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1.
Seied Ali Hosseini Tafreshi Mansour Shariati Mohammad Reza Mofid Mojtaba Khayam Nekui 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2011,47(5):561-568
A highly promising procedure to obtain seedlings of Taxus baccata L. has been developed, which involves a combination of in vitro embryo culture and growth under hydroponic conditions. Embryos isolated from freshly collected seeds were 100% sterile, even
though the seeds were not treated with acid or soaked in water prior to culturing. The embryo germination level of non-leached
seeds was slightly lower (85%) than those leached in running water for 7 d (100%). The leached embryos germinated with extended
roots while the non-leached embryos had abnormal shapes. The embryos cultured on media supplemented with an absorbent (PVP
or activated charcoal) had extended roots and shoots and were a larger size without any browning, as compared to those grown
without the supplement; activated charcoal gave better results. There were no significant differences in germination rates
of T. baccata embryos between the media with differing strengths of macronutrients; however, for further development of the shoot, it was
necessary to sub-culture the seedlings in MS in the light. To obtain seedlings with longer roots, they had to be maintained
in one-half strength MS in darkness. Approximately 90% of the plants survived when grown hydroponically for 2 mo. The surviving
plants showed well-extended roots and were a good starting material for genomic, proteomic, and conservational studies as
well as Taxol permeabilization investigations. 相似文献
2.
K. Samuel D. Debashish B. Madhumita G. Padmaja Siva Ram Prasad V. Bhaskara Ramana Murthy P. S. Rao 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2009,45(4):466-473
The propagation of Givotia rottleriformis Griff. is difficult as a result of long seed dormancy associated with poor seed germination. The present study was undertaken
to develop a protocol to overcome seed dormancy by culture of zygotic embryo axes and then develop an efficient method for
micropropagation of Givotia. Best germination frequency (78.3%) was achieved from mature zygotic embryo axes isolated from acid-scarified fresh seeds
when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (half-strength major salts) with 28.9 μM gibberellic acid (GA3). Efficient plant conversion was achieved by transfer of 10-d-old germinated embryos to MS medium (half-strength major salts)
supplemented with 1.2 μM kinetin (KN) and 0.5 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). However, acid scarification of 1-yr-old seeds
decreased the germination frequency of zygotic embryo axes in comparison to those obtained from non-acid-scarified seeds which
germinated (96.2%) and converted into plants (80.3%) on MS basal (half-strength major salts) medium. Multiple shoot bud induction
was achieved by culture of shoot tips derived from in vitro germinated seedlings on MS medium with 0.5 μM thidiazuron for 4 wk, and the shoots elongated after transfer to a secondary
medium with 1.2 μM KN. A maximum number of 7.8 shoots per explant with an average shoot length of 3.2 cm was achieved after
two subcultures on this medium. The in vitro regenerated shoots rooted (41.5%) on half-strength MS medium with 0.5 μM IBA. The in vitro generated seedlings and micropropagated plants were established in soil with a survival frequency of 70% and 60%, respectively. 相似文献
3.
Philip J. Kauth Michael E. Kane Wagner A. Vendrame 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2011,47(1):148-156
Seed responses to temperature are often essential to the study of germination ecology, but the ecological role of temperature
in orchid seed germination remains uncertain. The response of orchid seeds to cold stratification have been studied, but the
exact physiological role remains unclear. No studies exist that compare the effects of either cold stratification or temperature
on germination among distant populations of the same species. In two separate experiments, the role of temperature (25, 22/11,
27/15, 29/19, 33/24°C) and chilling at 10°C on in vitro seed germination were investigated using distant populations of Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus. Cooler temperatures promoted germination of Michigan seeds; warmer temperatures promoted germination of South Carolina and
north central Florida seeds. South Florida seed germination was highest under both warm and cool temperatures. More advanced
seedling development generally occurred at higher temperatures with the exception of south Florida seedlings, in which the
warmest temperature suppressed development. Fluctuating diurnal temperatures were more beneficial for germination compared
to constant temperatures. Cold stratification had a positive effect on germination among all populations, but South Carolina
seeds required the longest chilling treatments to obtain maximum germination. Results from the cold stratification experiment
indicate that a physiological dormancy is present, but the degree of dormancy varies across the species range. The variable
responses among populations may indicate ecotypic differentiation. 相似文献
4.
Seeds of Delphinium fissum subsp. sordidum are physiologically dormant at maturity, with underdeveloped embryos; thus they have morphophysiological dormancy (MPD).
The aims of this study were to determine the requirements for embryo growth, dormancy break and germination, to characterise
the type of seed dormancy and to evaluate the effects of light, seed age, pollination mechanism, and inter-annual and inter-population
variability on germinative ability. After 3 months of incubation at 5°C (cold stratification) in darkness conditions, the
mean embryo length increased from 5.6 to 2.07 mm, with 76% of seeds germinating. Conversely, embryos of seeds incubated during
3 months at 20/7 or 28/14°C hardly grew and no germination was recorded. Since cold stratification was the only requirement
for the loss of MPD, and both dry storage in laboratory conditions and warm stratification prior to cold stratification shortened
the cold stratification period required for germination, it could be concluded that D. fissum subsp. sordidum seeds have intermediate complex MPD. Cold stratification and incubation in darkness conditions promoted higher germination
percentages than those in light. In addition, germinative ability increased with seed age up to 8 months (reaching 96% at
5°C in darkness), showed a pronounced inter-annual and inter-population variability, as well as a significant decrease in
seeds coming from pollination by geitonogamy. High temperatures (25/10 or 28/14°C) induced seeds to secondary dormancy, so
seedling emergence in the greenhouse was restricted to February–March. The requirements for dormancy break and germination
reflect an adaptation to trigger germination in late winter. This study is the first one to document a gradual increase in
germination percentage with seed age for plant species with intermediate complex MPD. 相似文献
5.
In vitro culture is an important aid for ex situ conservation of rare, endemic or threatened plants. In this work, we establish an efficient method for the seed germination,
seedling development, and axillary shoot propagation of Centaurea zeybekii Wagenitz. The seeds, collected from a wild population, were surface sterilised and cultured on various in vitro germination media. The effects of photoperiod and temperature on seed germination were also investigated. Germinations were
obtained after 6 weeks in culture and the radicle emergence was evaluated as a main indicator. A high frequency of germination
was obtained on distilled water supplemented with vitamines and 1 mg/L GA3. Although the seed germination frequencies were not affected by photoperiod, the highest germination frequency was obtained
at 24 ± 2°C. A high frequency of axillary shoot proliferation was produced on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BA. Then,
the axillary shoots were separated and transferred to MS medium with or without plant growth regulators for rooting. Rhizogenezis
was promoted after 6 weeks only in MS and 1/2 MS media containing 0.5 mg/L IBA. The rooting process was very slow and the
percentage of shoot rooting was also very low (15%).
The present study not only enables reinforcement of wild plant populations using ex situ growth of individuals, but it also helps to large number of aseptic seedling to use it in clonaly micropropagation studies. 相似文献
6.
In vitro propagation protocol for Haemaria discolor (Ker) Lindl. var. dawsoniana by artificial cross-pollination and asymbiotic germination of seeds has been developed. Fruit set (100 %) was obtained when the pollinia and ovules of various aged flowers were used for pollination. In vitro germination of seeds obtained from capsules of various ages was achieved on half-strength Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with 3 % sucrose and 0.85 % agar. The germinated seedlings were cultured on half-strength MS medium with 0.2 % activated charcoal, 8 % banana homogenate, 0.1 mg dm−3 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)urea (TDZ) and 1 mg dm−3 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Ninety-six percent of plantlets survived after hardening in greenhouse.This research was supported by grant (91AS-3.1.1-CI-C3) from the Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan of Taiwan and grants (NSC-89-2317-B055-002 and NSC-91-2317-B324-001) from the National Science Council of Taiwan. This paper is Agricultural Research Institute Contribution No. 2158. 相似文献
7.
Juan A. Delgado José M. Serrano Francisco López Francisco J. Acosta 《Plant Ecology》2008,197(2):269-276
The germination response of different sized seeds from individuals of a Mediterranean fire-prone shrub (Cistus ladanifer) was investigated in relation to pre-germination heating. A control (no heating), a low temperature during a short exposure
time (50°C during 5 min), a high temperature during a short exposure time (100°C during 5 min) and a high temperature during
a long exposure time (100°C during 15 min) were applied to seeds from different individual plants with different mean seed
weight. These pre-germination treatments resemble natural germination scenarios for the studied species, absence of fire,
low intensity pasture fire, typical Mediterranean shrub fire, and severe fire with high fuel load. Mean seed weight only showed
a marginally significant positive correlation with the proportion of germinated seeds whatever the pre-germination treatment.
These results suggest that seed dormancy is unrelated to seed size and that under the experimental conditions used in this
study, the effect of seed size on seed germination is low. Nevertheless, larger seeds could be favoured in natural conditions,
especially under the high competition scenario which arise after wildfires. Control seeds showed a negative correlation between
seed size and germination velocity suggesting that lighter seeds could take advantage from early germination in recruitment
events in the absence of wildfires. Nevertheless, even the lower pre-germination heating treatment turns this correlation
in not significant, suggesting a strong selection pressure (unrelated to seed size) for early germination after fire events.
In our study, different sized seeds of C. ladanifer seem to perform better under different germination scenarios suggesting that seed size variation could be maintained by the
alternation of recruitments without wildfires and recruitments after wildfire events. 相似文献
8.
T. Zhang 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2007,43(2):91-94
This study investigated the factors affecting in vitro flowering of Perilla frutescens. The shoots regenerated from cotyledonary and hypocotyl explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented
with benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-acetic acid, each at 0.5 mg l−1, were excised and transferred to MS medium containing 30 g l−1 of sucrose, 8.25 g l−1 of ammonium nitrate, and 1.0 mg l−1 of BA. After 40 d of culture, 86.2% of shoots flowered and most of which self-fertilized in vitro and produced mature fruits with viable seeds. These seeds were germinated and plants were grown to maturity and flowered
in soil under greenhouse conditions. The in vitro flowering system reported in this study may facilitate rapid breeding of P. frutescens and offers a model system for studying the physiological mechanism of flowering. 相似文献
9.
Summary The effect of 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), and gibberellic acid (GA3) on germination of the orchid Comparettia falcata was evaluated in a factorial experiment (4×4×4) with Murashige and Skoog (1962) basal medium. It was established that seeds
of this orchid could be maintained under aseptic conditions as long as the necessary nutrients and appropriate concentrations
of growth regulators were provided. Of the three growth regulators used, IAA significantly decreased seed germination of Comparettia falcata. There was a synergistic effect in the kinetin:GA3 combination that produced a positive response in both percentage seed germination and development of seedlings. This study
describes a single medium-based protocol able to achieve more than 160000 seedlings within 21 wk, starting from a single capsule,
sufficient for both large-scale propagation and in vitro conservation of this threatened orchid. 相似文献
10.
Aim of this study was to investigate the nature of dormancy in black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) seeds which have low germination rate under normal laboratory conditions. To do this, before placing the seeds in Petri
dishes, they were soaked in 5,10 and 15 mg/L GA; 1,2 and 3% H2SO4, 15 mg/L GA + 1% H2SO4, 0.01 M KNO3 solutions, tap water, 40, 50 and 60°C hot water for 30 min. The study was performed under both continuous illumination and
darkness in growth chambers to evaluate the effect of light on germination rate. The results showed that H2SO4 and GA treatments were the most important factors affecting seed germination and their germination enhancing effects were
more evident in darkness. The results also suggested that black henbane seeds exhibit double dormancy involving a hard seed
coat and a partially dormant embryo and have a partial dark requirement to germinate. 相似文献
11.
Dimas Mendes Ribeiro Ana Maria Mapeli Carla Andréa Delatorre Marcelo Augusto Gutierrez Carnelossi Raimundo Santos Barros 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2011,33(6):2117-2123
Dormancy of scarified seeds of Stylosanthes humilis was broken by acidic Al3+ and Fe3+ solutions. Fe+3-stimulated seeds exhibited a high activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase and produced great amounts
of ethylene, which showed correlated with the germination process. In addition, specific inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis
and action largely depressed the Fe3+-stimulated germination, leading to the conclusion that the ion broke dormancy by triggering ethylene production by the seeds.
By contrast, inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and action did not impair germination of Al3+-stimulated dormant seeds. Moreover, ethylene production and activity of ACC oxidase of Al3+-treated seeds was substantially decreased by inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis, but germination kept large. Together these
data suggest that ethylene biosynthesis was not required in the chain of events triggered by Al3+ leading to dormancy breakage. Methyl viologen (MV), a reactive oxygen species-generating compound, broke dormancy of seeds
to the same extent as Al3+ did. Germination of both Al3+- and MV-stimulated dormant seeds was inhibited by sodium selenate, an antioxidant compound; selenate, however had no effect
on germination of Fe3+-stimulated seeds. Together these data indicate that the mechanisms underlying the germination of Al3+- and Fe3+-treated seeds are not the same. 相似文献
12.
Elif Aylin Ozudogru Ergun Kaya Emrah Kirdok Saliha Issever-Ozturk 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2011,47(2):309-320
An efficient in vitro propagation protocol, applicable both to young and mature explants of two Thymus spp., results in genetically stable plantlets. In vitro-grown shoot tips of Thymus vulgaris L. were exposed to cytokinins (6-benzyladenine, kinetin, and thidiazuron) alone or in combination with auxins, gibberellic
acid (GA3) and/or silver nitrate in order to optimize in vitro shoot proliferation. Optimum shoot proliferation (97% regeneration rate, with 8.6 shoots produced per explant) was obtained
when semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was supplemented with 1 mg L−1 kinetin and 0.3 mg L−1 GA3. Rooting of the shoots was easily obtained on semi-solid MS medium that was either hormone-free or supplemented with auxins.
However, the best root apparatus (92.5% rooting rate, with 19 adventitious roots per shoot) developed on MS medium supplemented
with 0.05 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Genetic stability was confirmed in the in vitro-germinated mother plant as well as the shoots that underwent two, four, six, eight, or ten cycles of in vitro subculturing by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. When applied to the micropropagation of mature shoot tips
of T. longicaulis C. Presl subsp. longicaulis var. subisophyllus (Borbás) Jalas, the optimized in vitro propagation protocol resulted in a 97.5% shoot regeneration rate, with five shoots formed per explant, and 100% rooting.
Rooted plantlets of both species were transferred to 250-mL plastic pots and successfully acclimatized by gradually reducing
the relative humidity. 相似文献
13.
Toshinari Godo Miho Komori Emi Nakaoki Tomohisa Yukawa Kazumitsu Miyoshi 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2010,46(3):323-328
The effects of culture conditions on the asymbiotic germination of mature seeds of Calanthe tricarinata Lindl., an endangered terrestrial cool-climate orchid, were examined. Specifically, conditions such as illumination, temperature,
and the addition of plant growth regulators to the medium were studied. Mature seeds were harvested from plants that had been
collected in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, and maintained at the Botanic Gardens of Toyama. Solidified “New Dogashima” medium
was used as the basal medium, and it was supplemented with 6-benzyladenopurine (BA) or α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). White
light at 40 μmol m−2 s−1, with a 16-h photoperiod, inhibited the germination of seeds by 53–80%, as compared to dark controls in genotypes examined.
The optimal temperature for the germination of seeds in darkness was 20°C and the germination frequency reached 60%, whereas
it was only 28% at 25°C. While both NAA and BA stimulated germination, BA was more effective than NAA. After storage for 18 mo
at 5°C, seeds incubated on medium that contained 0.2 mg l−1 BA germinated at a frequency of 36%, which was twice that of seeds grown without any plant growth regulators. The frequency
of subsequent germination decreased during storage of seeds at 5°C for approximately 2 yr, dropping from 61% to 13%. The protocorms
obtained in this study were developed to plantlets readily after transferring to fresh 1/2 MS medium without any plant growth
regulators. They were successfully acclimatized in green house after two to three subcultures in vitro. The significant role of a reproducible protocol for the germination of mature seeds is discussed in terms of the ex situ conservation of endangered orchid species. 相似文献
14.
In sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima), germination occurs in autumn or spring and is mediated by dormancy which can be released by cold or dry periods. Environmental
change such as current climate change may require evolutionary response in seasonal timing. Here, we explore the potential
for such evolutionary change. Seed dormancy was studied in a composite population based on seeds from all over the species
range in France together with several generations of reciprocal crosses. We found high, repeatable variability for dormancy
rate among individuals under greenhouse conditions and confirmed its relevance for germination phenology in the field. Our
data fitted best with an exclusively maternal determination of the dormancy phenotype. Narrow-sense heritability, h2 ≈ 0.5 in the composite population and ≈0.4 in the original local populations, was such that rapid evolutionary change in
the relative proportions of autumn and spring germination may be possible. 相似文献
15.
Izulmé Rita Imaculada Santos Antonieta Nassif Salomão 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2017,53(4):418-424
Queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana [Cham.] Glassman) is a palm species best known as an ornamental tree for urban landscaping, but recently, it has been evaluated as a potential crop for biofuel production. The objective of the present work was to establish a cryopreservation technique for queen palm to ensure long-term conservation of this species. The cryopreservation protocol consisted of direct immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN) of whole endocarps with water contents ranging from 5.5 to 10.9%, followed by slow thawing at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) excision and in vitro culture of zygotic embryos. Viability of zygotic embryos isolated from endocarps with different water contents was evaluated before (control) and after freezing in LN using in vitro culture on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) medium. Germination percentages of zygotic embryos isolated from endocarps stored in LN varied from 84 to 93%, whereas those isolated from controls ranged from 55 to 71%. Germination rates were significantly higher for zygotic embryos excised from cryopreserved endocarps. The water content of control or frozen endocarps did not have a significant effect on germination percentages of zygotic embryos. Zygotic embryos excised from endocarps following cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen developed into normal plantlets after in vitro culture. The technique tested is simple, efficient, and can be used in plant gene banks as a routine approach for long-term conservation of queen palm germplasm. 相似文献
16.
Summary Some native species produce seeds with a low frequency of germination accompanied with a period of dormancy. These features
make it difficult to produce new phenotypes through sexual propagation. Maclura tinctoria has been considered an endangered species due to extensive use of its wood and low frequency of seed germination. The objective
of the present study is to establish an in vitro propagation system for this species. Organogenic friable callus formation from nodal segments has been obtained using woody
plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 10.74 μM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)+4.43 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). Results indicate that the highest frequency of shoot formation is observed when WPM supplemented
with 4.03 μM NAA+4.43 BA is used. For root formation, the use of WPM medium (pH adjusted to 7.0) supplemented with 23.62 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 4.7gl−1 activated charcoal is recommended. For acelimatization, subjecting rooted plantlets to 70%, 50%, and 30% mesh screen, each
successively for a period of 7 d, has resulted in 97% plantlet survival. 相似文献
17.
Ana Cristina Tavares Lígia R. Salgueiro Jorge M. Canhoto 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2010,46(1):47-56
Daucus carota subsp. halophilus, is a wild crop relative of domestic carrot. It is an aromatic plant widely used in folk medicine due to recognized therapeutic
properties of its essential oils. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential of in vitro propagation techniques to the conservation of this endemic and endangered taxon. The results showed that shoot tips of in vitro germinated seeds were able to proliferate in the presence of benzyladenine, with the best results being achieved using 4.4 μM,
both in the first and second cultures. Shoots rooted after being transferred to 1/2-Murashige and Skoog basal medium. The
results indicated that the concentration of benzyladenine used during the multiplication phase did not interfere with the
rate of root formation. The obtained plantlets were morphologically and anatomically identical to those obtained by seeds.
Some of the in vitro produced shoots developed flowers that produced viable pollen. Plant regeneration was also achieved by somatic embryogenesis
induction in cotyledons and root segments cultured in the presence of 4.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Somatic embryos
converted into plantlets in a medium without growth regulators. Plants obtained either by shoot proliferation or somatic embryogenesis
were acclimatized and are now growing at the Coimbra Botanical Garden. The first attempts to reintroduce these plants in the
original habitat were successful. It can be concluded that the protocols developed are a useful approach to the conservation
of this endemic species. 相似文献
18.
K. P. Martin A. Shahanaz Beegum C.-L. Zhang A. Slater P. V. Madhusoodanan 《Biologia Plantarum》2007,51(4):769-772
In vitro propagation of an anticancerous drug synthesizing plant, Ophiorrhiza prostrata D. Don, was established through indirect somatic embryogenesis. Friable embryogenic calluses were initiated from O. prostrata leaf and internode explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) either
alone or in combination with N6-benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin (KIN). Somatic embryos were developed after subculture of the friable calluses onto half strength
MS media containing 0.45 or 2.26 μM 2,4-D alone or in combination with BA or KIN. Medium supplemented with 2.26 μM 2,4-D and
2.22 μM BA was optimal, supporting the production of a mean of 5.8 globular embryos. Subculture of globular embryo-bearing
calluses on half strength MS medium without growth regulators produced the highest embryo frequency, and the majority of them
developing to early torpedo stage. Somatic embryos underwent maturation and converted to plantlets at high frequency (90 %)
on half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.44 μM BA. Somatic embryo-derived plantlets with well-developed roots were established
in field conditions with a 90 % survival rate. 相似文献
19.
In the present paper we studied the life history traits related to seed germination of Stipa tenacissima, a key species in semiarid environments of western Mediterranean areas. S. tenacissima is a perennial tussock grass, which has traditionally been considered to expand mainly by vegetative propagation with little or no sexual reproduction. We analysed seed longevity as well as the type of seed dormancy and the role of the seed covers from seeds collected from different populations in SE Spain. We also studied the variation in seed germinability among populations, individuals, and years and the ability of seeds of S. tenacissima to form soil seed banks. There was significant variation in seed germination among individuals, populations and years. Lemma and palea were the main factor controlling these differences since their removal promoted higher and faster germination and eliminated the differences in germination parameters among populations. However, the control of dormancy by lemma and palea was independent of their weight, suggesting that their chemical nature plays a more important role than does size in controlling seed germination. Mechanical scarification treatments (via abrasion with sand) did not affect seed germination. The decay in seed germinability two years after seed collection and the low density of viable seeds in soils one year after seed dispersal indicated that S. tenacissima forms transient soil seed banks. 相似文献
20.
Ely Zayova Ira Stancheva Maria Geneva Maria Petrova Rumiana Vasilevska-Ivanova 《Central European Journal of Biology》2012,7(4):698-707
An effective in vitro protocol for rapid clonal propagation of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench through tissue culture was described. The in vitro propagation procedure consisted of four stages: 1) an initial stage - obtaining seedlings on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal
medium with 0.1 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine, 0.1 mg L−1 α-naphthalene acetic acid and 0.2 mg L−1 gibberellic acid; 2) a propagation stage — shoot formation on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine alone resulted in 9.8 shoots per explant and in combination with 0.1 mg L−1 α-naphthalene acetic acid resulted in 16.2 shoots per explant; 3) rooting stage — shoot rooting on half strength MS medium
with 0.1 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid resulted in 90% rooted microplants; 4) ex vitro acclimatization of plants. The mix of peat and perlite was the most suitable planting substrate for hardening and ensured
high survival frequency of propagated plants. Significant higher levels were observed regarding water-soluble and lipid-soluble
antioxidant capacities (expressed as equivalents of ascorbate and α-tocopherol) and total pnenols content in extracts of Echinaceae flowers derived from in vitro propagated plants and adapted to field conditions in comparison with traditionally cultivated plants. 相似文献