山东鲁中南地区周-汉代人骨研究

本文对 11例出土于山东省鲁中南地区保存较好的周 -汉代颅骨进行测量研究。在颅、面部测量特征的比较上 ,这批头骨与鲁北地区同时代头骨特征类似 ,都属于东亚蒙古人种类型。与周邻地区古代人群的聚类分析与主成分分析结果表明 ,鲁中南周 -汉代组人群与黄河流域古代类群的亲缘关系比与华南组的更接近 ,这组人群与西日本弥生人接近的程度明显大于与绳文人接近的程度。本研究支持在现代日本人的起源中有源自中国大陆特别是华北东部地区的因素。     

中国人和日本人在人种上的关系——颅骨测量性状的统计分析研究

本研究以北亚、东亚、东南亚和大洋洲一大片区域为背景探索日本人的起源和亲缘关系。结果显示日本旧石器时代港川人、绳文时代和现代人与大约同时期的华南居民有最接近的亲缘关系;从绳文时代到现代日本人的时代变化具有与后者(以及华北居民)相同的趋势。     

现代人头骨面部某些特征的投影栅相位法测量研究

用投影栅相位法 ,定量测量现代人面颅骨的一些项目 ,分析比较了中国南方、北方面骨的特点及中国与欧洲现代人面骨的差异 ,并探讨该方法在人类学研究领域应用的可行性和实用性。发现 :1 不论云南、欧洲头骨 ,性别差异主要集中在线距项目上 ,男性测量值大于女性。 2 华北头骨的中面宽、上面高及其指数、颧上颌高和内侧两眶宽指数大于云南头骨 ,中面部的扁平度小于云南头骨 ,颧骨额蝶突的前外侧面比云南头骨的要朝向前方。 3 中国云南、华北现代人头骨上面部的宽度小于欧洲现代人头骨 ,上面部扁平程度大于欧洲现代人头骨; 颧骨额蝶突的前外侧面比欧洲头骨更朝向前方。华北头骨上面部高度及其指数大于欧洲头骨; 云南头骨上面高及男性的上面高指数与欧洲头骨无差异 ,云南女性上面高指数大于欧洲头骨。我们认为投影栅相位法可作为传统测量方法的有益补充。     

现代中国人体质特征及其类型的分析

文章运用多元分析方法,分析了十六个地区的汉族和廿五个少数民族的体质特征,提出现代中国人的体质特征明显分为两大地区类型,即长江以北的为北部类型和长江以南的为南部类型。并且认为两大类型体征的形成始于我国文化发达的新石器时代.     

中国新石器时代居民体征类型初探

应用聚类分析的方法研究中国新石器时代居民体征类型。作者认为他们同属一个大人种——蒙古人种(即黄色人种)。依照他们体征间的差异,可以分为三个地区类型:1)中原地区类型;2)华南地区类型;3)关中地区类型。这些地区类型形成的时间可能是在较新石器时代为早的时候。     

Numerical analysis of pollen samples from central Canada: A comparison of methods

The compilation of large and complex sets of modern pollen data has stimulated the use of new methods, including the use of multivariate statistical techniques, for summarizing and presenting these data. This paper compares several of these methods by applying them to Lichti-Federovich and Ritchie's (1968) 131 sediment samples of modern pollen from central Canada. Maps of the major pollen types are presented, and the data are analyzed by canonical variates analysis, principal components analysis, principal coordinates analysis, and minimum-variance cluster analysis.The maps show the geographical distribution of the principal pollen types and reveal that steep gradients in the percentages of eight of the nineteen pollen types used in this study separate the samples in the southwest from the remaining samples. Excluding the southwestern samples, the maps show the frequencies of the other pollen types to be aligned north to south with high values of sedge, birch, and heath pollen in the north, high values of pine in the south, and high values of spruce and alder in between. This same general structure is evident in the results of the four multivariate analyses. The samples are distributed in a closely similar manner along the first two axes derived from canonical varietes analysis, principal components analysis, and principal coordinates analysis. The first axis of each analysis separates the samples in the southwest from the rest of the samples, and the second axis shows these latter samples to be spread fairly evenly along a north—south gradient from the tundra samples to the mixed coniferous—deciduous forest samples. Minimum-variance cluster analysis also shows these divisions by clustering the samples into three major groups: the southwestern samples from the prairie, aspen parkland, and deciduous forest; the northern samples from the tundra and forest—tundra; and the intermediate samples from the mixed forest and closed coniferous forest regions. Further division by the clustering technique yields fourteen groups, and these show the pollen samples to cluster slightly differently from their classification based on their location within the vegetational units. For example, the samples of the forest—tundra and the open coniferous forest are grouped together, but the samples of the upland mixed forest are too heterogeneous in pollen composition to be placed in one group.These results indicate the power of these numerical methods that use prescribed mathematical steps to analyze all samples and major pollen types simultaneously and thereby reveal the basic structure in the data based on numerical criteria alone. These summaries aid an investigator in visualizing the important trends and divisions in a data set and in finding those samples needed for a particular comparison.     

香港地区现代人头骨的研究：性别和地区类型的判别分析

本文报告了香港地区现代中国人头骨测量性状的性别差异情况和香港与太原的男性头骨的差异情况。在此基础上,使用判别分析的方法建立了各自的判别函数,正判率分别达到93.1％和85.3％。它们分别适用于华南头骨的性别鉴定和华南与华北男性头骨的区分。     

我国新石器时代居民体型特征分化趋向

中国新石器时代居民的颅骨特征是以圆颅型和高颅型为主,上面部形态以中面型为主,从面部前突程度看,多数呈正颌型和中颌型,眶部多数为中眶型,鼻部为中鼻型和阔鼻型。其体征分化大致可分三个地区组群:黄河中下游地区,颅骨圆而高,上面部较狭长,眼眶较高,面部位置较垂直,中等宽度的鼻型;华南地区,颅骨较长而低,上面部较低矮,出现更多的突颌型,鼻部较宽,眼眶较低,眉弓、鼻棘也较发达;汉水流域地区,颅骨许多特征介于前两个地区之间。     

现代人头骨面部几项非测量性状的观察

用人类学观察法比较了中国云南、华北和欧洲现代人头骨的犬齿窝、颧骨缘突和梨状孔上外侧部膨隆的出现情况,以探讨其在人种、群体区分上是否有意义。结果：（1）在云南头骨,犬齿窝、颧骨缘突的出现率无性别差异,梨状孔上外侧部骨表面膨隆的出现率男性明显高于女性,而在欧洲头骨,这3项非测量必状的出现率男女间无差异。（2）上述3项性状,在中国云南和华北头骨（男性）的出现率无差异。（3）犬齿窝、梨状孔上外侧部骨表面膨隆的出现率,在现代欧洲人头骨明显高于现代中国人头骨。颧骨缘突的出现率在欧洲与中国现代人头骨上无差异。     

Biogeographic variation in skull morphology across the Kra Isthmus in dusky leaf monkeys

Despite the growing literature on the underlying factors of geographical phenotypic variation, little is known about how and to what extent biogeographic barriers in South‐East Asia have shaped morphological variation in primates. We aimed to investigate the geographical variations in skull morphology in dusky leaf monkeys by decomposing them into clinal (latitudinal), non‐clinal spatial (discrete difference between regions north and south of the Isthmus of Kra), and environment‐related components. We applied geometric morphometrics to measure 53 adult male specimens from 36 localities, covering the regions both north and south of the Isthmus of Kra. A linear model was used to test the effects of region (north vs. south of the Isthmus of Kra), latitude, and environmental factors (temperature and rainfall) on the size and shape of skulls. A part of variation in skull shape differed moderately between the regions in the north and south of the Isthmus of Kra, and this difference cannot be explained by latitudinal and environmental factors. However, for size and the majority of variations in shape, we detected limited contributions of region and the two environmental factors. Shape differentiation that was unexplained by latitudinal and environmental factors suggests that dusky leaf monkeys may have experienced a population division due to habitat constriction around the Isthmus of Kra. However, this divergence probably has been obscured by subsequent gene flow between populations after habitat recovery.