蜡梅

正蜡梅是我国特产的传统名贵观赏花木,原产于中部的秦岭、大巴山、武当山一带,在湖北神农架发现有大面积的野生蜡梅林。蜡梅为蜡梅科蜡梅属植物,因其与梅开放时间相近,色黄似蜜蜡,因而得名。蜡梅科包括蜡梅属和夏蜡梅属两个属。我国常见栽培的夏蜡梅属植物包括原产我国的夏蜡梅和原产北美的美国蜡梅。蜡梅属植物均原产我国,根据Flora of China记载,包括蜡梅、山蜡梅、柳叶蜡梅、突托蜡梅、浙江蜡梅、西南蜡梅,共6种。     

三种蜡梅属植物夏冬季光合特性比较

用便携式全自动光合测定系统测定蜡梅属的蜡梅(Chimonanthus praecox)、浙江蜡梅(C. zhejiangensis)和柳叶蜡梅(C. salicifolius)夏冬季的光合特性。对三个物种夏季和冬季的最大光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、净光合速率、羧化效率、气孔传导力、水分利用效率和叶绿素含量的变化进行比较。结果表明,三物种均属典型的耐阴植物,其中蜡梅的耐阴性强于另两种,冬季三物种的耐阴性有所降低。     

夏蜡梅的繁殖技术

普通蜡梅均在冬季开花,夏蜡梅却在夏季开花而得名。２０世纪６０年代初,首次在浙江临安地区发现了夏蜡梅的野生种群。夏蜡梅（Sinocalycan－thuschinensis）又称牡丹木、黄枇杷和大叶棠等,属蜡梅科。本种花大而美丽,是一种极好的观赏植物。夏蜡梅为我国特有的第三纪残遗植物,由于分布数量很少,现已被列为国家二级珍稀濒危保护植物。为了更有效地保护此种濒临灭绝的植物,维持生态平衡和为迁地保护提供依据,现将夏蜡梅的繁殖技术介绍如下。播种法每年１０—１１月间,夏蜡梅瘦果外壳由绿转黄,内部种子呈棕黑色时,即可采收,取出种…     

蜡梅科植物的叶表皮特征及其在分类上的意义

用扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察了蜡梅科3属5种植物成熟叶片远轴面的表皮特征,认为这些表皮细胞特征和气孔器特征在分类上有比较重要的意义。蜡梅属、夏蜡梅属和美国蜡梅属植物的叶表皮毛均为单细胞毛、非腺毛,上、下表皮细胞均为多边形,垂周壁呈深波状,气孔器均为平列型．这三个属的亲缘关系密切,应该归属于同一个大类群－蜡梅科。这为蜡梅属、夏蜡梅属、美国蜡梅属的分类提供了有用的性状特征。这三个属气孔器的演化趋势为：气孔器在保卫细胞的两极无"T"型加厚到有"T"型加厚,气孔器由单层外拱盖到双层外拱盖．     

夏蜡梅属起源的探讨

本文对Nicely提出夏蜡梅属(Catycanthus L.)起源于北美洲美国东部后西向迁移到加利福尼亚和东亚的假设提出异议。无论从染色体资料还是形态性状的比较来看,夏蜡梅属可能以较原始的夏蜡梅(C.chinensis Cheng et S. Y.Chang)起源于东亚(中国)。     

夏蜡梅及其主要伴生种叶的灰分含量和热值

分别于2006年7月、10月和2007年4月,对全光照、林缘和林下3种光环境下夏蜡梅及群落中35种主要植物叶的灰分含量和去灰分热值进行测定,分析它们在光合作用中对太阳能的固定和积累能力。不同光环境下夏蜡梅叶灰分含量的大小顺序都是全光照＞林缘＞林下,10月3种光环境下夏蜡梅叶灰分含量均高于4月和7月,均差异显著。4月、7月和10月,林下和全光照环境下的叶去灰分热值呈先下降后上升的趋势,而林缘中叶去灰分热值却逐渐下降。群落各层植物的灰分含量大小顺序为草本层＞灌木层＞间层＞乔木层,夏蜡梅灰分含量略低于灌木层灰分含量的平均值;各层次植物平均去灰分热值大小顺序为乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层＞间层,夏蜡梅平均去灰分热值低于间层。多数植物不同季节叶的灰分含量、去灰分热值均以10月最高。     

夏蜡梅属花粉形态的研究

本文首次报道了夏蜡梅(Calycanthus chinensis)花粉的扫描电镜观察结果,并与西美国蜡梅(C.occidentalis)、美国蜡梅(C.floridus)的作了比较,表明前者较为原始,后者比较进化,夏蜡梅属(Calycanthus L.)可能以夏蜡梅起源于东亚(中国),与从细胞学、形态学等得到的结果一致。鉴于夏蜡梅与西美国蜡梅、美国蜡梅在许多性状上的较大差异,作者认为以Sinocalycanthus chinensis (Cheng et S.Y.Chang) Cheng et S.Y.Chang为模式种的单型属Sinocalycanthus Cheng et S.Y.Chang也许应予确认。     

夏蜡梅营养器官总鞣质含量的比较

对中国特有植物夏蜡梅营养器官的总鞣质含量进行测定,并分析了与环境因子之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)夏蜡梅各营养器官均含有总鞣质,但以叶片的含量最高,根次之,一年生枝、二年生枝、茎等器官的含量很低。(2)夏蜡梅叶片的含量阳坡植株显著高于阴坡,根的含量则反之。(3)夏蜡梅7个样地叶片的总鞣质含量在1.1066%～2.0060%之间,平均为1.6906%,其中临安5个样地含量较低,大雷山2个样地较高,差异显著。(4)通径分析显示,夏蜡梅叶片总鞣质含量的主要影响因子为土壤氮含量和C/N比。     

濒危植物夏蜡梅黄酮化合物薄层色谱分析

采用薄层层析法对不同居群夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)叶、同一居群夏蜡梅不同营养器官中的黄酮化合物进行分离,并以芦丁为标准品通过双波长锯齿扫描作定量分析。结果表明:不同居群夏蜡梅叶片中黄酮化合物含量以鸡窝坪居群最高,中坪居群次之,龙塘山居群最低,除双石边和白水坞两个居群差异不显著外,其它各居群间差异均达到显著水平;同一居群夏蜡梅黄酮化合物在不同营养器官中含量不同,叶片中含量显著高于其它营养器官,根、茎、一年生枝和二年生枝等4个营养器官中黄酮化合物含量差异不显著。薄层层析法分离黄酮化合物组分结果显示,除大明山居群叶片黄酮化合物为5种组分外,其它居群叶片均为7种组分;大明山居群夏蜡梅的根、茎、一年生枝和二年生枝等营养器官黄酮化合物均为6种组分,叶片中缺少Rf值为0.66的化合物。     

不同增温处理对夏蜡梅光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

利用红外线辐射器(Electric radiant infrared heater)设置3个不同增温处理:(1)晚上增温2℃(18:00—翌日6:00);(2)白天增温2℃(6:00—18:00);(3)全天增温2℃;以不做增温处理作为对照,模拟气候变暖对夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)的光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。3个季节中,3种增温处理下的夏蜡梅净光合速率(Anet)和最大净光合速率(Amax)均高于对照。表明3种增温处理均可以提高夏蜡梅的光合作用能力。增温处理提高了气孔导度(Gs)、暗呼吸速率(Rd),降低了胞间CO2浓度(Ci)。3种增温处理中,夏蜡梅在3个生长季节的Anet和Amax均以白天增温最大,表明白天增温下夏蜡梅具有最高的光合作用能力。白天增温处理下的表观量子效率(AQY)、光饱和点(LSP)显著高于全天增温、晚上增温以及对照。白天增温和晚上增温使夏蜡梅的相对叶绿素含量显著增加,且白天增温叶绿素相对含量显著高于晚上增温、全天增温及对照。白天增温、晚上增温与全天增温处理下的夏蜡梅的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均显著低于对照,在12:00和14:00时,三者之间存在显著性差异,以白天增温最高,晚上增温次之,全天增温最低。总之,3种增温处理夏蜡梅的光合能力总体上均有不同程度的增强,且在白天增温处理下,夏蜡梅的Anet、Amax值最高,表明白天增温下夏蜡梅具有最高的光合能力,这与白天增温引起的相对叶绿素含量增高、叶片对强光的适应能力加强、较低程度的光胁迫等因素有关。本研究说明未来增温条件下,将提高夏蜡梅的光合生理活性,促进夏蜡梅的生长。     

Water relations of Calycanthus flowers: Hydraulic conductance,capacitance, and embolism resistance

For most angiosperms, producing and maintaining flowers is critical to sexual reproduction, yet little is known about the physiological processes involved in maintaining flowers throughout anthesis. Among extant species, flowers of the genus Calycanthus have the highest hydraulic conductance and vein densities of species measured to date, yet they can wilt by late morning under hot conditions. Here, we combine diurnal measurements of gas exchange and water potential, pressure–volume relations, functional responses of gas exchange, and characterization of embolism formation using high resolution X‐ray computed microtomography to determine drought responses of Calycanthus flowers. Transpiration from flowers frequently exceeded transpiration from leaves, and flowers were unable to limit transpiration under conditions of high vapour pressure deficit. As a result, they rely heavily on hydraulic capacitance to prevent water potential declines. Despite having high water potentials at turgor loss, flowers were very resistant to embolism formation, with no embolism apparent until tepal water potentials had declined to ?2 MPa. Although Calycanthus flowers remain connected to the stem xylem and have high hydraulic capacitance, their inability to curtail transpiration leads to turgor loss. These results suggest that extreme climate events may cause flower failure, potentially preventing successful reproduction.     

The seedling characters of Chinese Calycanthaceae with a new species of Chimonanthus Lindl.

This paper deals with morphological characters in seedlings and adult plants of 5 species of Chinese Calycanthaceae. The germination of seeds, morphology of cotyledons, hypocotyl and primary leaves of these species are enumerated, for example, the Chimonanthus campanulatus, sp. nov. is characterized by half-hypogaeous and tetragonal cotyledons, whereas other species epigaeous; the cotyledons of Calycanthus chinensis is obtriangular, Chimonanthus praecox, Ch. salicifolius and Ch. nitens are reniform. On the morphological characters of these adult plants and geographical distribution of 4 species of Chimonanthus are keyed. In addition a new species, Chimonanthus campanulatus, is described and it represents a more primitive type of the genus.     

Molecular phylogeny and intra- and intercontinental biogeography of Calycanthaceae

Based on nuclear and chloroplast sequences we resolve species relationships in Calycanthaceae and develop a biogeographic hypothesis that explains their intercontinental disjunctions and intra-continental diversification in eastern Asia. Fossil-calibrated penalized likelihood and Bayesian divergence time estimates indicate that the Northern Hemisphere Calycanthus and Chimonanthus diverged from each other in the mid-Miocene, while the Australian Idiospermum had already diverged by the Upper Cretaceous and likely represents a remnant of a former Gondwanan distribution of Calycanthaceae that included South America, as indicated by the occurrence of Cretaceous Calycanthaceae fossils in Brazil. Relationships within Calycanthus were difficult to resolve, but a shared 155-bp deletion in the trnL-F intergenic spacer unites the two North American species, which were also sisters in a cpDNA restriction site study. Their ancestor apparently crossed the Bering land bridge in the Miocene. The six species of Chimonanthus, by contrast, diverged from each other as recently as 1-2my ago, and a DIVA analysis with four areas of endemism recognized within China suggests three vicariance and two dispersal events within Chimonanthus, with initial vicariance having occurred between eastern and southwestern or central China. Further divergence then appears to have involved eastern and south-central China, and southwestern and central China.     

山茶属植物的染色体数目和核型

本文对已报道的(包括作者的研究)山茶属植物的染色体数目和核型作一简单的讨论,结合地理分布情况,提出由二倍体向多倍体进化可能是山茶属植物进化的一个重要途径。山茶属植物的核型多为Stebbins核型分类的“2A”型,表明山茶属植物是一个较原始的种系。本文中12种的染色体数目和2种的核型为首次报道。     

The chloroplast genome of the “basal” angiosperm Calycanthus fertilis – structural and phylogenetic analyses

The nucleotide sequence of the complete chloroplast genome of a basal angiosperm, Calycanthus fertilis, has been determined. The circular 153337 bp long cpDNA is colinear with those of tobacco, Arabidopsis and spinach. A total of 133 predicted genes (115 individual gene species, 18 genes duplicated in the inverted repeats) including 88 potential protein-coding genes (81 gene species), 8 ribosomal RNA genes (4 gene species) and 37 tRNA genes (30 gene species) representing 20 amino acids were identified based on similarity to their homologs from other chloroplast genomes. This is the highest gene number ever registered in an angiosperm plastome. Calycanthus fertilis cpDNA also contains a homolog of the recently discovered mitochondrial ACRS gene. Since no gene transfer from mitochondria to the chloroplast has ever been documented, we investigated the evolutionary affinity of this gene in detail. Phylogenetic analysis of the protein-coding subset of the plastome suggests that the ancient line of Laurales emerged after the split of the angiosperms into monocots and dicots. Calycanthus fertilis Walter var. ferax (Michy.) Rehder is a synonym of C. floridus L. var. glaucus (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray.Data deposition: The sequence reported in this paper has been deposited in the EMBL database (accession no. AJ428413).     

EVOLUTIONARY MODIFICATION IN CLARKIA. II. ROLE OF FLOWER BUD PUBESCENCE IN SECTION PHAEOSTOMA

Observations of the habitats and relative flowering of a Clarkia species with hairy flower buds and several with hairless flower buds led to the hypothesis that long hairs on flower buds regulate bud temperature. This hypothesis predicts that hairless buds would be warmer and develop faster than hairy buds, which would be cooler, develop more slowly, and avoid high temperature stress. The hypothesis was tested by comparing flower bud growth rates and temperatures in three genetically similar biotypes of Clarkia unguiculata and in all six species of section Phaeostoma. Flower buds of the three biotypes included hairy (HY) and hairless (HN) from the same coastal population and densely hairy (HD) from an interior locality. The six species included C. unguiculata with densely hairy buds (HD) and five related species with hairless buds. Contrary to expectations, HY buds grew more rapidly than HN buds. HD buds grew more rapidly than either and also more rapidly than the hairless buds of five related species. Again contrary to expectations, the three biotypes of C. unguiculata had equivalent temperature relations, with bud temperatures mostly somewhat below air temperatures. In a comparative experiment, bud temperatures in C. unguiculata approximated air temperatures while bud temperatures in five related species mostly fell well below air temperatures. Thus, predictions of the hypothesis were not borne out. Long bud hairs apparently have minimal effect on bud growth rates and temperatures, and we conclude that physiological adaptations are more important. Bud cooling mechanisms are discussed.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE VII: ASTEREAE III

Reports of 129 new chromosome counts are made for the tribe Astereae of Compositae. They are mostly based on determinations of meiotic material, including first counts for one genus and 43 species or subspecies. Counts are now available for more than 63 of the 100-120 genera and 564 of the approximately 2,000 species in the tribe. Three of every four genera with more than one species counted show more than one chromosome number; 15 genera have species with populations with different numbers. Such variation is very high and indicates the need for more detailed cytotaxonomical study in the group.     

VARIATION IN SPECIES DIVERSITY AND SHELL SHAPE IN HAWAIIAN LAND SNAILS: IN SITU SPECIATION AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS

The native land-snail fauna of the Hawaiian islands was investigated from a combined perspective of ecological and historical, vicariant, and dispersalist biogeography. There were more than 750 described, valid species; almost all were endemic to the archipelago, many to single islands. Path analysis showed that island area, per se, had the strongest influence on numbers of species. Island altitude and number of plant communities, both strongly related to area and both dimensions of habitat diversity, also had major influences. The influence of island age was complex. A direct effect, older islands having more species, was more than counterbalanced by the strong indirect effects of age on area and altitude: older islands are smaller and lower, and smaller, lower islands had fewer species. Distance of an island from a source of colonization was of minor importance. Species richness thus appears to be related almost exclusively to evolutionary radiation in situ and not to an equilibrium between immigration and extinction. Islands need not be extremely isolated for evolutionary radiation to be more important than immigration/extinction dynamics in determining species richness, but isolation is a relative term dependent on the dispersal abilities of the organisms in question. Numbers of recorded species were also strongly correlated with collecting effort on each island, a result that stands as a warning to others involved in such studies. Numbers of species in different families were not evenly distributed across islands. Notably, Kauai had more amastrids and helicinids and fewer achatinellids than predicted; Oahu had more amastrids but fewer pupillids and succineids than predicted; Hawaii exhibited the opposite pattern from Oahu. These patterns may partly reflect the vagaries of collecting/describing effort, but some may be due to the combined effects of historical factors and competitive exclusion. The distribution of shell height/diameter was bimodal with a distinct absence of more or less equidimensional species, a general pattern seen in other faunas. Among the pulmonates, tall species predominated, suggesting a relative lack of opportunity for globular/flat species. Notably, amastrids occurred in both modes, evidence that, at least in part, ecological not taxonomic factors underlie the bimodality. The proportions of tall and globular/flat species did not vary among islands. Prosobranchs were mostly low-spired but generally less flat than the pulmonates in the low-spired mode. The islands were probably colonized originally by small taxa. Large, tall shells are found only on Kauai and Niihau, the oldest of the main islands, suggesting that opportunities for such species are probably available on other islands.     

横断山区蚜虫区系的组成和特点

研究了横断山区蚜虫区系的组成和特点.横断山区共有蚜虫11科69属125种,以东洋区、特有种类占优势.蚜虫区系古北成分和东洋成分充分交融,特有种类丰富,区系组成复杂多样.对该区蚜虫的分布进行了初步分析,特有种分布不均衡,水平主要分布在滇西北的丽江和玉龙雪山地区,垂直分布在海拔3 000～3 200 m,是特有种丰富度最高的地带.此外,对跨古北和东洋区分布种类的东亚起源进行了初步探讨.