细胞自噬与神经退行性疾病

细胞自噬是一条依赖溶酶体降解的途径,它对于清除细胞质内蛋白质聚集体、损伤的细胞器,维持细胞内稳态等具有重要的生理功能。神经退行性疾病是一类由于突变蛋白质在神经细胞中堆积而引起的神经系统失调症。细胞自噬是清除胞质内蛋白质聚集体的重要途径,利用提高细胞自噬能力对神经退行性疾病进行治疗具有光明前景。简要介绍了细胞自噬的机制及细胞自噬与神经退行性疾病之间的关系。     

骨髓基质细胞的特征及其在细胞和基因治疗中的应用

骨髓基质细胞是一类独特的间质干细胞,可分化为多种非造血系的组织。骨髓基质细胞具有贴壁生长的特性,因而易于在体外分离和扩增;另外骨髓基质细胞可在体内外表达多种治疗性的外湖目的基因。因此,骨髓基质细胞被认为是一种理想的治疗性细胞的基因治疗中的靶细胞。本文对骨髓基质细胞的研究进展及其在细胞和基因治疗中的应用作一综述。     

骨髓基质细胞在细胞移植与基因治疗中的应用

骨髓基质细胞是研究最广泛的成体干细胞,用于临床细胞移植与基因治疗有诸多优点,论述了具有多向分化潜能的骨髓基质细胞,应用于细胞移植与基因治疗中的研究现状及发展前景 。     

铜与神经退行性疾病

铜是一种必需微量元素,在生物体内起着重要的生理功能,并且与许多神经退行性疾病有密切关系,阿尔茨海默病是一种中枢神经系统退行性疾病,与该疾病相关的两种蛋白质可以与铜结合,从而发生代谢途径和构象的变化,表明铜与该病的形成和发展有某种联系,朊病毒是一种蛋白感染因子-可能引起转移性神经退行疾病,近来的研究表明铜在朊病毒蛋白构象变化中发挥着某种作用。     

空气污染与神经退行性疾病

随着现代社会工业的发展,空气污染日益严重,空气污染对人体的损害也越来越大。空气污染中的有害物质,能通过各种途径引起各系统的疾病,甚至会影响儿童的身体和智力发育。研究发现,长期暴露或急性暴露在某些空气污染物中可以直接损伤中枢神经系统,或污染物引起呼吸系统和免疫系统等产生有害因子,通过外周循环到达大脑,导致大脑的神经炎症、神经毒性、氧化应激等反应,最终产生神经退行性病变,如阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）、帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）等。     

Tau蛋白基因突变与神经退行性疾病

Ｔａｕ蛋白是神经细胞中含量最高的微管相关蛋白,其正常功能是促进微管蛋白（ｔｕｂｕｌｉｎ）组装成微管（ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｂｕｌｅ）,并维持已形成微管的稳定性。Ｔａｕ蛋白的翻译后异常修饰与阿尔茨海默病（Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＡＤ）的神经原纤维退化有关［１］。本文综述最近有关Ｔａｕ蛋白基因突变,ＴａｕｍＲＮＡ剪接改变导致Ｔａｕ蛋白组成、结构和功能异常的机制,及其与几种神经退行性疾病的关系的研究。１．Ｔａｕ蛋白基因结构及其表达产物Ｔａｕ蛋白基因位于１７号染色体（１７ｐ２１．１１）,由１７个外显子…     

CDK5与神经退行性疾病

CDK5是细胞周期素依赖性蛋白激酶 (CDK)家族一特殊成员 ,主要在神经系统中激活 ,是脑发育、神经定位、突触发生与传递的重要调节因子。磷酸化包括微管相关蛋白、τau蛋白和神经丝蛋白在内的多种蛋白质。缺乏CDK5小鼠在出生前后即死亡 ,CDK5过度激活则引发培养细胞凋亡。CDK5及其激活因子p35的异常调节与神经退行性疾病发病的关系 ,已成为细胞生物学和神经科学研究热点。本文仅就CDK5概况、CDK5功能与神经退行性疾病的关系作一概述     

小胶质细胞异质性在神经退行性疾病发生发展中的作用

小胶质细胞是脑内的固有免疫细胞。无论是在生理还是病理条件下,小胶质细胞均存在异质性表现。随着单细胞RNA测序技术的发展及应用,人们发现,在不同神经退行性疾病模型中,不同表型的小胶质细胞具有不同的功能,这种表型的异质性主要取决于小胶质细胞的分子特异性。本文就单细胞研究中发现的小胶质细胞独特的分子特征和功能予以概述,深入理解疾病进程中小胶质细胞的分型将有助于我们对神经退行性疾病的发病机制及精准干预提供新的策略。     

线粒体铁蛋白与铁相关的神经退行性疾病

在哺乳动物体内,线粒体铁蛋白(mitochondrial ferritin,MtFt)是一个无内含子的基因编码的蛋白,与胞质中的H-ferritin具有较高的同源性,也具有亚铁氧化酶的活性,特异性地在线粒体中表达。近年来的研究发现,过表达MtFt可以使线粒体免受由铁引起的氧化损伤。本文主要介绍MtFt在结构功能上的特点,及其在与铁相关的一些神经退行性疾病中的保护作用。     

Bone marrow stromal cells stimulate neurite outgrowth over neural proteoglycans (CSPG), myelin associated glycoprotein and Nogo-A

In animal models, transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (MSC) into the spinal cord following injury enhances axonal regeneration and promotes functional recovery. How these improvements come about is currently unclear. We have examined the interaction of MSC with neurons, using an established in vitro model of nerve growth, in the presence of substrate-bound extracellular molecules that are thought to inhibit axonal regeneration, i.e., neural proteoglycans (CSPG), myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) and Nogo-A. Each of these molecules repelled neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in a concentration-dependent manner. However, these nerve-inhibitory effects were much reduced in MSC/DRG co-cultures. Video microscopy demonstrated that MSC acted as “cellular bridges” and also “towed” neurites over the nerve-inhibitory substrates. Whereas conditioned medium from MSC cultures stimulated DRG neurite outgrowth over type I collagen, it did not promote outgrowth over CSPG, MAG or Nogo-A. These findings suggest that MSC transplantation may promote axonal regeneration both by stimulating nerve growth via secreted factors and also by reducing the nerve-inhibitory effects of the extracellular molecules present.     

TDP-43在神经退行性疾病中的功能和作用

核蛋白TAR DNA/RNA结合蛋43(TDP-43)目前被认为是肌萎缩侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)、额颞叶变性(frontotemporal lobar degeneration,FTLD)等神经退行性疾病的病理学标记蛋白。在中枢神经系统中,TDP-43作为必要的转录调控因子,参与mRNA前体的剪接,维持RNA稳态和运输。在突变和过表达TDP-43的转基因啮齿类动物模型中,受损伤的神经元呈现出胞核和胞质中TDP-43泛素化、磷酸化聚集,以及细胞周期进程的改变。在此,着重阐述基于TDP-43突变或过表达建立神经退行性疾病动物模型的研究进展,探讨其发病机制、病理学改变及治疗方法。     

SIRT1与神经变性疾病

SIRT1(silent mating type information regulation2homolog1)是Sirtuins脱乙酰基酶家族中的一员,是酵母沉默信息调节因子SIR2(silence information regulator)的同源物,因其能在许多生物体模型中作为寿命延长调节子调控细胞生命周期而受到特别关注。SIRT1蛋白存在于哺乳动物细胞质和细胞核中,是老化相关蛋白。SIRT1作用于基因转录因子能加强基因组的稳定性。神经系统发生变性疾病时SIRT1表达量上调,起到一定的神经保护作用。但有实验验证神经元损伤SIRT1过表达导致记忆缺失,并没有起到神经保护作用。SIRT1诱导剂,可以是Sirtuin的激动剂也可以是能量限制状态。目前在生命科学领域里SIRT1已经凸显其科学价值地位,该文就SIRT1及其与神经变性疾病之间的关系做一综述。     

神经退行性疾病和脑损伤的细胞疗法

成熟的神经细胞属于终末分化细胞,具有不可再生性。神经退行性疾病以及其他脑损伤引起的神经元缺失,难以自发修复取代。如何修复大脑中受损的神经细胞、补充神经细胞已成为治疗各类神经系统疾病的关键。本综述将通过干细胞移植和诱导星形胶质细胞去分化两种途径来介绍针对神经退行性疾病和脑损伤的最新疗法。     

Survivin: A target from brain cancer to neurodegenerative disease

Apoptosis is an important contributing factor during neuronal death in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and sciatic nerve injury. Whereas several clinical and preclinical studies have focused on the neuroprotective effects of caspase inhibitors, their clinical benefits are still unclear. Here, we discuss novel alternative strategies to protect neuronal cells from apoptotic death using members of the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family. We specifically review the different roles of survivin, which is an important member of the IAP family that serves a dual role in the inhibition of apoptosis as well as a vital role in mitosis and cell division. Due to the various roles of survivin during cell division and apoptosis, targeting this protein illustrates a new therapeutic window for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.     

Therapeutic potential and challenges of targeting sirtuins in neurodegenerative diseases

Aging is the predominant risk factor for major neurodegenerative diseases. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Members of the sirtuin family of protein deacetylases support and promote longevity in diverse organisms and can extend lifespan when upregulated. Sirtuins are involved in fundamental mechanisms in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including protein aggregation and homeostasis, survival and stress responses, and inflammatory processes. In this review, we will discuss the neurobiology of sirtuins and their multifaceted roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. We will also examine the potential and challenges of targeting sirtuin pathways to treat these devastating conditions.     

神经干细胞在治疗脑损伤中的应用

神经干细胞（neural stem cells,NSCs）是中枢神经系统中既具有自我更新能力又能分化为神经系统各类细胞的细胞群。在体外一定条件下,NSCs能保持增殖能力,经定向诱导能分化为具有成熟神经细胞特征的各类细胞。NSCs移植治疗研究显示,植入的NSCs能分化为移植部位的神经细胞,并融入、整合该部位,重建受损神经网络,在一定程度上缓解病症。近年来,激活体内内源NSCs治疗神经损伤也逐渐得到广泛关注。因此,NSCs在治疗神经损伤中的应用研究已成为当前神经生物学基础理论和临床应用研究的热点。本文简要介绍了最近关于NSCs在治疗脑损伤中的应用研究进展。     

Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes bone marrow stromal cell transplantation-mediated neural regeneration in traumatic brain injury

The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on human BMSC (hBMSC) transplantation-mediated neural regeneration in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Fibrin gel was used as a delivery vehicle to release bFGF locally in the TBI sites in a controlled manner. To test this hypothesis, hBMSCs suspended in fibrin gel containing bFGF were transplanted to rat TBI sites. Transplantation of hBMSCs suspended in fibrin gel without bFGF served as a control. hBMSC transplantation and bFGF treatment showed enhanced neural tissue regeneration than that of the control. The infarction volume and apoptotic activity of the transplanted hBMSCs were significantly decreased, and functional outcomes were significantly improved in the hBMSC transplantation and bFGF treatment group than in the control group. This study demonstrates that bFGF significantly enhances histological and functional recovery when used in hBMSC transplantation therapy in TBI.     

Inflammation mediates varying effects in neurogenesis: relevance to the pathogenesis of brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders

Brain inflammation is a complex cellular and molecular response to stress, injury or infection of the CNS in attempt to defend against insults, clear dead and damaged neurons and return the CNS to a normal state. Inflammation in the CNS is driven by the activation of resident microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating peripheral macrophages, which release a plethora of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, neurotransmitters and reactive oxygen species. This inflammatory state inadvertently causes further bystander damage to neurons and produces both detrimental and favorable conditions for neurogenesis. Inflammatory factors have varying effects on neural progenitor cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival and incorporation of newly born neurons into the CNS circuitry. The unique profile of inflammatory factors, which depends on the severity of inflammation, can have varying consequences on neurogenesis. Inflammatory factors released during mild acute inflammation usually stimulate neurogenesis; where as the factors released by uncontrolled inflammation create an environment that is detrimental to neurogenesis. This review will provide a summary of current progress in this emerging field and examine the potential mechanisms through which inflammation affects neurogenesis during neurological complications.     

Caspases in ischaemic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease

The importance of caspases in developmental neuronal death is well-established. Recent data provide compelling evidence of caspase activation after ischaemic brain injury. Caspase inhibitors reduce cell death in several models of ischaemic injury. This review summarizes our current understanding of caspase function in ischaemic brain injury and examines the accumulating evidence of caspase participation in several neurodegenerative diseases. The therapeutic consequences of caspase inhibitor treatment in reducing cell death after such injury are also discussed.