超临界CO2提取甘草地上部分总黄酮

采用单因素试验对甘草地上部分（茎叶）的超临界CO₂提取工艺进行了研究。实验考察了压力、萃取时间、温度及CO₂流量对甘草地上部分总黄酮提取率的影响,以总黄酮提取率和含量为指标,系统的研究了超临界二氧化碳萃取法提取甘草地上部分总黄酮的提取效果。得出的最佳工艺参数为：采用40~60目原料,80%乙醇为夹带剂,萃取时间：1.5 h;萃取压力：30.0 MPa;萃取温度：50℃;CO₂流量：10 kg·h^-1;分离压力: 5.8 MPa;分离温度: 40℃。实验结果表明超临界二氧化碳萃取甘草总黄酮的提取率2.09%,含量5.42%,工艺具有提取率高,纯度高的特点,为规模化生产甘草总黄酮的提取提供了研究基础。     

超临界CO_2流体萃取苦瓜总黄酮工艺及其抗氧化活性

利用响应面法优化超临界CO2萃取苦瓜总黄酮的工艺参数,在单因素实验基础上,以萃取时间、萃取温度及萃取压力为自变量,总黄酮提取率为响应值,采用中心组合设计的方法,研究各自变量及其交互作用对总黄酮提取率的影响。结果表明,3个因素对总黄酮提取率的影响大小依次为萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间。利用SAS软件和响应面分析相结合的方法模拟得到二次多项式回归方程的预测模型,确定最佳工艺条件:采用无水乙醇为夹带剂(4.0 mL/g),萃取压力33.4 MPa、萃取温度46℃、萃取时间53.2 m in。此条件下,苦瓜总黄酮提取率达到84.3%。抗氧化实验表明:超临界CO2萃取能较好保留苦瓜总黄酮的抗氧化活性,采用超临界CO2萃取法提取的苦瓜总黄酮具有较强的抗氧化活性,当质量浓度为1 mg/mL时,对DPPH自由基的清除能力与Vc相当,清除率达到93.1%。     

正交试验法优选薯蓣皂苷元萃取条件研究

目的:为明确薯蓣皂苷元的最佳提取工艺,我们采用超临界CO2萃取技术,通过正交试验优化穿山龙中薯蓣皂苷元的提取工艺。方法:探讨萃取压力、萃取温度、分离Ⅰ压力、分离Ⅰ温度等因素对薯蓣皂苷元收率的影响。确定了薯蓣皂苷元的最佳萃取条件。结果:穿山龙中薯蓣皂苷元超临界萃取的最佳条件为萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度50℃,分离Ⅰ压力13 MPa,分离Ⅰ温度40℃。结论:超临界CO2萃取法提取薯蓣皂苷元工艺简单,安全有效。     

正交实验法优化超临界二氧化碳萃取桑叶总黄酮

探索采用超临界CO_2法萃取桑叶中总黄酮提取的最佳方案。利用超临界二氧化碳萃取技术,依次用正交实验方法考查萃取压强、萃取温度、萃取时间以及夹带剂流速对于桑叶中总黄酮得率的影响,优选提取桑叶黄酮类化合物提取的最佳工艺条件。结果显示,正交实验的最佳萃取条件为:萃取压强为25 MPa,萃取温度为40℃,萃取时间为3 h,夹带剂无水乙醇流速为2.5 mL/min,该条件下,总黄酮得率为6.19%±0.26%,可重复性良好。采用超临界二氧化碳萃取桑叶中黄酮类物质的总黄酮提取率较高,为进一步开发桑叶实验提供了理论和实验依据。     

超临界CO2萃取烟叶中茄尼醇的工艺研究

采用超临界二氧化碳萃取烟叶中的茄尼醇,考察了萃取过程温度、压力、二氧化碳流量、萃取方式、夹带剂种类及其用量对萃取过程的影响。采用四因素三水平的正交设计,以茄尼醇的提取率为指标,对萃取条件进行了优化。并建立了能较准确测定烟叶中游离茄尼醇含量的方法,采用高效液相色谱对萃取产物进行了分析。以探索提高提取率的方法,为其工业化生产提供参考。结果表明:最佳萃取工艺条件为:甲醇为夹带剂,萃取温度45℃,萃取压力25MPa,CO2流量15kg·h-1。在最佳工艺条件下茄尼醇的提取率为:92.1%。     

超临界CO2萃取百合花挥发油的工艺研究

本文介绍了超临界CO2萃取百合花中挥发油的提取分离工艺,重点研究了超临界CO2萃取压力、温度、时间对出油率的影响。正交试验结果表明：影响超临界CO2萃取的主要因素为C3〉A2〉B2（A为萃取压力,B为萃取温度,C为萃取时间）;最佳工艺参数：SC-CO2萃取压力为18MPa,温度为50℃,时间为90min,流量为25L／min,所得百合花挥发油的出油率高达2．92％。     

超临界二氧化碳法萃取桑叶中总黄酮工艺研究

为了探索超临界二氧化碳法萃取桑叶中总黄酮提取的最佳方案,利用超临界二氧化碳萃取技术,依次用响应面法考查萃取压强、萃取温度、萃取时间以及夹带剂无水乙醇的流速对桑叶中总黄酮得率的影响,优选出桑叶黄酮类化合物在使用超临界萃取装置时提取的最佳工艺。结果显示:响应面法的最佳萃取条件为:压力26 MPa,温度50℃,时间3 h,流速2.5 m L/min,最佳条件下总黄酮得率为6.21%±0.05%。     

超临界二氧化碳萃取鸢尾油的工艺条件研究

本文采用L9（3^4）正交实验考察了二氧化碳超临界萃取中萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对鸢尾精油提取率的影响。结果表明各影响因子的影响顺序为：压力〉时间〉温度;当原料的颗粒度为60-80目、CO2流量为20．0m^3/h时,用超临界二氧化碳萃取鸢尾精油的最佳工艺条件为：萃取压力26．0MPa,萃取温度55．0℃,萃取完成时间为2．5h,此条件下鸢尾香根中鸢尾油的萃取率高达12．71％,得到的精油中鸢尾酮的含量为39．95％,与索氏法和微波提取法相比,超临界萃取具有提取率高和产品质量好的优点。     

超临界CO_2和微波辅助萃取艾叶挥发油工艺的研究

通过超临界CO2萃取均匀设计实验和微波辅助萃取艾叶挥发油的正交实验比较,考察影响提取的主要因素,寻求最佳萃取工艺。超临界CO2萃取最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力16MP,萃取温度31℃,CO2流量20kg/h和时间80min,得率3.75%;微波萃取最佳工艺条件为:辐射功率720w,辐射时间200s,溶剂量400mL,洗涤剂量50mL,得率4.85%。水蒸馏法提取率为1.87%。结果表明超临界CO2和水蒸馏法萃取艾叶挥发油品质最好;微波萃取收率最高,但品质较差。     

白果油的提取工艺及其化学成分研究

采用正交实验对超临界CO2萃取白果油的工艺条件进行优化,比较超声波提取、索氏提取、超临界CO2萃取3种方式对白果油提取率的大小,用最佳提取方式分析不同品种白果中油脂的含量,并用GC-MS分析其成分.结果表明: (1)3种提取方式对白果油提取率的大小顺序为:超临界CO2萃取(添加夹带剂)＞索氏提取＞超声波提取.(2)超临界CO2萃取白果油的最佳工艺条件为:温度40℃、压力20 MPa、流速15 L/h、时间3 h并添加石油醚夹带剂,不同品种白果干粉中油脂得率为3.6%～7.11%.(3)GC-MS分析表明:从超临界萃取白果油中鉴定出17种化学成分,其中不饱和脂肪酸占85.4%;超声波和索氏提取相似,分别从提取的白果油中鉴定出10种和9种化学成分,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为90.3%和90.1%;不饱和脂肪酸以十六、十八碳的为主.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.