中间寄主柞蚕卵的选择性。结果表明：交配过的平腹小蜂在大量羽化后96h检验柞蚕卵的时间和数量都显著增多,而未经交配的平腹小蜂在此时搜索寄主的时间也显著延长,说明平腹小蜂在此时对柞蚕卵信息的记忆开始明显减弱。经学习训练的和未经学习训练的平腹小蜂在大量羽化后96h对荔枝蝽卵的第一选择数和刺卵数都明显提高,并且前者较后者在各个时段对荔枝蝽卵的第一选择数、检验卵数以及刺卵数都多,说明经学习训练的平腹小蜂对荔枝蝽卵的趋性较高,并且随着时间的延长受柞蚕卵信息的干扰逐渐减小,对荔枝蝽卵的学习效果不断增强。     

荔枝受荔枝蝽危害后对平腹小蜂趋性的影响

采用Y-型嗅觉仪测定了荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa成虫危害后,糯米糍、桂味和三月红3个荔枝品种对平腹小蜂Anastatus japonicus行为的影响。结果发现：只有当超过3头荔枝蝽成虫危害时,糯米糍植株才对平腹小蜂具有较强的引诱效果;三月红健康植株本身对平腹小蜂的引诱效果就较强,对其进行机械损伤或者害虫取食后这种作用有一定程度的增强;而桂味健康植株与机械损伤植株、虫害植株对平腹小蜂行为的影响大致相同。随着荔枝蝽危害时间的延长,以上3个品种都在被害后第2天对平腹小蜂的引诱作用达到最强,此后这种效果逐渐降低。3个品种中三月红植株在虫害后做出反应的速度最快。平腹小蜂对桂味植株的趋性一直处于相对较低的水平。     

挥发性信息化合物与学习行为在平腹小蜂寄主选择过程中的作用

利用Tenax—TA吸附剂法结合气相色谱和气质联用仪,在荔枝叶片中分离鉴定了26种挥发性物质,包括萜类、醇类、醛类、酯类和吲哚等不同种类的化合物,其主要成分为萜烯类物质。利用固相徽萃取仪(SPME)结合气相色谱的方法,从荔枝蝽挥发物中分离得到了5种以上的化合物,(E)-2-己烯醛为主要成分之一。采用“Y”型嗅觉仪进行的行为分析表明,由柞蚕卵饲养的平腹小蜂对荔枝叶片(第一营养级)和寄主卵(第二营养级)的挥发物无明显趋性,而荔枝蝽成虫挥发物对平腹小蜂有显著的吸引作用。进一步的研究表明,学习行为在平腹小蜂寄主选择行为中有重要作用,无学习经历的平腹小蜂对荔枝叶片挥发物及其主要成分子丁香烯无明显趋性,但经过学习经历以后,选择荔枝叶片挥发物以及子丁香烯的平腹小蜂的数量显著多于空白对照。然而,不论有无学习经历,选择荔枝蝽成虫主要挥发物(E)—2—己烯醛的平腹小蜂的数量都明显高于选择空白对照的数量。     

荔枝蝽象卵寄生蜂——平腹小蜂Anastatus sp.的生物学及其应用的研究

用蓖麻蚕卵大量繁殖平腹小蜂,每年春季在荔枝园散放,防治荔枝蝽象的效果达90%左右。这一生物防治方法,自无产阶级文化大革命以来,已陆续在广东省荔枝产区由人民公社或生产大队设寄生蜂站自繁自放、有效地抑制荔蝽的为害。 在广州,每年11月中旬以后,平腹小蜂产下的卵发育至预蛹期休眠过冬,直至来年3月中、下旬天气转暖时化蛹羽化。 成虫饲喂糖液,雄蜂寿命一般为5—10天,雌蜂30—40天;温度越高,寿命越短。成虫产卵期长,每雌一生平均产卵量为228.2粒,日平均为5.7粒。温度25—30℃,相对湿度70—80%为平腹小蜂最适宜的产卵条件。 平腹小蜂在26—28℃下,一世代经18—21天。温度、发育曲线呈罗辑斯德曲线形式,由实验数据算出的公式是相对湿度影响发育速率不显著,但在高湿下发育出来的成虫,寿命明显缩短。 除卵期外,平腹小蜂各虫态均有较强的耐低温能力,以1—2龄幼虫置于10—12℃下最适贮藏,经过六个月羽化率仍达97.3%。 平腹小蜂能行产雄孤雌生殖,人工繁殖中的性比率与光照度、温度、寄主卵粒大小及寄主胚胎发育期有关。 室内人工寄主——蓖麻蚕卵采用结冰冷藏法,经一年贮藏后的校正寄生率仍达77.7%。 人工繁殖时,采用斜格型繁蜂箱,能显著地减少雌蜂间的互相干扰现象,提高繁殖效率。     

舞毒蛾卵平腹小蜂野外寄生柞蚕卵规律的观察

2005年5～9月,在长春市吉林农业大学校园内的杨树林和李树林内进行人工挂放柞蚕Antheraea pernyi Guerin-Meneville卵卡诱集本地平腹小蜂Anastatus spp.寄生试验.结果表明杨树林中的舞毒蛾卵平腹小蜂Anastatus japonicus Ashmead的寄生率最高可达23.1%,李树林中的舞毒蛾卵平腹小蜂的寄生率最高可达33.5%,李树林中舞毒蛾卵平腹小蜂的寄生率明显高于杨树林.全年中,舞毒蛾卵平腹小蜂分别在6月下旬和8月上旬出现2次寄生高峰.     

甘肃陇南地区银杏大蚕蛾卵寄生蜂种类调查

银杏大蚕蛾Caligula japonica（Moore）作为危害核桃、板栗、银杏等坚果类果树的重要害虫之一,已经引起国内外广泛关注。明确银杏大蚕蛾卵期寄生蜂的种类、分布和自然寄生状况,可为银杏大蚕蛾天敌的保护利用提供科学依据。本文于2018-2019年在甘肃省陇南市银杏大蚕蛾核桃危害区采集该害虫的越冬卵并带回实验室培养,收集羽化的寄生蜂并记录其种类和数量,最后通过计算寄生率确定优势天敌物种。本研究共采集银杏大蚕蛾卵块1 114个约8万粒卵,平均单株核桃树木卵块数与卵粒数分别最高可达7.5块和533.5粒;共收集到膜翅目3科5属9种银杏大蚕蛾卵期寄生蜂,其中6种为首次报道;具体为旋小蜂科7种,包括平腹小蜂属4种：麻纹蝽平腹小蜂Anastatus fulloi、甘肃平腹小蜂A. gansuensis、日本平腹小蜂A. japonicus和梅岭平腹小蜂A. meilingensis;短角平腹小蜂属2种：白跗短角平腹小蜂Mesocomys albitarsis和枯叶蛾短角平腹小蜂M. trabalae;旋小蜂属1种：Eupelmus sp.;赤眼蜂科赤眼蜂属1种：螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis;姬小蜂科长尾啮小蜂属1种：短梗长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus brevipedicellus。结果表明,旋小蜂科两种短角平腹小蜂数量最多,分布最广,物种优势度指数达86以上,为陇南地区野外寄生银杏大蚕蛾卵的优势性天敌,且卵块寄生率和卵粒寄生率分别最高可达55.91%和6.77%。本研究拓宽了银杏大蚕蛾自然天敌种类并为今后开发利用寄生蜂防治该害虫提供了理论依据。     

林间释放平腹小蜂防治银杏大蚕蛾研究

笔者于1999-2000年在城口银杏大蚕蛾发生区释放用其卵繁育的平腹小蜂防治银杏大蚕蛾,结果表明:放蜂区虫卵寄生率明显提高,其校正寄生率为69.30%,是一种可利用的天敌昆虫.可在银杏大蚕蛾发生区内推广应用.     

THE NATURAL CONTROL EFFECT OF EGG PARA-SITOIDS ON LITCHI STINK BUG TESSARATOMA PAPILLOSA (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN LITCHI ORCHARD

Abstract  The distribution of eggs of the litchi stink bug Tessaratoma papillosa Drury was observed. By marking the eggs of T. papillosa in an integrated pest managed litchi orchard and in an orchard with chemical control, respectively, the control effect of the egg parasitoids on T. papillosa in the two kinds of licthi orchards was investigated in Guangzhou in 1996. The female T. papillosa began to oviposit in mid-March and laid eggs vigorously from early April to early June, and then successively entered the declining stage of oviposition in 1996 in Guangzhou. 86% of the litchi stink bug eggs were laid in the peak period of oviposion. Two egg parasitoids, Anastatus japonicus and Ooencyrtus phongi , were obtained in the integrated managed litchi orchard. The rate of eggs parasitized by A. japonicus and O. phongi attained to 3.2% -18.4% and 3.2%-30.4%, respectively. The united attack of the two parasitoid wasps destroyed 30.6% - 47% host eggs in the middle and late stages of T. papillosa oviposition. Only A. japonicus was collected in the chemical controlled litchi orchard and the percentage of eggs parasitized by this wasp was only 0.2% -2.8%.     

Anisakis simplex larvae: infection status in marine fish and cephalopods purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea

The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.     

荔枝蝽生物学及防治技术的研究进展(英文)

荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa是荔枝和龙眼生产中的重要害虫,在中国南方及东南亚地区危害严重。该虫以若虫及成虫吸食寄主植物的嫩芽、嫩梢、花穗和幼果,成虫和3龄以上若虫是传播龙眼鬼帚病病原体的传病介体昆虫。本文综述了近60年来国内荔枝蝽的研究情况,旨在为广大科研工作者提供更详尽的荔枝蝽研究现状,以期为该虫的深入研究及绿色防控技术的研发提供参考。荔枝蝽为不完全变态昆虫,一年发生1代,若虫期80 d左右,成虫寿命为203~371 d,单雌产卵总量190粒左右,在习性上表现出明显的聚集性、趋光性、趋色性和趋嫩梢性。近年来,通过荔枝蝽触角感受器分类及分布观察,触角转录组数据测定和分析,臭腺解剖观察以及臭腺分泌物组分分析,对该虫触角和臭腺两大器官组织已有较深入研究及了解。目前,荔枝蝽的发生期主要通过卵巢发育分级法进行预测预报,对该虫的防治仍然是以化学防治为主,农业防治、物理防治和生物防治为辅的策略。其中,荔枝蝽生物防控技术研究报道最多,主要集中在天敌的保护利用和生物源农药的应用。由于荔枝蝽虫源的季节性制约和发生为害地域限制,对该虫的研究进展缓慢,深层次的研究较少,且所涉及到的研究领域也比较窄。从组学、分子生物学、细胞生物学等多角度探明荔枝蝽对寄主植物的选择机制,与寄主植物、天敌及共生菌间的互作关系,以及抗药性机理等,将为荔枝蝽绿色防治技术带来新思路。     

Bark borer Semanotus japonicus (Col., Cerambycidae) utilization of Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica: a delicate balance between a primary and secondary insect

Abstract: The bark borer, Semanotus japonicus (Col., Cerambycidae), attacks living Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica, with newly hatched larvae mainly feeding within the inner bark of the trunk. To understand how S. japonicus is affected by host nutrition and resin flow, newly hatched larvae were introduced into stressed cedar trees. Stress was induced by either heavy pruning, stem cutting (i.e. removing the side branches and top of tree), or girdling. Larval mortality due to resin flow in the 'heavy pruning treatment' and the 'stem cutting treatment' tended to be lower than that in the untreated control cedar trees where all larvae were drowned by resin flow. Parasitism to the larval stage was observed in the stem-cutting trees, not in living trees, suggesting that S. japonicus may avoid parasitism in living cedar trees because few volatiles are produced. In the 'stem-girdling treatment', although more than 90% of the introduced larvae died due to poor nutrition below the girdle, 7.8% of the larvae above the girdle reached the adult stage. The live body weight of the adults collected from above the girdle was similar to those taken from naturally infested cedar trees. These results suggest that S. japonicus requires adequate host nutrition but that larvae are defenceless against high resin flow. Thus, S. japonicus seems to be in a transition state between being primary or secondary with respect to its attack behavior on living cedar trees.     

紫胶蚧寄生对寄主植物营养成分的影响

报道了1个世代中紫胶蚧Kerria laccaKerr寄生对寄主植物营养成分产生的影响。结果表明:紫胶蚧寄生对寄主植物营养成分有影响,被寄生枝条的氨基酸、无机盐和营养成分总量都出现变化。以久树Schleichera oleosa(Lour)为例,紫胶蚧寄生使久树枝条中氨基酸总量减少了35%。其中,天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸的含量也都存在不同程度减少。但是,蛋氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、色氨酸含量比对照枝条中高。被寄生枝条中氮、磷(P2O5)、铁等呈现下降趋势,钠元素含量几乎没有发生变化,而钾、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰等却有不同程度的增加,特别是钙元素含量,被寄生枝条中钙元素的含量是对照枝条的5.3倍左右。紫胶蚧寄生对枝条中总糖、蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维、水溶性物质以及灰分含量都产生不同程度影响,被寄生枝条中蛋白质、粗纤维含量比对照枝条中含量低;而被寄生枝条中总糖、脂肪、水溶性物质、灰分含量比对照枝条中高。     

几种杀虫剂防治荔枝蝽的应用效果及其评价

为了筛选出对荔枝蝽Tessaratoma papillosa高效低毒低投入的药剂,在室内采用喷雾法初步测定了16种常用杀虫剂对荔枝蝽成虫的活性,进一步测定了辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈等3种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫、1龄若虫和2龄若虫的室内毒力,并开展了3种杀虫剂对荔枝蝽的田间防效试验。室内毒力结果表明：甲氰菊酯、杀虫双、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、哒螨灵、茚虫威、虫螨腈、多杀霉素、乙基多杀霉素、灭蝇胺、异丙威等11种药剂对荔枝蝽成虫活性较低,辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽有较高的杀虫活性,3种药剂对成虫72 h后的LC50分别为102.32、226.88和207.59 mg/L,对1龄若虫分别为42.41、120.90和87.59 mg/L,对2龄若虫分别为62.65、180.20和148.75 mg/L。在田间防效试验中,辛硫磷对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d的防效高达82.46%;氟啶虫胺腈对荔枝蝽成虫药后1 d防效达89.23%,药后7 d防效维持在85.03%;丁醚脲对荔枝蝽成虫的最高防效为71.63%,与高效氯氟氰菊酯的防效相当。辛硫磷、丁醚脲和氟啶虫胺腈的防效投入比分别为9.68、36.25和176.41。辛硫磷投入低、速效性好且光解快,可作为防治荔枝蝽的应急药剂使用,氟啶虫胺腈和丁醚脲防效较好,但投入高,可作为对荔枝蝽有重要潜在研究价值的药剂。     

Evaluation of Aprostocetus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for the control of American cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) in sewers and crevices around buildings

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Aprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) to control American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae), in sewer manholes and in crevices around buildings. Parasitoids were released weekly for 12 wk from laboratory parasitized heat-killed oothecae, and parasitism monitored using sentinel oothecae of American cockroaches. In addition, preference of A. hagenowii for 1- to 4-wk-old oothecae was evaluated in the laboratory. A. hagenowii females showed no preference for any ootheca age. Twenty of the 30 tested females parasitized one ootheca, whereas the other 10 parasitized two oothecae. The total progeny (males, females, and total) that emerged from a single ootheca parasitized by a female was not significantly different to the total progeny that emerged from two oothecae parasitized by a female. The number of males, females, and total progeny that emerged from the second parasitized ootheca was significantly less than the number that emerged from the first parasitized ootheca. The weekly mean sentinel oothecal parasitism rate in wall crevices was 18.1 +/- 3.2% and in sewer manholes was 13.3 +/- 2.0%. The mean number of released A. hagenowii females per number of parasitized sentinel oothecae recorded in crevices was 189 +/- 18, whereas it was 428 +/- 50 in sewers. A. hagenowii females were more effective at parasitizing sentinel oothecae placed at high and middle levels in manholes than at a low level when releases were made at the midpoint of the manhole shaft.