新疆甜瓜地方品种资源核心种质构建

新疆甜瓜地方种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,是新疆哈密瓜遗传改良的重要基因库。以121份新疆甜瓜地方品种为研究对象,结合按来源分组和系统聚类选择的方法,通过多重比较29个表型性状数据确定适宜的取样比例,筛选出25份地方品种为初选核心种质。在初选核心种质取样量上,人工定向补充5份优异种质和极值材料确定了核心种质,约占地方品种总数量的25%。对表型保留比例、遗传多样性指数、变异系数、表型频率方差、极差符合率、均值符合率、标准差符合率等检验参数进行了检验和评价。结果表明:调整后的核心种质除标准差符合率降低外,其余参数均优于或等于初选核心种质,更能代表原始样品;所构建的核心种质很好地保留了所有地方品种资源的遗传多样性和变异幅度。     

基于农艺性状指标的山西高粱地方品种核心种质构建

利用1285份山西省高粱地方品种18个农艺性状的历史数据,通过比较不同取样方法、取样比例和聚类方法组合的构建方法,确定了“多次聚类偏离度取样法+15%取样比例+欧氏距离+最长距离法”为山西省高粱地方核心种质构建的方法。192份初选核心种质和所有样本的均值差异百分率、方差差异百分率、极差符合率和变异系数变化率分别为0、83.33%、97.45%和119.63%。同时,在此基础上补充选择6个具有特殊性状但未选入的种质资源,最终确定198份高粱资源组成山西省高粱地方品种核心种质,取样量为15.4%。经核心种质和所有样本不同性状的均值t测验、极值和标准差比较、遗传多样性指数的t值检验以及主成分分析,最终得出核心种质的198份高粱资源能够代表山西省高粱地方品种的遗传多样性,为山西省高粱地方品种评价和利用提供了优先样本。     

利用SSR分子标记检测黄淮夏大豆(Glycine max)初选核心样本的代表性

作物核心种质是用最小的样本代表其全部遗传资源的最大遗传多样性。为了检测大豆初选核心样本取样的代表性,本研究从黄淮夏大豆初选核心样本中,随机选取两个类群,其材料数分别为20份和14份;从保留种质的相应奥群中,分别随机选取6份和5份,共计45份材料,进行14个农艺性状和20对SSR引物的分析。对两组材料进行农艺性状聚类．保菌种质与初选核心种质聚在了一起;利用SSR分子标记数据聚类,也得到了相同的结果。初选核心样本两个类群材料的等位变异数分别为129个,136个;保留种质相应类群材料的等位变异分别为76个,71个;初选核心种质两个类群材料分别包合了整个资源86.00％和86．62％的遗传多样性。本研究为大豆核心种质构建及检测提供分子水平的依据。     

葡萄种质资源初级核心群的构建

以国家果树种质郑州葡萄圃保存的867份栽培种质为材料,对47项表型性状进行了主成分分析。采用欧氏遗传距离、离差平方和法进行种质初选。采用分组和逐步聚类法,分别以15%、20%、25%和30%的比例抽样,依次获得124、170、205和252份种质。通过对初选种质的遗传多样性指数、表型保留比例的分析,检验初级核心群的构建效果。结果表明,按种质类型分组,组内采用平方根策略、15%抽样比例获得的124份初选种质的表型保留比例和遗传多样性代表性均达到96%,表明构建的初级核心群对原始种质具有很好的代表性。     

中国芒(Miscanthus sinensis)初级核心种质的构建

以555份芒(Miscanthus sinensis)种质资源为研究对象,根据26个表型性状数据,按地理来源、植物区系和单一性状进行分组,分别采用简单比例法、平方根法和多样性指数法确定组内取样数,再根据聚类和随机2种方法进行组内个体选择。依照上述方案共构建出19个具有代表性的芒初选核心种质样本库。通过平均相似系数、性状符合度、数量性状变异系数和遗传多样性指数等4项检测指标对上述19种构建方案进行比较,最终确定了按"植物区划分组+多样性指数确定取样数+聚类选择个体"为芒初级核心种质构建的最佳方案。通过此方法建立起的芒初级核心种质资源共83份,占总资源的14.95%,且新构建的初级种质资源与总资源性状符合度达到100%。     

基于表型数据的辣椒核心种质构建研究

以收集保存的603份辣椒种质为材料,根据果形指数大小将其分成5组。基于28个性状的表型数据,采用简单比例、平方根比例、对数比例及遗传多样性指数比例法计算各组内取样份数,比较4种组内取样比例法、6种总体取样规模和2种取样方法在构建辣椒核心种质中的作用和效果。结果表明:(1)简单比例、平方根比例、对数比例、遗传多样性指数比例法入选的材料份数占预选核心种质份数依次为24.2%、22.2%、21.1%、17.8%,说明遗传多样性指数比例法对各组取样数量的修正能力最强,使取样更加均衡。(2)当总体取样规模为15%时,遗传多样性指数比例法构建的预选核心种质遗传多样性指数(I)达到最大,表型保留比例(RPR)超过98%;当总体取样规模超过20%时,RPR值、变异系数(CV)和极差符合率(CR)虽然平缓增加,但I值反而减小;说明15%为合适的总体取样规模。(3)利用对数比例法和多样性比例法,在15%的总体取样规模下,聚类取样构建的核心种质I值、RPR值、CV值及CR值均高于随机取样。(4)该研究根据所获得的优化方案最终在表型水平建立了包含91份种质的辣椒核心种质。     

华南地方稻种资源初级核心种质构建

根据核心种质理论,以表型调查数据为基础,按照丁颖水稻分类体系与系统聚类取样相结合的方法,并通过多重比较确定了适宜的取样规模,最终从4020份华南地方稻种中筛选出436份材料构建了初级核心种质,中选比例10.8％。利用表型保留比例、多样性指数、表型频率方差和变异系数等重要参数对初级核心样品代表性进行检验。结果表明,所选初级核心样品很好地代表了原种质的遗传多样性和变异幅度。     

基于表型及经济性状构建蒜头果初选核心种质

为尽快明确天然林中蒜头果种质资源收集保存的策略和目标,本研究基于21个表型及经济性状,构建蒜头果核心种质,明确了建立蒜头果育种和保存群体的目标材料,为其资源保育提供依据。在系统聚类和优先取样法的基础上,分别利用遗传多样性法、比例法和对数法,设定10%、20%和30%3种取样比例,产生7种构建策略;采用8个参数评价7种策略构建的核心种质,得到参数最优的核心种质;采用4重方法验证核心种质的有效性和代表性。结果表明,(1)“优先取样法+遗传多样性法+30%取样比例”形成的核心种质,8个评价参数最优,核心种质包含28个样本,取样比例为28.87%。(2)4种验证方法均表明,构建的核心种质具有较好的代表性。多样性指数的t检验表明,核心种质与原种质在21个性状上的多样性指数差异均不显著(0.05);符合率检验表明,核心种质与原种质在21个性状上的均值、极大值、极小值和多样性指数的符合率均在80%以上;主成分检验表明,核心种质与原种质具有相近的特征值、贡献率和累计贡献率;核心种质与原种质的样品分布表明,两者具有相似的分布结构。研究认为,构建的蒜头果核心种质具备代表性、有效性和实用性等特征,可作为蒜头果种质资源收集保存和建立育种群体的依据。     

基于农艺性状的榕江茶（Camellia yungkiangensis）核心种质构建

摘 要：为得出较为可靠的榕江茶初级核心种质群体,以加强榕江茶种质选育、开发利用和分子遗传学研究,解决其种质资源保存成本较高问题,促进榕江茶种质资源的鉴定和有效利用。以118份榕江茶种质资源为材料,对19个表型性状和4个基本品质成分共计23个农艺性状进行分析;基于2种遗传距离(标准化欧氏距离、马氏距离）、4种聚类方法（离差平方和法、非加权组平均法、最长距离法、最短距离法）和7种总体取样规模（10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%）构建了56个候选榕江茶核心种质,利用筛选得到的最佳构建方案构建初级核心种质。通过对原种质、保留种质和核心种质的表型遗传多样性和变异程度,以及各种质不同数量性状间的t检验来评价核心种质的代表性,并用主成分分析法对核心种质进行确认。构建榕江茶核心种质时,2种遗传距离中,标准化欧氏距离优于马氏距离;4种聚类方法中,最短距离法优于另外3种;7种总体取样规模中,30%的取样比例较适宜榕江茶核心种质的构建。对构建的38份核心种质进行分析评价,结果表明,核心种质与原种质23个性状的6个特征值一致性较好,并且遗传多样性指数有一定程度的提升;t检验结果表明,核心种质平衡了稀有性状的分布,有效保留了原种质的遗传多样性;主成分分析结果表明,核心种质的主成分累计贡献率高于原种质;对核心种质进一步确认时,发现核心种质均匀分布在原始种质范围内,无重叠现象,有效的避免了核心种质的冗余。所构建的榕江茶核心种质资源可以很好地代表原种质,较好的保留了原种质的性状、遗传多样性和变异。标准化欧氏距离、最短距离法和30%总体取样规模的构建策略,是构建榕江茶核心种质的最佳方法。最终构建了38份榕江茶种质资源的初级核心种质,占原种质32.20%。核心种质评价表明初级核心种质构建有效且质量较高,能够在保证冗余较少的情况下充分代表原种质遗传多样性。     

广西地方稻种资源核心种质构建和遗传多样性分析

以丁颖分类体系分组原则与组内逐层聚类取样方法,对8609份广西地方栽培稻资源表型数据信息进行分析,通过对表型保留比例等评价指标的多重比较确定核心种质总体取样比例,构建出占总体样本5%(414份)的广西地方栽培稻资源初级核心种质。初级核心种质能代表总体遗传变异的89%。用34对SSR分子标记对初级核心种质进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:广西地方栽培稻资源有较高的遗传多样性(等位基因数A为4.91,Nei’s多样性指数为0.574)。就Nei’s遗传多样性指数而言,粳稻高于籼稻,晚稻高于早稻,水稻高于陆稻,糯稻高于粘稻;来自桂中的稻种资源具有最高的遗传多样性。研究最终利用SSR数据,把414份初级核心种质压缩50%后形成209份核心种质,核心种质基因保留比例达到98%以上,有效代表了广西地方栽培稻资源多样性水平。     

Genetic Diversity and Core Collection Evaluations in Common Wheat Germplasm from the Northwestern Spring Wheat Region in China

Fluorescence microsatellite markers were employed to reveal genetic diversity of 340 wheat accessions consisting of 229 landraces and 111 modern varieties from the Northwest Spring Wheat Region in China. The 340 accessions were chosen as candidate core collections for wheat germplasm in this region. A core collection representing the genetic diversity of these accessions was identified based on a cluster dendrogram of 78 SSR loci. A total of 967 alleles were detected with a mean of 13.6 alleles (5–32) per locus. Mean PIC was 0.64, ranged from 0.05 to 0.91. All loci were distributed relatively evenly in the A, B and D wheat genomes. Mean genetic richness of A, B and D genomes for both landraces and modern varieties was B > A > D. However, mean genetic diversity indices of landraces changed to B > D > A. As a whole, genetic diversity of the landraces was considerably higher than that of the modern varieties. The big difference of genetic diversity indices in the three genomes suggested that breeding has exerted greater selection pressure in the D than the A or B genomes in this region. Changes of allelic proportions represented in the proposed core collection at different sampling scales suggested that the sampling percentage of the core collection in the Northwest Spring Wheat Region should be greater than 4% of the base collection to ensure that more than 70% of the variation is represented by the core collection. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

Establishing the A. E. Watkins landrace cultivar collection as a resource for systematic gene discovery in bread wheat

Key message

A high level of genetic diversity was found in the A. E. Watkins bread wheat landrace collection. Genotypic information was used to determine the population structure and to develop germplasm resources.

Abstract

In the 1930s A. E. Watkins acquired landrace cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from official channels of the board of Trade in London, many of which originated from local markets in 32 countries. The geographic distribution of the 826 landrace cultivars of the current collection, here called the Watkins collection, covers many Asian and European countries and some from Africa. The cultivars were genotyped with 41 microsatellite markers in order to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of the collection. A high level of genetic diversity was found, higher than in a collection of modern European winter bread wheat varieties from 1945 to 2000. Furthermore, although weak, the population structure of the Watkins collection reveals nine ancestral geographical groupings. An exchange of genetic material between ancestral groups before commercial wheat-breeding started would be a possible explanation for this. The increased knowledge regarding the diversity of the Watkins collection was used to develop resources for wheat research and breeding, one of them a core set, which captures the majority of the genetic diversity detected. The understanding of genetic diversity and population structure together with the availability of breeding resources should help to accelerate the detection of new alleles in the Watkins collection.     

Genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium in Chinese bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) revealed by SSR markers

Two hundred and fifty bread wheat lines, mainly Chinese mini core accessions, were assayed for polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium (LD) based on 512 whole-genome microsatellite loci representing a mean marker density of 5.1 cM. A total of 6,724 alleles ranging from 1 to 49 per locus were identified in all collections. The mean PIC value was 0.650, ranging from 0 to 0.965. Population structure and principal coordinate analysis revealed that landraces and modern varieties were two relatively independent genetic sub-groups. Landraces had a higher allelic diversity than modern varieties with respect to both genomes and chromosomes in terms of total number of alleles and allelic richness. 3,833 (57.0%) and 2,788 (41.5%) rare alleles with frequencies of <5% were found in the landrace and modern variety gene pools, respectively, indicating greater numbers of rare variants, or likely new alleles, in landraces. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that A genome had the largest genetic differentiation and D genome the lowest. In contrast to genetic diversity, modern varieties displayed a wider average LD decay across the whole genome for locus pairs with r(2)>0.05 (P<0.001) than the landraces. Mean LD decay distance for the landraces at the whole genome level was <5 cM, while a higher LD decay distance of 5-10 cM in modern varieties. LD decay distances were also somewhat different for each of the 21 chromosomes, being higher for most of the chromosomes in modern varieties (<5 ～ 25 cM) compared to landraces (<5 ～ 15 cM), presumably indicating the influences of domestication and breeding. This study facilitates predicting the marker density required to effectively associate genotypes with traits in Chinese wheat genetic resources.     

Establishment of a Core Collection of Traditional Cuban <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theobroma cacao</Emphasis> Plants for Conservation and Utilization Purposes

Presently, Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) in Cuba is mainly cultivated in the eastern region where plantations comprise a mixture of clonal varieties, hybrids, progeny of Trinidad Selected Hybrids, and traditional—also known as ancient—cacao. The ancient genetic resources, probably the plants most closely related to the original introductions, are endangered by their progressive replacement by modern clones. To promote the conservation and utilization of these genetic resources, a representative sample of 537 traditional Cuban cacao plants was used to develop a core collection. Core collections based on 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were generated using five different sampling algorithms: random sampling, simulated annealing, stepwise clustering with random sampling, the M strategy, and maximum genetic diversity. The five core collections were designed to capture 95 % of the SSR alleles in the complete collection. The genetic, morphological, and geographical diversity of each core collection was compared with that of the entire collection. The entire collection contained 139 alleles, including 104 rare ones, with the 95 % allelic coverage threshold achieved with 133 alleles. The core collection generated by the maximum genetic diversity algorithm had the lowest number of accessions (185), the highest mean genetic distance (0.486), the lowest morphological character redundancy, and the highest diversity as assessed by the mean Shannon-Weaver diversity index (0.757). This core collection can thus serve as the basis of future improvement programs based on local genetic resources.     

Genetic Diversity, Population Structure and Linkage Disequilibrium in Elite Chinese Winter Wheat Investigated with SSR Markers

To ascertain genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among a representative collection of Chinese winter wheat cultivars and lines, 90 winter wheat accessions were analyzed with 269 SSR markers distributed throughout the wheat genome. A total of 1,358 alleles were detected, with 2 to 10 alleles per locus and a mean genetic richness of 5.05. The average genetic diversity index was 0.60, with values ranging from 0.05 to 0.86. Of the three genomes of wheat, ANOVA revealed that the B genome had the highest genetic diversity (0.63) and the D genome the lowest (0.56); significant differences were observed between these two genomes (P<0.01). The 90 Chinese winter wheat accessions could be divided into three subgroups based on STRUCTURE, UPGMA cluster and principal coordinate analyses. The population structure derived from STRUCTURE clustering was positively correlated to some extent with geographic eco-type. LD analysis revealed that there was a shorter LD decay distance in Chinese winter wheat compared with other wheat germplasm collections. The maximum LD decay distance, estimated by curvilinear regression, was 17.4 cM (r(2)>0.1), with a whole genome LD decay distance of approximately 2.2 cM (r(2)>0.1, P<0.001). Evidence from genetic diversity analyses suggest that wheat germplasm from other countries should be introduced into Chinese winter wheat and distant hybridization should be adopted to create new wheat germplasm with increased genetic diversity. The results of this study should provide valuable information for future association mapping using this Chinese winter wheat collection.     

Genetic diversity in Chinese modern wheat varieties revealed by microsatellite markers

Genetic diversity of 1680 modern varieties in Chinese candidate core collections was analyzed at 78 SSR loci by fluorescence detection system. A total of 1336 alleles were detected, of which 1253 alleles could be annotated into 71 loci. For these 71 loci, the alleles ranged from 4 to 44 with an average of 17.6, and the PIC values changed from 0.19 to 0.89 with an average of 0.69. (1) In the three genomes of wheat, the average genetic richness was B>A>D, and the genetic diversity indexes were B>D>A. (2) Among the seven homoeologous groups, the average genetic richness was 2=7>3>4>6>5>1, and the genetic diversity indexes were 7>3>2>4>6>5>1. As a whole, group 7 possessed the highest genetic diversity, while groups 1 and 5 were the lowest. (3) In the 21 wheat chromosomes, 7A, 3B and 2D possessed much higher genetic diversity, while 2A, 1B, 4D, 5D and 1D were the lowest. (4) The highest average genetic diversity index existed in varieties bred in the 1950s, and then it declined continually. However, the change tendency of genetic diversity among decades was not greatly sharp. This was further illustrated by changes of the average genetic distance between varieties. In the 1950s it was the largest (0.731). Since the 1960s, it has decreased gradually (0.711, 0.706, 0.696, 0.695). The genetic base of modern varieties is becoming narrower and narrower. This should be given enough attention by breeders and policy makers.     

甘、青两省春小麦遗传多样性演变

对甘、青两省自20世纪40年代以来生产上曾大面积应用的200多个春小麦地方品种和育成品种资料进行了分析,结果表明,19个形态性状,5个农艺性状和2个品质性状都存在着广泛的遗传多样性,虽然育成品种农艺性状和品质性状的遗传多样性总体上大于地方品种,但是从20世纪60年代开展春小麦杂交育种工作之后,育成品种形态性状,农艺性状和品质性状遗传多样性呈下降趋势,评价育种对小麦遗传多样性的影响,不能足将地方品种和育成品种的遗传多样性作一简单比较就得出结论,而是应该在遗传多样性演变的动态过程中去研究。     

Combining focused identification of germplasm and core collection strategies to identify genebank accessions for central European soybean breeding

Environmental adaptation of crops is essential for reliable agricultural production and an important breeding objective. Genebanks provide genetic variation for the improvement of modern varieties, but the selection of suitable germplasm is frequently impeded by incomplete phenotypic data. We address this bottleneck by combining a Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) with core collection methodology to select soybean (Glycine max) germplasm for Central European breeding from a collection of >17,000 accessions. By focussing on adaptation to high-latitude cold regions, we selected an “environmental precore” of 3,663 accessions using environmental data and compared the Donor opulation of Environments (DPE) in Asia and the Target Population of Environments (TPE) in Central Europe in the present and 2070. Using single nucleotide polymorphisms, we reduced the precore into two diverse core collections of 183 and 366 accessions to serve as diversity panels for evaluation in the TPE. Genetic differentiation between precore and non-precore accessions revealed genomic regions that control maturity, and novel candidate loci for environmental adaptation, demonstrating the potential of diversity panels for studying adaptation. Objective-driven core collections have the potential to increase germplasm utilization for abiotic adaptation by breeding for a rapidly changing climate, or de novo adaptation of crops to expand cultivation ranges.     

An estimation of the minimum number of SSR loci needed to reveal genetic relationships in wheat varieties: Information from 96 random accessions with maximized genetic diversity

Genetic relationships among common wheat varieties from the 10 wheat growing regions of China were assessed using SSR markers. The wheat varieties included 33 modern varieties and 63 landraces selected from the national gene bank collection of China. One hundred and four pairs of selected primers detected a total of 802 alleles, of which 234 were specific to A genome, 309 to B genome, and 221 to D genome. The average genetic richness per locus (A _ij /loci) for A, B and D genomes were 6.88, 7.92 and 7.62, respectively. Their average genetic dispersion indices (H _t ) were 0.637, 0.694 and 0.656, respectively. The B genome showed the highest genetic diversity among the three wheat genomes. The landraces had a higher genetic diversity than the modern varieties, and the major difference between the landraces and the modern varieties in China existed in the D genome, followed by B and A genomes. The majority of the accessions (65.6%) had heterogeneity at the 112 loci detected. The highest heterogeneity locus percentages were 9.09 and 12.73 in the modern varieties and the landraces, respectively. SSR data were analyzed with NTSYS-pc software. The genetic similarities between accessions were estimated with the DICE coefficient. The accessions clustered into two groups, the modern varieties and the landraces by the un-weighted pair-group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA). The trend of correlation coefficients between genetic similarity matrices based on different numbers of random alleles and that of 802 alleles showed that 550 alleles were sufficient to construct a robust dendrogram. The separated simulations from six sub-samples revealed that 550 alleles were the minimum number required to confidently determine the genetic relationships. It was shown that the number of alleles (loci) needed do not have a strong association with the number of wheat lines in the sample size. These data suggested that 73 loci with good polymorphism are needed to reflect genetic relationships among accessions with more than 90% certainty. In the dendrogram, most accessions from the same wheat region were clustered together, and those from geographically adjacent regions usually appeared in the same small group. This indicated that genetic diversity of Chinese common wheat has a close association with their geographic distribution and ecological environment.