半干旱地区农田生态系统中硝态氮的淋失

在不同深度的渗漏池,连续6年(11季作物)研究了半干旱地区农田生态系统中硝态氮的淋失.结果表明,在半干旱地区,硝态氮的淋失仍可发生.淋失量和降水量有密切关系:降水多,淋失量大,不同降水年际间表现出显著差异.氮肥用量决定着淋失量的大小,而尿素和碳酸氢铵的淋失量却无本质差别.不同深度的土壤有着不同的贮水量,因而也有着不同的淋失量.实行夏季休闲,会增加硝态氮淋失的潜在危险.     

宁夏黄灌区稻田冬春休闲期硝态氮淋失量

对宁夏黄灌区稻田设置不同有机肥处理：常规施肥（CK）;常规施肥条件下分别施用4500 kg/hm2（T1）与9000 kg/hm2猪粪（T2）,采用树脂芯法测定了稻田冬春休闲期30 cm、60 cm、90 cm处的硝态氮流失量。结果表明,常规施肥条件下,90 cm处硝态氮淋失量最大,分别为T1、T2的1.10与1.13倍;在常规施肥基础上增施猪粪,硝态氮最大淋失量出现在60 cm土层,T1、T2的流失量分别为4.47 kg/hm2与4.21 kg/hm2,分别为该层CK淋失量的1.50与1.42倍。灌区稻田常规施肥基础上增施有机肥,能够减少硝态氮向深层淋失;但60 cm土层处硝态氮淋失量增加,为硝态氮的深层淋失提供了基础,但在灌区水旱轮作模式下,下季旱作灌水量明显减少,加之作物吸收,硝态氮淋失也将明显降低。     

宁夏引黄灌区猪粪还田对稻作土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区稻田为例,探索猪粪还田条件下稻田土壤硝态氮淋失规律。试验设置3个处理:常规施肥300 kg纯N kg/hm2(CK)、常规施肥条件下施用4500kg/hm2(T1)和9000 kg/hm2(T2)猪粪。利用树脂芯法吸附稻田30cm、60cm和90cm土层的硝态氮流失量。结果表明:在常规施肥的基础上增施猪粪,可以减少稻田生育期内60cm与90cm处土壤硝态氮淋失量,与CK相比,T1、T2在两个土层处淋失量的减少比例分别为4.93%、13.92%与7.48%、13.77%。同一土层不同处理之间差异显著性比较看(P0.05),30cm处T1、T2与CK相比没有达到显著性差异;60cm处,T1与CK未达到显著差异,T2与CK达到显著差异;90cm处,T1、T2与CK相比达到显著差异;60cm和90cm土层处的T2与T1之间均达到显著差异。T1和T2在30cm处的淋失量高于CK,但增加不明显,处理之间以及处理与对照相比差异不显著。稻田生育期内不同土层硝态氮淋失量在13.61—17.77 kg/hm2(纯N)。硝态氮淋失集中在插秧至分蘖期(5月中旬—6月下旬),该阶段的硝态氮淋失量占生育期内总淋失量的61.62%—72.84%;后期淋失量明显减少。处理T1、T2的水稻产量增产率分别为15.86%与12.85%。由此可见,在引黄灌区稻田,一定数量的猪粪还田,不仅能够减少土壤硝态氮向深层淋失,防控地下水污染,还有利于水稻增产。     

宁夏引黄灌区猪粪还田对麦田土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区为例,探索猪粪还田条件下冬小麦田土壤硝态氮淋失规律.试验设置3个处理:常规施化肥225 kg N·hm-2(CK)、常规施肥基础上施用4500 kg·hm-2(T1)和9000 kg·hm-2(T2)猪粪.利用树脂芯法吸附30、60和90 cm土层的硝态氮淋失量.结果表明:在常规施肥基础上增施猪粪,小麦生育期土壤硝态氮(纯N)淋失量为9.33~14.04kg·hm-2,占施N量的4.2%~6.2%.与CK相比,30 cm土层T1、T2的硝态氮淋失量增加2.6%和2.1%;60 cm土层增加1.5%和减少1.3%;90 cm土层减少8.7%和增加4.0%.增施猪粪与对照在30、60和90 cm土层处的硝态氮淋失量均无显著差异,而在深层土壤表现出减少趋势.硝态氮淋失主要发生在返青至灌浆期间,日均淋失量高于全生育期平均水平,该阶段的硝态氮淋失量占生育期内总淋失量的58.7%~75.3%.T1、T2春小麦产量比对照分别增加9.3%和12.5%.     

控释尿素减施对双季稻田氮素渗漏淋失的影响

大量施用氮肥引起的土壤氮素淋失是稻田氮素损失的一个重要途径.为探究自然降雨过程中典型双季稻田氮渗漏淋失特点,采用田间渗漏池法,通过大田小区试验,研究控释尿素减施对稻田土壤60 cm深处渗漏水中氮淋失和水稻产量的影响.结果表明: 施肥初期出现氮渗漏淋失峰值,这是防控的关键时期;双季稻生长季控释尿素减氮20%(0.8CRU)和减氮30%(0.7CRU)处理全氮淋失量分别为42.3和37.7 kg·hm^-2,均显著低于常规尿素(CU)处理(53.9 kg·hm^-2),且0.7CRU处理显著低于等氮量控释尿素(1.0CRU)处理(51.3 kg·hm^-2);各施氮处理全氮渗漏淋失率为11.9%～13.5%,处理间差异不显著.0.8CRU和0.7CRU处理较CU处理明显提高了水稻产量和氮肥吸收利用率,显著增加了氮收获指数.总之,控释尿素减氮 20%～30%能保证水稻产量和防控稻田氮渗漏淋失.     

不同渗漏计对稻田氮素渗漏量的测定差异

采用直管型和弯管型渗漏计,对不同施氮水平下水稻生育期间渗漏水中的铵态氮、硝态氮和全氮浓度进行测定分析.结果表明：2007年直管与弯管渗漏计中渗漏水的铵态氮浓度变化范围均在0～8 mg·L^-1,高于2006年0～4 mg·L^-1的铵态氮浓度变化范围;2007年直管渗漏计中渗漏水的硝态氮浓度主要集中在0～4 mg·L^-1,与2006年基本一致,而弯管渗漏计中渗漏水的硝态氮浓度变化较大,其变动范围主要集中在0～20 mg·L^-1,高于2006年的硝态氮浓度;2007年渗漏水中的全氮浓度变化范围为0～60 mg·L^-1,远高于2006年0～16 mg·L^-1的全氮浓度变化范围.稻田渗漏水中的氮素以硝态氮为主.2007年直管型渗漏计中总氮(TN)渗漏流失负荷为15.81 kg·hm^-2,NO₃^--N为9.33 kg·hm^-2,弯管型渗漏计中TN渗漏流失负荷为7.21 kg·hm^-2,NO₃^--N为4.25 kg·hm^-2.稻田渗漏水中铵态氮和硝态氮的渗漏流失途径不同,应当采用不同的计算方法估算直管型及弯管型渗漏计中的氮素渗漏量,采用直管型渗漏计对氮素渗漏量的估算较接近于用测坑试验测定的氮素渗漏负荷.     

有机无机肥配施对旱地冬小麦产量和硝态氮残留淋失的影响

针对渭北旱塬氮肥施用不合理的问题,通过不同氮肥用量(0、75、150、225、300 kg N·hm^-2)与有机肥(30 t·hm^-2)配施,明确渭北旱塬麦田配施有机肥条件下合理的氮肥用量以及配施有机肥的减氮增产作用和对硝态氮残留淋失的影响.结果表明: 与单施化肥处理相比,有机无机肥配施可以在减少27.1%的氮肥用量情况下,提高14.7%的小麦籽粒产量,其中,施氮量150 kg·hm^-2配施有机肥处理的产量最高;有机无机肥配施可以促进小麦籽粒氮素吸收,氮肥利用率提高20.2%,尤其当氮肥用量为150 kg·hm^-2时,氮肥利用率达到最高值(42.0%);配施有机肥还能减少氮肥当季残留量和小麦生育期硝态氮向深层土壤淋溶,降低夏闲期淋失层硝态氮的淋失比例,当施氮量低于115 kg·hm^-2时,配施有机肥可以降低夏闲期硝态氮淋失量.基于本研究,推荐渭北旱塬在配施有机肥30 t·hm^-2的基础上,氮肥用量150 kg·hm^-2左右可实现小麦高产,提高氮肥利用率,防止氮肥过量残留.     

农田生态系统N、P营养平衡及其肥料效应

９年的农田生态系统Ｎ、Ｐ营养平衡定位试验研究表明,Ｎ、Ｐ肥配合施用,实行秸秆还田,可提高土壤有机质和全Ｎ含量,使土壤速效和迟效Ｐ库容量得到补充．最后几年的Ｐ肥利用率达２１．１—６５．１％,Ｎ肥为４９—７５％．储备性施Ｐ第１年的利用率只有６．５－７．３％,而前３年之和达到２４—２８．５％,９年３个时段平均利用率２７．９—４２．８％,补偿性施Ｐ的１９．５—４２．９％．施Ｐ６５．５ｋｇ·ｈａ－１·ｙｒ－１时,既能满足作物对Ｐ的需求又能补充土壤速效Ｐ库容量．     

华南赤红壤无机复合肥氮磷淋失特征

采用室内土柱淋溶模拟试验,研究了不同施肥水平下无机复合肥中氮和磷在华南赤红壤中的淋失特征.结果表明: 铵态氮、硝态氮和总氮淋失量均随施肥量增加而提高;肥料中氮的淋失率在36.8%～49.2%之间,总氮淋失量（y）与施肥量（x）之间的回归方程为y=0.3667x+66.483（R²=0.992）;铵态氮和总氮的淋失主要集中在前5次淋洗,硝态氮的淋失持续时间更长.施肥量对可溶性磷淋失量无显著影响,但颗粒磷和总磷淋失量均随施肥量增加呈上升趋势;肥料磷淋失率在0.002%～0.010%之间,总磷淋失量（y）与施肥量（x）之间的回归方程为y=7e^-5x+0.0538（R²=0.931）;磷的淋失动态与氮显著不同,为缓慢的持续累积过程.硝态氮与铵态氮淋失量比值和可溶性磷与颗粒磷淋失量比值均随施肥量增加呈下降趋势.     

富营养化河水灌溉对稻田土壤氮磷养分贡献的影响——以太湖地区黄泥土为例

以太湖地区主要稻田土壤类型黄泥土为对象,利用当地富营养化河水对回填土柱和植稻原状土渗漏池进行模拟稻田灌溉试验,系统研究了灌溉水对稻田土壤氮磷营养的贡献.在回填土柱灌溉试验中,在试验初期,不同形态的氮素均有较高的淋失量,以后逐渐降低,表明初期淋失的氮素主要来自土壤,而不是灌溉河水.在整个水稻生长季,均观测到有可溶性有机氮淋失,表明富营养化河水灌溉条件下可溶性有机氮是稻田土壤主要的氮素淋失形态.在本试验中,磷素的淋失动态与氮素的淋失动态截然相反,淹水后很长一段时间内均没有土壤磷素淋失,但在淹水灌溉后期有大量的土壤磷素淋失损失,这可能是淹水后期土壤对磷的吸持已达到饱和状态,不能继续固持土壤中多余的磷所致.与回填土柱模拟灌溉淋洗试验相比,在当前供肥条件下,原状土渗漏池试验氮磷淋失量远低于回填土柱试验,而灌溉水对土壤氮磷养分的贡献远高于回填土柱.通过富营养化河水灌溉带入当季稻田的N量达到每公顷56.3 kg,其中有55.8 kg N可被土壤吸持和作物吸收,表明太湖地区稻田土壤对氮磷养分来说是一个环境友好的生态系统.在利用当地富营养化河水进行稻田土壤灌溉时可适量减少肥料施用量、优化氮磷肥料管理.     

The nitrogen status of Austrian forest ecosystems as influenced by atmospheric deposition,biomass harvesting and lateral organomass exchange

Measurements of the deposition rates of atmospheric trace constituents to forest ecosystems in Austria have shown that the deposition of plant utilizable nitrogen compounds is in the range from 12 kg N to more than 30 kg N ha^-1 a^-1. Locally, even higher deposition rates are encountered as a consequence of point sources or special deposition mechanisms such as fog interception, hoar frost formation, and accumulation in snow drifts. In order to place these values into perspective, they are compared with the nitrogen demand of past and present forest land use and with natural processes of nitrogen depletion and accumulation in forest ecosystems. During wind erosion of forest litter, woody material with a wide C/N-ratio remains on the windward side of ridges, while nutrient-rich material with a narrow C/N-ratio is deposited on the leeward side. As a result, total nitrogen storage in the forest soil as well as overall C/N-ratios change dramatically along a transect over a ridge, thus indicating a strong influence of litter C/N ratio on nitrogen retention in the forest soil. A study of nitrogen stores in the soil of beech ecosystems of the same yield class in the Vienna Woods showed a significant correlation of total N-content with base saturation. These results suggest that nitrogen storage capacity of forest soils may be managed by liming and tree species selection. As knowledge is still meagre, a special study on factors which determine nitrogen storage in forest soils is proposed within the FERN-programme.     

Nitrogen yields from undisturbed watersheds in the Americas

Yields of total fixed nitrogen and nitrogen fractions are summarized for thirty-one watersheds in which anthropogenic disturbance of the nitrogen cycle, either through land use or atmospheric deposition, is negligible or slight. These yields are taken as representative of background conditions over a broad range of watershed areas, elevations, and vegetation types. The data set focuses on watersheds of the American tropics, but also includes information on the Gambia River (Africa) and some small watersheds in the Sierra Nevada of California. For the tropical watersheds, total nitrogen yield averages 5.1 kg ha^–1 y^–1. On average, 30% of the total is particulate and 70% is dissolved. Of the dissolved fraction, an average of 50% is organic and 50% is inorganic, of which 20% is ammonium and 80% is nitrate. Yields are substantially lower than previously estimated for background conditions. Yields of all nitrogen fractions are strongly related to runoff, which also explains a large percentage of variance in yield of total nitrogen (r²=0.85). For total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions, yield increases at about two-thirds the rate of runoff; concentration decreases as runoff increases. There is a secondary but significant positive relationship between elevation and yield of DIN. Ratios DON/TDN and PN/TN both are related to watershed area rather than runoff; DON/TDN decreases and PN/TN increases toward higher stream orders. The analysis suggests for tropical watersheds the existence of mechanisms promoting strong homeostasis in the yield of N and its fractions for a given moisture regime, as well as predictable downstream change in proportionate representation N fractions. Yields and concentrations for small tropical watersheds are much larger than for the few temperate ones with which comparisons are possible.     

Time course of N2 fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the nitrogen fixation rates of four cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at different growth stages. The ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique was used to quantify biological nitrogen fixation. In the greenhouse, cultivars M4403 and Kallmet accumulated 301 and 189 mg N plant^–1, respectively, up to 63 days after planting (DAP) of which 57 and 43% was derived from atmosphere. Under field conditions, cultivars Bayocel and Flor de Mayo RMC accumulated in 77 DAP, 147 and 135 kg N ha^–1, respectively, of which approximately one-half was derived from the atmosphere. The rates of N₂ fixation determined at different growth stages increased as the plants developed, and reached a maximum during the reproductive stage both under field and greenhouse conditions. Differences in translocation of N were observed between the cultivars tested, particularly under field conditions. Thus, the fixed N harvest index was 93 and 60 for cultivars Flor de Mayo and Bayocel, respectively. In early stages of growth, the total content of ureides in the plants correlated with the N fixation rates. The findings reported in the present paper can be used to build a strategy for enhancing biological N₂ fixation in common bean.     

嫁接与施氮对甜瓜产量和氮素吸收、利用的影响

通过裂区设计田间试验,主区为2种栽培方式(嫁接栽培和自根栽培),副区为4个施氮水平(0、120、240、360 kg N·hm^-2),研究了栽培方式和施氮量对甜瓜产量和品质、氮素运移和分配,以及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明: 嫁接栽培的甜瓜商品瓜产量较自根甜瓜提高了7.3%,可溶性固形物含量降低了0.16%～3.28%;生长前期嫁接栽培甜瓜氮素累积量较自根栽培低,结果后嫁接栽培氮素累积量显著升高,收获时植株氮素累积量较自根栽培增加了5.2%,果实中的氮素累积量提高了10.3%;嫁接栽培植株氮素向果实的转移量较自根栽培提高了20.9%,嫁接栽培果实中的氮素分配率在80%以上,自根栽培的分配率在80%以下;在同一施氮水平下,嫁接栽培的甜瓜氮素吸收利用率较自根栽培提高了1.3%～4.2%,氮素农学效率提高了2.73～5.56 kg·kg^-1,氮素生理利用率提高了7.39～16.18 kg·kg^-1;从商品瓜产量、氮素吸收量和氮素利用率综合考虑,施氮量240 kg·hm^-2为本区域嫁接甜瓜较适宜的氮素用量.     

Nitrogen outputs from fecal and urine deposition of small mammals: implications for nitrogen cycling

The contribution of small mammals to nitrogen cycling could have repercussions for the producer community in the maintaining or perhaps magnifying of nitrogen availability. Our objective was to model nitrogen outputs (deposition of feces and urine) of small mammals in an old-field ecosystem and estimate the amount of fecal and urinary nitrogen deposited annually. To address this objective, we used models from laboratory studies and combined these with data from field studies to estimate dietary nitrogen and monthly and annual nitrogen outputs from fecal and urine deposition of five rodent species. The models accounted for monthly fluctuations in density and biomass of small-mammal populations. We estimated that the minimal amount of nitrogen deposited by rodents was 1.0 (0.9–1.1) and 2.7 (2.6–2.9) kg Nha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from feces and urine, respectively, for a total contribution of 3.7 (3.5–4.0) kg Nha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) accounted for >75% of the total nitrogen output by small mammals. Our estimates of annual fecal and urinary nitrogen deposited by rodents were comparable to nitrogen deposits by larger herbivores and other nitrogen fluxes in grassland ecosystems and should be considered when assessing the potential effects of herbivory on terrestrial nitrogen cycles.     

Yield of nitrogen from minimally disturbed watersheds of the United States

Watersheds of the US Geological Survey's Hydrologic Benchmark Network program were used in estimating annual yield of total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions (ammonium, nitrate, dissolved organic N, particulate N) in relation to amount of runoff, elevation, and watershed area. Only watersheds minimally disturbed with respect to the nitrogen cycle were used in the analysis (mostly natural vegetation cover, no point sources of N, atmospheric deposition of inorganic N < 10 kg ha^–1 y^–1). Statistical analysis of the yields of total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions showed that elevation and watershed area bear no significant relationship to nitrogen yield for these watersheds. The yields of total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions are, however, strongly related to runoff (r ² = 0.91 for total N). Annual yield increases as runoff increases, but at a rate lower than runoff; annual discharge-weighted mean concentrations decline as annual runoff increases. Yields of total nitrogen and most nitrogen fractions bear a relationship to runoff that is nearly indistinguishable from a relationship that was documented previously for minimally disturbed watersheds of the American tropics. Overall, the results suggest strong interlatitudinal convergence of yields and percent fractionation for nitrogen in relation to runoff.     

The impact of humans on the nitrogen cycle,with focus on temperate arable agriculture

The 6 billion people alive today consume about 25 million tonnes of protein nitrogen each year, a requirement that could well increase to 40–45 million tonnes by 2050. Most of them ultimately depend on the Haber-Bosch process to fix the atmospheric N₂ needed to grow at least part of their protein and, over the earth as a whole, this dependency is likely to increase. Humans now fix some 160 million tonnes of nitrogen per year, of which 98 are fixed industrially by the Haber-Bosch process (83 for use as agricultural fertilizer, 15 for industry), 22 during combustion and the rest is fixed during the cultivation of leguminous crops and fodders. These 160 million tonnes have markedly increased the burden of combined nitrogen entering rivers, lakes and shallow seas, as well as increasing the input of NH₃, N₂O, NO and NO₂ to the atmosphere. Nitrogen fertilizers give large economic gains in modern farming systems and under favourable conditions can be used very efficiently. Losses of nitrogen occur from all systems of agriculture, with organic manures being particularly difficult to use efficiently. Although nitrate leaching has received much attention as an economic loss, a cause of eutrophication and a health hazard, gaseous emissions may eventually prove to be the most serious environmentally. Scientists working on the use and fate of nitrogen fertilizers must be careful, clear headed and vigilant in looking for unexpected side effects.     

Nitrogen inputs to a marine embayment: the importance of groundwater

We examined the importance of nitrogen inputs from groundwater and runoff in a small coastal marine cove on Cape Cod, MA, USA. We evaluated groundwater inputs by three different methods: a water budget, assuming discharge equals recharge; direct measurements of discharge using bell jars; and a budget of water and salt at the mouth of the Cove over several tidal cycles. The lowest estimates were obtained by using a water budget and the highest estimates were obtained using a budget of water and salt at the Cove mouth. Overall there was more than a five fold difference in the freshwater inputs calculated by using these methods. Nitrogen in groundwater appears to be largely derived from on site septic systems. Average nitrate concentrations were highest in the region where building density was greatest. Nitrate in groundwater appeared to behave conservatively in sandy sediments where groundwater flow rates were high (> 11/m²/h), indicating that denitrification was not substantially reducing external nitrogen loading to the Cove. Nitrogen inputs from groundwater were approximately 300 mmol-N/m³/y of Cove water. Road runoff contributed an additional 60 mmol/m³/y. Total nitrogen inputs from groundwater and road runoff to this cove were similar in magnitude to river dominated estuaries in urbanized areas in the United States.     

Available soil nitrogen in relation to fractions of soil nitrogen and other soil properties

The available N of 27 soils from England and Wales was assessed from the amounts of N taken up over a 6-month period by perennial ryegrass grown in pots under uniform environmental conditions. Relationships between availability and the distribution of soil N amongst various fractions were then examined using multiple regression. The relationship: available soil N (mg kg^–1 dry soil)=(N_min×0.672)+(N_inc×0.840)+(N_mom×0.227)–5.12 was found to account for 91% of the variance in available soil N, where N_min=mineral N, N_inc=N mineralized on incubation and N_mom=N in macro-organic matter. The N mineralized on incubation appeared to be derived largely from sources other than the macro-organic matter because these two fractions were poorly correlated. When availability was expressed in terms of available organic N as % of soil organic N (N_ao) the closest relationship with other soil characteristics was: N_ao=[N_inc×(1.395–0.0347×CN_mom]+[N_mom×0.1416], where CN_mom=CN ratio of the macro-organic matter. This relationship accounted for 81% of the variance in the availability of the soil organic N.The conclusion that the macro-organic matter may contribute substantially to the available N was confirmed by a subsidiary experiment in which the macro-organic fraction was separated from about 20 kg of a grassland soil. The uptake of N by ryegrass was then assessed on two subsamples of this soil, one without the macro-organic matter and the other with this fraction returned: uptake was appreciably increased by the macro-organic matter.     

The cycling of organic nitrogen through the atmosphere

Atmospheric organic nitrogen (ON) appears to be a ubiquitous but poorly understood component of the atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux. Here, we focus on the ON components that dominate deposition and do not consider reactive atmospheric gases containing ON such as peroxyacyl nitrates that are important in atmospheric nitrogen transport, but are probably not particularly important in deposition. We first review the approaches to the analysis and characterization of atmospheric ON. We then briefly summarize the available data on the concentrations of ON in both aerosols and rainwater from around the world, and the limited information available on its chemical characterization. This evidence clearly shows that atmospheric aerosol and rainwater ON is a complex mixture of material from multiple sources. This synthesis of available information is then used to try and identify some of the important sources of this material, in particular, if it is of predominantly natural or anthropogenic origin. Finally, we suggest that the flux of ON is about 25 per cent of the total nitrogen deposition flux.