金矮生苹果水分利用效率研究

通过对金矮生苹果 ( Malus pumila CV.goldspur)在不同土壤水分和光照条件下叶片光合速率 ( Pn)和蒸腾速率( Tr)进行测定 ,并计算水分利用效率 ( WUE)。结果表明 ,由于光合有效辐射 ( PAR)和土壤水分 ( SWC)决定了金矮生苹果Pn和 Tr,从而影响到 WUE。在水分胁迫存在时 ,不同 SWC条件下的 WUE随 PAR的变化规律相差较大 ,SWC为 1 0 %(田间持水量 F C的 5 0 % )左右时 ,WUE最大值在所有土壤水分处理中居于最高 ( 2 30 μmol CO2 /g H2 O)。在水分供应充足时 ,尽管 WUE在达到最大值之后下降缓慢 ,但最大值只有 1 6 0 μmol CO2 /g H2 O左右 ,并且各 SWC水平之间差异不显著 ,模拟曲线基本重叠。 WUE随 SWC的变化与光照条件有关 ,光强范围在 5 0 0 相似文献   

不同含水量下尖叶拟船叶藓光合速率对光温的响应及其模型

对不同大气温度、藓体含水量及光照条件下尖叶拟船叶藓光合速率测定研究结果表明,光合速率(Pn)与光照强度(PAR)、大气温度(Ta)及藓体含水量(PWC)之间密切相关,光合速率的光响应曲线为直角双曲线,温度、藓体含水量影响图形的曲度参数,在低含水量、高气温组合和高含水量、低气温组合的藓体高光强下都使光合速率降低．弱光下(PAR<200μmol·s^-1·m^-2),光合速率最大值Pmax出现在PWC：为50％～80％,但随着Ta的升高而增大,当Ta>25℃,Pmax随Ta升高而降低;随着光照强度的增大,Pmax出现的PWC水平随之提高,当PAR<200μmol·s^-1·m^-2时,光合速率最大值Pmax出现在Ta比较高的范围(20～25℃),并随PWC的升高而增大,当PWC>80％时,Pmax随PWC升高而降低;随着光照强度的增大,Pmax出现的Ta水平降低、在230     

西藏高原地区引种的大田西瓜的一些光合特性（简报）

引种到西藏高原地区的大田西瓜,其叶片光合作用的光补偿点约为250μmol@m-2@s-1,光饱和点约为860μmol@m-2@s-1.开花初期(6月)的净光合速率(Pn)日变化为单峰曲线,未出现"光合午休”现象.故认为,因雨季造成的土壤水分充足可能是这一地区大田西瓜不产生光合午休的主要原因.大田西瓜的水分利用效率在上午900和1100时较高,是蒸腾作用较低的结果.     

不同产地披针叶茴香光合特性对水分胁迫和复水的响应

为了探讨披针叶茴香(Illicium lanceolatum)对水分胁迫的响应,选用4个不同产地的披针叶茴香(浙江临安产地(LA)、浙江开化产地(KH)、江西武宁产地(WN)和福建南平产地(NP))盆栽幼苗为试验材料,采用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定仪对不同水分胁迫下幼苗光合特性进行测定.结果表明:随着水分胁迫强度增加,不同产地幼苗光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)值表现出不同程度的降低,最大净光合速率(Pmax)的变化趋势存在产地差异,基本为先升后降;而表观光量子效率(AQY)呈增加的趋势.在水分胁迫复水后,4个产地幼苗LSP、LCP、AQY和Pmax值与正常供水时存在显著差异(P＜0.05),WN、KH和LA幼苗LSP值大于正常供水;除NP幼苗外,其余产地幼苗LCP值均不同程度快速回升;KH和WN幼苗Pmax值高于正常供水,LA和NP幼苗Pmax低于正常供水;WN、KH和LA幼苗的AQY值均明显高于正常供水.表明披针叶茴香不同产地植株光合特性对光强和水分敏感性不同,WN产地植株对水分和光照的需求较广、适应能力较强,其次为NP产地,而浙江产地(KH、LA)植株对于水分的要求较高.水分胁迫下,披针叶茴香幼苗光合响应曲线亦存在差异,在低光范围(≤200 μmol· m-2·s-1)时,其净光合速率(Pn)光响应值主要受土壤水分影响,当光强增大时,光照负面影响大于水分影响.表明披针叶茴香生长需要适宜水分,但最需要适宜光照,土壤水分条件较低时需实施弱光栽培措施来缓和逆境胁迫.     

模拟贝壳砂水分变化对旱柳光合特性的影响

为探讨贝壳堤岛旱柳叶片光合特性的水分响应规律,以2 a生旱柳苗木为材料,模拟设置贝壳砂生境系列水分梯度,测定分析不同土壤水分条件下旱柳叶片的主要光合生理参数。结果表明:（1）直角双曲线修正模型可较好模拟旱柳叶片净光合速率的光响应过程,维持旱柳较高光合作用的土壤相对含水量（RWC）为50.1%～94.4%,适宜光强为800～1 600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,水分对光强利用的补偿效应显著。（2）随土壤水分的降低,旱柳叶片净光合速率、光饱和点、表观量子效率及最大净光合速率均表现为先升高后降低;干旱和渍水胁迫条件下,旱柳叶片的光补偿点升高,光饱和点降低,光照生态幅变窄,光能利用效率降低,水分胁迫抑制光能效应明显。（3）随土壤水分的降低,旱柳叶片瞬时和潜在水分利用效率均表现为先升高后降低,分别在RWC为45.7%、40.6%时达到最大值,适度干旱胁迫可显著提高旱柳叶片的水分利用效率。（4）干旱和渍水胁迫均显著降低旱柳叶片的叶绿素含量和叶片水势,随土壤水分降低两者均表现为先升高后降低,叶绿素含量和叶片水势分别在RWC为58.9%、50.1%达到最高值。研究发现,贝壳砂生境旱柳叶片光合生理参数对土壤水分表现出一定的阈值响应,维持旱柳较高光合能力和水分利用效率的适宜土壤水分相对含量为50.1%～77.7%,表现为耐水湿不耐干旱的水分特性。     

土壤水分胁迫下沙漠葳的光合生理特征

以从美国西部引进的沙生灌木——沙漠葳（Chilopsis linearis）的2年生实生苗为材料,通过盆栽试验于7-9份进行轻度、中度和重度土壤水分胁迫处理并分析其光合生理响应特征.结果显示：（1）60 d中度或重度土壤水分胁迫使沙漠葳的净光合速率（Pn）、水分利用效率（WUE）和光补偿点（LCP）显著降低,暗呼吸速率（DRR）减弱,而气孔导度（Cs）增大,气孔限制值（Ls）变小.（2）Pn日变化在7月份的轻度和中度土壤水分胁迫下表现为双峰曲线,其余月份的胁迫处理均为单峰曲线,同期内各胁迫处理Pn峰值出现的时间基本相同,而且8月份各水分胁迫的Pn值显著高于其它月份;WUE的日变化趋势和Pn日变化相似,而且土壤水分胁迫越严重,其水分利用效率越低;各水分胁迫处理的Pn和Tr光响应拟合曲线均基本呈抛物线形或倒抛物线形.（3）在轻度和中度土壤水分胁迫的初期,Pn降低主要受气孔限制因素的影响,随着胁迫期的延长和胁迫的加重,Pn降低由气孔限制为主逐步转向以非气孔限制为主.研究表明,沙漠葳对干旱胁迫具有一定的适应能力,但长期中度或重度干旱胁迫都会影响沙漠葳的正常生长发育,使其光合生产力大大降低.     

蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)光合参数对水分胁迫的响应机理

针对当前植物光合机理模型中植物光合参数没有考虑干旱胁迫影响的不足,以东北地区蒙古栎为研究对象,基于蒙古栎对不同水分响应的植物生理生态模拟试验,探讨了蒙古栎光合参数对水分胁迫的定量响应.结果表明,水分胁迫严重影响蒙古栎叶片的光合参数.其最大净光合速率(Pmax)与土壤含水量呈抛物线关系(P<0.01),且在土壤体积含水量35.45%(相当于土壤质量含水量23.63%)接近田间持水量(27.4%)时达到最大值.蒙古栎幼苗叶片的最大羧化速率(Vcmax)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)和磷酸丙糖利用率(TPU)均与土壤水分呈抛物线关系(P<0.01),即Vcmax、Jmax 、TPU对土壤水分具有相同的响应趋势,但各光合参数达到最大时的土壤水分阈值却不相同.同时,基于蒙古栎光合作用参数对水分变化响应的定量分析,建立了水热因子协同影响的植物光合参数模型,为最终建立适用于所有植物的水热因子协同影响的光合参数模型提供了依据与技术示范.     

金矮生苹果叶片气体交换参数对土壤水分的响应

 在黄土高原半干旱地区,通过测定10年生金矮生苹果（Malus pumila cv. Goldspur）叶片气体交换参数与土壤水分的定量关系,探讨了土壤水分胁迫对光合作用的影响规律,以确定苹果园节水灌溉适宜的土壤水分调控标准。结果表明：叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）、气孔导度（Gs）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）对土壤水分的变化具有明显不同的阈值反应。土壤含水量（SWC）大约在田间持水量的60%～86%范围内,Pn和Tr均保持较高的水平,小于田间持水量的60%～86%后,两者均随土壤湿度的减少而明显下降。维持较高叶片水分利用效率（WUE）的SWC约在田间持水量的50%～71%左右。当SWC小于田间持水量的48%以后,Gs和Ls明显降低,而Ci急剧增加,水分胁迫条件开始直接作用于叶肉细胞,导致光合速率下降,由气孔限制因素转变为非气孔因素。据此我们认为：在半干旱黄土高原地区,金矮生苹果园节水灌溉适宜的SWC范围大约在田间持水量的50%～71%左右,所允许的土壤水分亏缺程度为田间持水量的48%左右。     

呼伦贝尔草甸草原不同土壤水分梯度下羊草的光合特性

为探索气候变化引起的干旱可能对呼伦贝尔草甸草原生产力造成的影响,利用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对呼伦贝尔草原4个土壤水分梯度下羊草的光合生理指标进行测定.结果表明:羊草叶片净光合速率的日变化在土壤质量含水量为(40±1)%、(20±1)%及(10±1)%的条件下呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在8:00和16:00,有明显的光合午休现象,在干旱胁迫(土壤质量含水量为(5±1)%)条件下变化趋势平缓,曲线双峰特征不明显,净光合速率大幅下降;叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化趋势均呈双峰曲线;不同土壤水分梯度下羊草叶片胞间CO2浓度的日变化与净光合速率日变化趋势相反.通过光响应的研究表明,土壤水分胁迫使最大净光合速率、光饱和点、表观量子效率以及水分利用效率降低,而光补偿点升高.干旱胁迫降低了呼伦贝尔草甸草原植被的光合生产能力,从而可能导致草地生产力大幅下降.     

土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片光合作用的影响

采用CIRAS-2型便携式光合作用系统,设置充足供水、轻度、中度和重度胁迫4种土壤水分处理,研究土壤干旱和强光胁迫对3年生黄栌苗木叶片光合作用的影响.结果表明:土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片的光合性能参数影响显著,随着土壤水分胁迫的加剧,黄栌叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率和光量子效率明显降低,光补偿点增高,水分利用效率在轻度水分胁迫(土壤相对含水量60%～65%)下最高;在强光(有效辐射强度1000～1800μmol.m-2.s-1)范围内,叶片光合速率和水分利用效率均较高,而对弱光的光能吸收和光量子效率较低,并随土壤水分胁迫加剧明显下降.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Isotopic studies of the diet of the people of the coast of British Columbia

In 1982, Chisholm et al. used δ¹³C data for human burials from shell midden sites widely distributed on the coast of British Columbia (BC) to show the extreme dependence of these individuals on high trophic level marine consumers, principally salmon and marine mammals. Here, we present previously unpublished analyses of δ¹⁵N for some of the same individuals as well as δ¹³C data for additional individuals. Nitrogen isotope data show that the diet was dominated by high trophic level marine fauna including carnivorous fish and marine mammals. Although most burials were found in shell middens, marine mollusks made up of only a minor component of diet. The data for δ¹³C demonstrate that terrestrial faunal foods are undetectable in the diet of the majority of individuals, and seldom constitute more than 10% of the dietary protein of individuals living on the coast although terrestrial fauna were widely available as a potential source of protein. This dietary pattern of exclusion of land‐based animals from their diet persisted for almost 6,000 years along a wide expanse of coastline. In contrast, people from the BC interior (100 km or more from the coast) consumed a mixed diet of terrestrial and marine foods including spawning salmon. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:460–468, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.