黄河源区玛多县土地利用和生态系统服务价值的演变

黄河源区玛多县作为"世界的一方净土",开展土地利用变化及生态系统服务功能量化评价,以期为保障黄河流域乃至全国生态安全提供支撑。以黄河源区玛多县为研究案例,统计了2005—2015年玛多县土地利用类型转移矩阵、土地利用变化动态度,计量了2005—2015年玛多县生态系统服务价值演变特征。结果表明:(1)10年间玛多县土地利用结构变化显著,高覆盖度草地、建设用地面积分别增加了38.30%和3.85倍,低覆盖度草地、林地分别降低了44.29%和86.55%。(2)10年间林地、低覆盖度草地的单一土地利用动态度分别为-8.65%、-4.43%,高覆盖度草地、中覆盖度草地的单一土地利用动态度分别为3.83%、2.83%,土地利用类型演变表现为从林地、低覆盖度草地向高覆盖度草地、中覆盖度草地的转移;前期(2005—2010年)林地、低覆盖度草地迅速减少,后期(2010—2015年)建设用地急速扩张。(3)10年间玛多县生态系统服务价值(ESV)呈增长趋势,从2005年的911.24×10~8元增长到2015年938.87×10~8元;单项生态系统服务价值中水文调节的ESV贡献量最大,在53.70%—55.24%之间。(4)10年间水域面积比例在8.21%—8.31%之间波动,ESV贡献量约占生态系统服务价值均在50%左右,未利用土地和高覆盖度草地的ESV贡献量分别为16.85%—17.26%和13.78%—18.50%,低覆盖度草地的ESV减少了44.29%。     

秦岭地区林地与草地景观格局变化及其驱动因素

以1980—2015年土地利用数据集为数据源,利用GIS空间分析、景观格局指数和主成分分析法,研究了秦岭地区林地与草地景观格局时空变化特征,并探讨其演化的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)林地和草地是秦岭地区主要景观类型,约占研究区总面积的72%,其中有林地为优势景观类型,其次为高覆盖度草地和中覆盖度草地,其他林地和低覆盖度草地分布面积相对较少。(2)35年来,林地和草地总面积整体呈减少趋势,净减少了309.44km~2,其中草地减少占主导地位;空间变化上,损失严重的区域主要分布于以西安市为中心的周边区域,主要向建设用地和耕地转移。(3)林地和草地景观破碎化程度逐渐增加,连通性降低,景观异质性增强且景观形状更为复杂,草地较林地变化明显;空间分布上,林地和草地景观格局指数空间分布特征明显,在地形因子作用下呈现一定的地形梯度性,尤其与海拔的相关性最好。(4)人为活动干扰是影响秦岭地区林地和草地景观格局变化的主要驱动因素,气候因素次之,同时国家宏观政策起着重要的导向作用。减缓人为活动对秦岭地区的过度影响,维护林地和草地的平衡性及完整性,是实现该区生态系统科学管理和资源的可持续利用的关键。     

银川盆地土地利用变化对景观格局脆弱性的影响

景观格局脆弱性能反映生态系统的不稳定性和对外界干扰的敏感性,有助于了解生态环境的状态和变化趋势.以银川盆地为研究对象,结合景观敏感性和景观适应性2个维度获取2001和2013年研究区景观格局脆弱度的分布情况,并探讨土地利用程度综合指数、综合土地利用动态度、土地利用变化重要性指数和多种土地转移类型对景观格局脆弱度的影响.结果表明:土地利用程度综合指数的增加主要由耕地、林地、建设用地引起,耕地、林地的比例越高脆弱度越低,建设用地作用相反;随着综合土地利用类型动态度的增加,建设用地显著提高景观格局脆弱度,其次是草地,林地显著降低景观格局脆弱度,其次是耕地;随着土地利用变化重要性指数的增加,耕地显著降低景观格局脆弱度,其次是林地,草地有较弱趋势,规律不明显,建设用地显著提高景观格局脆弱度;耕地、林地、草地为主要转移类型时,建设用地的增加会提高景观格局脆弱度,建设用地为主要转移类型时,林地和草地会提高景观格局脆弱度,耕地作用相反.土地利用类型数量的变化在一定程度上可以影响土地空间结构变化,为合理开发利用土地资源提供参考依据.三元图能有效地反映多种土地利用变化类型对景观格局脆弱度的影响,丰富了土地利用变化研究的内容.     

河西走廊土地利用/覆盖变化的景观生态效应——以肃州绿洲为例

近来,在土地利用／覆被变化研究中,都纷纷结合景观格局变化分析模型来研究其空间结构变化趋势及其生态效应,以期为土地持续利用规划设计提供依据。景观格局及其变化既是各种干扰因素相互作用的结果,又影响着区域的生态过程。运用景观生态学原理,借助GIS技术(Arc GIS8．1)和Fragstas 3．3软件,基于1988、2000年Landsat5的4、3、2(RGB)波段合成影像解译结果,对河西走廊中西段肃州绿洲LUCC及其景观生态效应进行了研究。结果表明：(1)受自然地理要素的影响,景观类型空间分布表现出明显的区域差异。耕地主要分布于水系两岸和河流冲积扇;草地主要分布于祁连山地及绿洲边缘;林地主要分布于河流两岸、祁连山北坡一带;戈壁、沙漠广泛分布于绿洲之间,景观格局呈现出以戈壁为基质的戈壁、绿洲、沙漠相间分布的态势;(2)各土地利用类型及景观格局指数均发生了重要变化,耕地、水域明显增加,城镇用地和农村居民点也逐步增加,草地、林地和未利用地呈减少趋势,尤其是高覆盖度草地全部消失;(3)斑块破碎化程度在减小,异质性也在减小,但生态环境质量仍在下降,表现为大部分草地、林地被开垦为耕地,降低了绿洲维护生态平衡的能力,加大了干旱绿洲业已超负的水资源载荷;(4)景观中斑块优势度在减小,斑块类型在景观中趋于均匀分布,异质性的减小和均质化发展必然导致景观稳定性的降低;(5)林地和草地边缘效应降低,使其对周围斑块类型的影响相应减小,原有的景观生态功能减弱;相反,水体、盐碱地和裸地边缘效应有所增强,盐碱地和裸地等对景观发展影响的增强则是景观退化的表现。     

黑河中上游典型地区草地植被变化及其生态功能损失分析--以山丹县为例

以黑河流域山丹县1986年和2000年TM影像资料为主要数据源,运用遥感信息解译与地理信息系统技术,分析了研究区10多年来草地植被覆盖的时空变化。并参照Costanza等的生态系统服务功能的单位价值和谢高地等人的中国自然草地生态系统服务价值,初步估算退化型草地植被覆盖变化的生态损失价值,对草地植被覆盖变化给研究区生态系统宏观经济所造成的影响进行了分析研究。结果表明:在1986～2000年间,该区域草地植被覆盖总的变化趋势是草地、林地向其它类型转化,即草地植被覆盖总量在逐年减少。高、中、低覆盖度各类草地,分别减少达35％、9．9％和13．8％。草地植被覆盖类型也呈减少趋势,其中高覆盖度草地减幅最大,其次是低覆盖度草地和中覆盖度草地。草地植被利用过度或退化较为严重,生态环境将趋于恶化。由此导致草地生态系统宏观经济价值损失约9 466．8×104CNY／(km2·a)。     

基于MODIS-归一化植被指数的广东省植被覆盖与土地利用变化研究

基于MODIS-NDVI遥感植被指数,利用像元二分模型进行植被覆盖度提取,结合趋势分析和显著性检验等方法,对2000—2020年间广东省的植被覆盖时空变化特征进行分析,并结合土地利用变化图谱,探究土地利用类型对植被覆盖时空变化的驱动作用。结果表明：(1)2000—2020年,广东省植被覆盖度整体以0.23%/a的变化率呈波动增长趋势,但空间异质性显著,呈现出以珠三角地区为中心向外辐射递增的趋势;(2)广东省多年平均植被覆盖度介于0.7—0.76,以中高和高植被覆盖度为主,低植被覆盖区约占研究区总面积的4.37%。全省以植被改善为主(78.18%),显著和极显著退化区域占全区面积的5.84%,主要集中分布在珠三角、粤东沿海以及粤西沿海等地区;(3)研究区以耕地与林地的图谱单元互换为主要土地利用变化特征,而城乡、工矿、居民用地在耕地和林地的占用和补充过程中起了重要的作用,反映出城乡建设过程中对耕地和林地的大量占用;植被覆盖变化与土地利用变化存在响应联系,且各土地利用类型对植被覆盖度的贡献各异;向城乡、工矿、居民用地转化的图谱与植被显著和极显著退化区高度重合,说明耕地和林地向城乡、工矿、居民...     

基于土地利用变化的贵安新区景观生态风险评价

以贵州省贵安新区2000、2005、2010、2015年土地利用数据为基础, 划分2 km×2 km的格网作为评价单元, 借助Fragstats4.2软件计算景观指数, 并构建景观生态风险评价模型, 采用ArcGIS空间分析法, 分析贵安新区生态风险时空分异及其对土地利用变化的响应。结果表明: ①土地利用数量和结构变化明显: 耕地和林地面积减少, 草地和水域面积增加, 建设用地面积显著增加; 耕地主要转变为林地和建设用地; 除水域外, 其他类型分布集中程度增强。②生态风险集聚趋势增强, 热点分布在贵安新区的西部和东部边缘地区, 冷点分布在红枫湖水域; 不同生态风险等级面积变化显著, 低、较低和中生态风险区面积增加, 较高和高生态风险区面积减少, 总体生态环境质量改善。③低、较低生态风险区重心向东部的贵阳方向移动, 中、较高和高生态风险区重心向西部的安顺方向移动, 呈相反的转移方向。④除蔡官镇、城关镇和羊昌乡外, 其他乡镇生态风险对土地利用响应弹性降低, 影响生态风险的因素呈现多样化的特征。     

黄土高塬沟壑区小流域土地利用变化及其生态效应分析

基于王东沟流域1994和2004年两期土地利用图，通过构建土地利用动态变化模型和区域生态环境指标，定量分析了王东沟流域1994--2004年土地利用时空变化特征，并以生态系统服务功能衡量了土地利用类型和土地利用变化类型的生态效应．结果表明，1994—2004年王东沟流域农地大幅度减少，草地和果园大量增加，林地和非生产地变化不大；变化速度依次为草地〉果园〉非生产地〉农地〉林地；土地利用变化类型多样，农地转出和林地转入是其主要类型；土地利用的空间迁移方向为农地和果园向西北方向迁移（塬区），林地和草地向东南方向（沟壑区）迁移．1994--2004年土地利用变化带来了良好的生态效益，但不同土地类型和不同土地变化类型的生态效应不同，提高和降低生态系统服务功能的作用并存．农地减少对生态环境产生负面作用，林草和果园的增加改善了生态环境，提高了其生态服务价值；土地利用变化类型中，改善生态环境的主要是转为林地和果园的变化类型，降低生态系统服务功能的主要是林地转出类型和农地转为非生产地类型．     

闽江流域土地利用时空变化特征及驱动因子分析

闽江流域是福建省山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点的工程区, 生态服务能力突出。文章基于闽江流域1990—2015年土地利用数据、气候数据和社会经济数据, 运用ArcGIS空间分析和主成分分析等方法, 探索了闽江流域土地利用时空变化特征及其驱动因子。结果表明: (1)1990—2015年, 从土地利用变化的类型分析, 低覆盖度草地面积明显减少, 城镇用地、其他建设用地、有林地、其他林地面积明显增加。1990—2015年,从土地利用变化的空间格局分析, 草地的减少主要发生在闽江流域的中北部、中东部和中西部, 变换方向主要是与林地发生相互转换; 耕地小幅度减少, 主要分布在流域的中北部。(2)1990—2015年, 从土地利用变化的剧烈程度分析, 土地利用在闽江流域的中游变化最明显, 其次是下游, 上游变化最小。(3)从土地利用变化的时间分析, 1990—1995年是闽江流域内土地利用变化最为明显的时期。社会经济的飞速发展、城镇化进程的加快以及居民消费水平的提高是该区域土地利用变化的主要驱动力。以期为进一步研究闽江流域土地资源的可持续利用和生态安全格局构建提供基础, 为闽江流域的土地资源管理、流域生态保护和高质量发展规划的制定和实施提供参考。     

疏勒河上游山区不同海拔梯度的景观格局变化

基于1986年7月的LandsatTM和2001年7月的LandsatE TM遥感影像及1:50000DEM数据,利用ArcViewGIS3.3和Fragstats3.3软件对祁连山西端疏勒河上游山区不同海拔高程带的景观变化进行了分析。结果表明:整体景观上,疏勒河上游山区以草地为基质,灌丛与其他景观类型作为斑块镶嵌其中,结构组成单一,形状规则,斑块分布集中;在景观要素水平上,低覆盖度草地所占面积最大,其次是裸岩石砾地,所有植被约占52%,高覆盖度草地仅占5%,居民点少且分散;15年里,草地退化严重,灌丛、高覆盖度草地、低覆盖度草地和沼泽地面积减少,裸地、河滩地、中覆盖度草地和农田面积增加;草地在3800～4000m的海拔高程带内退化最为严重,而这一高程带正是该区多年冻土分布的下限,因气候变暖而导致的冻土活动层增厚与土壤含水量的降低是草地退化的主要原因。     

The interacting effects of land use change,climate change and suppression of natural disturbances on landscape forest structure in the Swiss Alps

Ecosystems are being modified by a multiplicity of interacting natural and anthropogenic factors. The most important of these factors include changes in land use, changes in climate, and alterations of disturbance regimes. Many studies have considered these factors separately; however, these factors do not act in isolation, but rather interact to affect ecosystem structure and function. In the present study, we analyzed the interacting effects of abandonment of agricultural practices, increases in temperature, and anthropogenic suppression of the avalanche regime on landscape forest structure (percent canopy cover) in the Davos region of the Swiss Alps over the past 45 years. Compared to 1954, the Davos region is now characterized by greater forest cover and lower landscape heterogeneity. The greatest increases in forest structural stage occurred in areas in which land use changed from agricultural to non‐agricultural, that were the closest to formerly active avalanche tracks, and in which the percentage change in number of growing degree days (GDD) was high. Change in land use was the most important variable contributing to changes in landscape forest structure, followed by changes in the disturbance regime, then changes in GDD. There also exist clear interactions among these variables, which indicate, for example, that the effects of the suppression of disturbances and changes in climate are contingent on the more immediate effects of changes in land use. Understanding the relative importance of, and interactions among, changes in land use, climate, and disturbances can contribute to an improved understanding of ecosystem dynamics and to better management decisions.     

千岛湖生态保护与建设对景观格局的影响研究

生态保护和生态建设过程对景观格局产生影响并使之发生变化,这种变化又会影响景观的生态过程。应用3s技术和景观指数分析了39年(1964-2003年)内千岛湖库区土地利用和土地覆盖格局的变化。结果显示,斑块总数和景观破碎度基本保持不变,但是各斑块类型的斑块数量、面积和优势度变化非常显著。最优势斑块类型由荒山(占陆地面积的47．44％)演变为马尾松( Pinus massoniana)林(占陆地面积的52．8l％),研究区域内森林植被覆盖率增加。研究还发现景观多样性指数略微下降。景观多样性是对土地利用和覆盖类型丰富度和均匀度的概要度量,并不一定总是和景观功能呈正相关关系。上述变化归因于多项生态保护措施的实施使得自然演替得以实现。景观格局的优化使生态系统的生态功能得到提高,包括生境恢复、生物多样性增加、水土流失减少。森林植被恢复以后,马尾松林斑块的单一化趋势应在今后的生物多样性保护、生态规划和可持续发展中得到重视。     

Water inputs across a tropical montane landscape in Veracruz,Mexico: synergistic effects of land cover,rain and fog seasonality,and interannual precipitation variability

Land‐cover change can alter the spatiotemporal distribution of water inputs to mountain ecosystems, an important control on land‐surface and land‐atmosphere hydrologic fluxes. In eastern Mexico, we examined the influence of three widespread land‐cover types, montane cloud forest, coffee agroforestry, and cleared areas, on total and net water inputs to soil. Stand structural characteristics, as well as rain, fog, stemflow, and throughfall (water that falls through the canopy) water fluxes were measured across 11 sites during wet and dry seasons from 2005 to 2008. Land‐cover type had a significant effect on annual and seasonal net throughfall (NTF <0=canopy water retention plus canopy evaporation; NTF >0=fog water deposition). Forest canopies retained and/or lost to evaporation (i.e. NTF<0) five‐ to 11‐fold more water than coffee agroforests. Moreover, stemflow was fourfold higher under coffee shade than forest trees. Precipitation seasonality and phenological patterns determined the magnitude of these land‐cover differences, as well as their implications for the hydrologic cycle. Significant negative relationships were found between NTF and tree leaf area index (R²=0.38, P<0.002), NTF and stand basal area (R²=0.664, P<0.002), and stemflow and epiphyte loading (R²=0.414, P<0.001). These findings indicate that leaf and epiphyte surface area reductions associated with forest conversion decrease canopy water retention/evaporation, thereby increasing throughfall and stemflow inputs to soil. Interannual precipitation variability also altered patterns of water redistribution across this landscape. Storms and hurricanes resulted in little difference in forest‐coffee wet season NTF, while El Niño Southern Oscillation was associated with a twofold increase in dry season rain and fog throughfall water deposition. In montane headwater regions, changes in water delivery to canopies and soils may affect infiltration, runoff, and evapotranspiration, with implications for provisioning (e.g. water supply) and regulating (e.g. flood mitigation) ecosystem services.     

Multidimensional analysis of landscape dynamics in a Central African forest-savannah mosaic

Most landscape cover assessments for conservation programmes rely largely on remote sensing analyses. These analyses, however, neglect how people inhabiting protected zones perceive and structure land cover. Using socio-ecological systems (SES) analysis in a forest-savannah mosaic on the Congo Basin forest edge (Democratic Republic of Congo), we investigated how human practices, landscape perceptions and land use patterns affected forest cover. We conducted remote sensing analysis using a Sentinel-2 satellite image and 187 GPS landmarks, producing a land cover map with 11 classes. Our results yielded an 81.85% correspondence with additional 164 GPS landmarks, a robust score in tropical areas. We conducted 40 individual interviews, eighteen focus group discussion workshops and nine months of participant observation of human practices to identify 19 land units and elaborate a granular SES system structuring the landscape. Integrating local knowledge and practices with general ecological and agronomic processes, we developed a landscape dynamics model revealing progressive forest colonisation of savannahs. Our methods demonstrate that a forest-edge landscape cover evaluation through remote sensing and local knowledge can contribute to finer-grained assessment of land cover and ecosystem services. This assessment can assist conservation efforts by considering local populations' practices on and perceptions of landscape change.     

疏勒河中游土地利用与景观格局动态

利用1976年Landsat MSS、1989年Landsat TM、2000年Landsat ETM+和2010年TM遥感影像,运用GIS和景观生态学方法,分析了1976-2010年疏勒河中游玉门市土地利用/覆被和景观格局的变化.结果表明:1976-2010年间,玉门市土地利用类型转移的主要方向是草地和戈壁转化为耕地、耕地转化为建设用地、草地转化为戈壁;土地利用变化经历了“缓慢变化-急剧变化-显著变化”的过程,景观密度持续增大,最大斑块指数先增大后减小,面积加权形状指数增大,形状趋于不规则;斑块间的最邻近距离减小,景观逐渐向具有多种要素的密集格局演变,更加破碎;不同斑块间的分离度减小;景观的多样性和均匀度先减小后增加.农业人口增长和经济发展是研究区土地利用/覆被变化的最直接驱动力,气候和政策因素也是重要的影响因素.     

基于高分遥感影像的滇西北村域景观格局演变——以大理市低丘缓坡山地开发区为例

人类的开发活动是造成土地覆盖和景观格局变化的主要原因.村域尺度上高强度的人类开发活动对土地覆盖及景观格局演变的影响规律研究尚不多见.本研究采用2009年的GeoEye-1数据和2014年的WorldView 3数据,利用ArcGIS和ENVI,基于面向对象和人机交互的方法解译影像,应用土地利用转移矩阵和景观指数定量研究大理市海东镇低丘缓坡山区改造过程中的土地覆盖变化和景观格局演变.结果表明: 2009年主要土地覆盖类型是林地、水田和旱地,占总面积的82.8%,2014年林地、推平未建地和水田占总面积的70.9%;研究期间,土地利用变化主要由林地、水田和旱地向推平未建地、建设用地转移,尤其是2014年推平未建地面积达531.57 hm²,其中,来自林地、旱地和水田的面积分别占42.8%、21.7%和14.2%.景观空间格局演变表现为斑块数量和密度增加,平均斑块面积变小;边缘指数和形状指数增加,斑块形状更加复杂;斑块破碎化,整体构成更加多样化.     

The influence of forest definition on landscape fragmentation assessment in Rondônia, Brazil

Estimates of tropical deforestation and forest degradation are misleading, partly because different studies make use of different forest definitions. This paper investigates the influence of this confusion on the assessment of forest extent and its spatial distribution, by means of fine-scaled land cover maps and landscape metrics. The state of Rondônia, Brazil, located in the southwestern part of the Amazon basin and known for its fishbone-like pattern of deforestation, is used as a study area. A 1:250 000 vector data product from the Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute (IBGE), describing the land cover type in a three-step hierarchy specifying canopy density, topography, and dominant life forms, was rasterized and analyzed. Forest subcategories were aggregated into a seven level gradient, ranging from a level that is very specific and only includes dense multi-layered rain forest, to less strict levels containing open forest systems, secondary vegetation, and tree savannas. We show that there is a consistent difference between the initial class aggregation level, and all other levels, which gradually broaden the forest definition and are characterized by very distinct ecological parameters, such as a higher mean patch size, increased levels of landscape connectivity and slightly more irregularly shaped patches. We recommend a harmonization of the major forest definitions in use today, while taking care not to lose the relevant ecological information that can be extracted from its most detailed classification level.     

Continental estimates of forest cover and forest cover changes in the dry ecosystems of Africa between 1990 and 2000

Aim

This study provides regional estimates of forest cover in dry African ecoregions and the changes in forest cover that occurred there between 1990 and 2000, using a systematic sample of medium‐resolution satellite imagery which was processed consistently across the continent.

Location

The study area corresponds to the dry forests and woodlands of Africa between the humid forests and the semi‐arid regions. This area covers the Sudanian and Zambezian ecoregions.

Methods

A systematic sample of 1600 Landsat satellite imagery subsets, each 20 km × 20 km in size, were analysed for two reference years: 1990 and 2000. At each sample site and for both years, dense tree cover, open tree cover, other wooded land and other vegetation cover were identified from the analysis of satellite imagery, which comprised multidate segmentation and automatic classification steps followed by visual control by national forestry experts.

Results

Land cover and land‐cover changes were estimated at continental and ecoregion scales and compared with existing pan‐continental, regional and local studies. The overall accuracy of our land‐cover maps was estimated at 87%. Between 1990 and 2000, 3.3 million hectares (Mha) of dense tree cover, 5.8 Mha of open tree cover and 8.9 Mha of other wooded land were lost, with a further 3.9 Mha degraded from dense to open tree cover. These results are substantially lower than the 34 Mha of forest loss reported in the FAO's 2010 Global Forest Resources Assessment for the same period and area.

Main conclusions

Our method generates the first consistent and robust estimates of forest cover and change in dry Africa with known statistical precision at continental and ecoregion scales. These results reduce the uncertainty regarding vegetation cover and its dynamics in these previously poorly studied ecosystems and provide crucial information for both science and environmental policies.     

Remote estimation of overwintering home ranges in an elusive,migratory nocturnal bird

Due to a long running research bias toward the breeding season, there are major gaps in knowledge on the basic nonbreeding ecology of many species, preventing a full‐annual cycle focus in ecology and conservation. Exacerbating this problem is the fact that many species are extremely difficult to detect outside of breeding. Here, we demonstrate a partial solution to this problem by using archival GPS tags to examine the overwintering ecology of a migratory nocturnal bird, the eastern whip‐poor‐will (Antrostomus vociferous). We deployed tags on 21 individuals and were able to recover 11 (52%) one year later. Tags collected high precision (approx. 10 m) points throughout the nonbreeding period. With continuous time movement models, we used these data to estimate overwintering home ranges. All individuals exhibited at least one bounded home range during this phase of the annual cycle, three of eleven had two wintering locations, and home range area ranged from 0.50 to 10.85 ha. All overwintering home ranges contained closed‐canopy forest land cover (42%–100%), and no other land cover type represented >40% of any home range. We found some evidence, with caveats, that total edge within the landscape surrounding the home range was negatively related to home range area. The prevalence of contiguous closed‐canopy forest cover in overwintering home ranges contrasts with apparent breeding habitat preferences, which includes clear‐cuts and other, more open, habitats. This study is the first to reveal key aspects of overwintering space use in this species by using archival GPS to overcome both logistical and methodological limitations. Expanded use of such technology is critical to gathering basic ecological and distributional data, necessary for achieving a more complete understanding of full‐annual cycles of animal populations.     

张家界国家森林公园土地利用格局变化

借助地理信息系统（GIS）技术对张家界国家森林公园1990～2000年土地利用格局变化进行了研究。结果表明：（1）1990～2000年问,张家界国家森林公园保护效果显著。近成过熟林面积基本稳定,1990年97．57％的阔叶近成过熟林、96．77％的马尾松近成过熟林和77．92％的杉木近成过熟林至2000年仍保存良好;未利用地恢复较好、灌木林保护较好,25．38％的未利用地、30％以上的灌木林分别转变为阔叶林、马尾松林或杉木林;中龄林、幼龄林保护较好,很大一部分中龄林、幼龄林分别转变为近成过熟林和中龄林。建议继续强化管理,落实《张家界国家森林公园森林经营方案》,避免重经济利益轻生态环境保护现象发生;（2）森林砍伐、农田侵占现象仍然存在。2000年,100％的马尾松幼龄林由1990年马尾松中龄林转变而来,74．06％杉木幼龄林由杉木近成过熟林转变而来,将近10％未利用地由阔叶近成过熟林或阔叶中龄林转变而来。2000年,11．19％居民点及道路与34．82％经济林均由农田转变而来。建议引导社区积极参与生态旅游,通过开展生态旅游切实提高农民收入,减小社区居民对森林公园的胁迫作用;同时注重耕地资源的保护。