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1.
《人与生物圈》1996,3(3):34-45
联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)世界生物圈保护区网络自1976年建立以来,1984年在白俄罗斯明斯克召开了第一次世界生物圈保护区大会,并制定了生物圈保护区行动计划。至1994年,该计划已经实施十年有余,在解决现实的环境与发展问题方面取得了显著成绩,受到日益广泛的关注。然而,实践的发展使生物圈保护区的运作发生了很大变化,尤其是1992年联合国环境与发展大会及《生物多样性公约》颁布以后,一方面生物圈保护区的意义更加突出,另一方面一些新的问题有待认识和解决,其进一步发展需要更为清晰和合乎当今形势的思路和方向,在这一背景下,UNESCO于1995年3月在西班牙塞维利亚召开了第二次世界生物圈保护区大会。大会讨论通过了两个重要文件,并已经UNESCO第二十八届会议和人与生物圈(MAB)计划国际协调理事会第十三届大会审议和批准。下面是全文刊登的“塞维利亚大会”情况介绍和“UNESCO第二十八届会议实施决议”及其审议批准的两个纲领性文件(译文):Ⅰ.《塞维利亚生物圈保护区战略》;Ⅱ.《世界生物圈保护区网络法规框架》,以供广大读者了解和参考,特别是对生物圈保护区的管理具有指导性意义。  相似文献   

2.
生物圈保护区是联合国教科文组织人与生物圈研究计划国际保护学家们在探讨世界保护区有效管理的过程中正式提出来的。还在1986年,笔者就根据1983年在白俄罗斯首都明斯克召开的第一届国际生物圈保护区会议讨论的结果,对生物圈保护区的基本概念作过介绍和评论(王献溥,1986)。事隔10年之后,第二届国际生物圈保护区会议在西班牙的塞维利亚市召开,会议总结了第一届会议以来实施生物圈保护区行动计划的经验(di Castri et al,1977;UNESCO,  相似文献   

3.
如何管理好生物圈保护区   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
1971年,联合国教科文组织“人与生物圈”计划的保护学家们,在探讨世界保护区有效管理中,提出了“生物圈保护区”这个新的概念和专门术语。30多年来的实践证明,它是保护区一个行之有效的管理模式,对全球保护事业的发展起着巨大的推动作用。我国是实施生物圈保护区战略最为积极而有效的国家之一,至今不仅已有24个保护区加入了世界生物圈保护区网络,而且还建设了自己的国家生物圈保护区网络,拥有102个成员。它们都是我国保护区管理较有成效的佼佼者,但是也有许多不足之处,需待完善。一、生物圈保护区的基本概念与任务生物圈保护区最主要的特点…  相似文献   

4.
郭峰 《生物学杂志》1996,13(3):45-45
自然保护区与生物圈保护区郭峰(甘肃省刘家峡水电四局中学,731600)自然保护区和生物圈保护区,是两个相互联系又有区别的概念。目前,我国和世界上一些国家都建立了许多自然保护区。澳大利亚建立的自然保护区达1000多个,。坦桑尼亚的自然保护区面积占全国总...  相似文献   

5.
九、生物圈保护区及其可持续发展 生物圈保护区是实施生物多样性公约,贯彻可持续发展战略的基本单元,它把人们的需要和渴望放在首位,保证世界上主要生态系统的典型区域得到长期的保护。生物圈保护区是一个具有多功能的实体(如右图所示),其特征是由三个功能的结合。为了保证各个功能的同步发展,生物圈保护区内要  相似文献   

6.
生物圈保护区的意义和作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
生物圈保护区的意义和作用王献溥生物圈保护区是国际保护学家们在探讨世界保护区有效管理,以加强自然资源的保护和持续利用密切结合的过程中,于1971年正式提出的一个崭新的概念和专门术语,并于1976年正式建立第一批生物圈保护区。至今已发展成为一个分布在80...  相似文献   

7.
《生物学通报》2005,40(4):49-49
中国人与生物圈国家委员会日前在京举行“珠穆朗玛峰、佛坪、亚丁世界生物圈保护区颁证仪式”。据悉,至此中国已有26个保护区成为联合国教科文组织世界生物圈保护区。  相似文献   

8.
2011年4月1 8日至21日,由中国人与生物圈国家委员会主办的"全国人与生物圈保护区生态旅游研讨会"在贵州省荔波县茂兰世界生物圈保护区举行。中国人与生物圈国家委员会主席许智宏院士和国家环境保护部、国家林业局、国家海洋局的有关负责人;北京大学、厦门大学和台湾等地的专家学者,以及中国生物圈保护区的网络成员、荔波县党政领导等近百名代表出席了本次会议。  相似文献   

9.
内蒙古锡林郭勒生物圈保护区,是以保护欧亚大陆典型草原生态系统为目的的世界生物圈保护区。为了保护草原生态系统的完整性以及锡林河流域的生态功能.在成立保护区时将锡林浩特城市以及白音锡勒城镇等规划在内。但是,锡林郭勒生物圈保护区成立15a来。长期存在着保护与发展的尖锐矛盾,保护区基本上无核心区、草地类型的生态系统出现大规模的退化、城市(镇)与保护区的发展基本脱节、对自然生态系统的利用处于非常原始的掠夺性利用状态。对于这些问题的解决,应充分考虑到社区的发展问题,解决人的生存出路并提高他们的生活员量。即以锡林郭勒生物圈保护区为例,探讨了城市(镇)的作用及其与保护区的相互关系,指出目前存在的问题以及所采取的对策。  相似文献   

10.
时间到了21世纪,经过了近40年的发展,人与生物圈计划在中国生根发芽了,越来越多的保护区加入到了世界生物圈保护区网络,成为了中国保护区的中坚力量。中国生物圈保护网络已经发展成连结国内外各种类型保护区的沟通桥梁,而中国的生态学事业也借助人与生物圈计划的东风,得到了极大的发展。该计划长盛不衰的秘密何在?中科院植物研究所蒋高明研究员告诉我们到底是什么让其有如此的魅力和生命力。  相似文献   

11.
世界自然遗产地是全球最具有保护价值的自然保护地,强调全球突出普遍价值的完整性和在全球的唯一性。世界自然遗产有助于更好地保护生态系统的完整性和原真性,促进人类与自然的可持续发展。该研究在大量文献资料的基础上,以海南潜在世界自然遗产地(海南热带雨林国家公园)原生动植物及植被群落(亚洲北缘热带雨林)为研究对象,从植被类型、物种多样性、区系组成、特有种等生物生态过程方面,评估海南潜在世界自然遗产地的全球突出普遍价值。结果表明:(1)海南潜在世界自然遗产地分布有3 653种野生维管植物,资源植物种类丰富。陆栖脊椎动物有540种,各类野生动物占全国的比例高达10%~30%,生物多样性极高。(2)植物区系独特,海南岛的热带雨林植被区划属于印度-马来雨林群系,属马来区的部分呈现出热带性和与中国华南大陆的共源性显示出明显的热带边缘性质,为中国华南植物区系与亚洲热带雨林的过渡类型。(3)植物区系中的植物物种特有性较低,特有属仅有7个,特有种仅约占岛内植物的1/10,较低的特有性表明了其大陆起源特征,是生物多样性不可替代的元素,具有鲜明的环境指示特色。该研究明确了海南潜在世界自然遗产地在全球背景下的突出普遍价值,为海南未来申遗提供科学依据和技术支撑。  相似文献   

12.
杨静  成玉宁   《生物信息学》2019,26(10):113-118
遗址公园作为遗址保护、展示教育与考古研究的有效途径,在世界范围内得以广泛推广与发展。意大利在文化遗产保护领域走在世界前列,其完备的法律保护制度、成熟的遗产保护理念和文物保护技术都有一定的借鉴意义。以罗马图拉真遗址公园为例,通过对其历史沿革的梳理,从遗址的空间结构和历史时序性上解读遗址时空特性,探讨其在坚持遗址原真性的基础上,如何从遗址保护理念、规划设计策略和实施技术路径3个层面对遗址进行保护与阐释,旨在解析意大利在遗址公园规划设计中的理念与方法,探讨其对于遗址公园建设实践的价值。  相似文献   

13.
 锡林郭勒草原自然保护区于1988年加入国际生物圈保护区网络,但它在功能格局和管理机构协调等方面仍存在若干问题,尚未是一个功能齐全的生物圈保护区。因此,关于功能格局,作者建议增设湿地生态系统核心区和缓冲区;在草甸草原和典型草原核心区之外设立缓冲区、调整和扩大沙地白扦云杉林与山杨林的缓冲区;重视过渡区的协作。作者并就管理机构协调提出8项建议,强调牧场、保护区管理处、中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站和牧民之间的协作。  相似文献   

14.
许学工  颜磊  许诺安 《生态学报》2008,28(12):5862-5870
自然遗产是人类的共同财富。在5.12汶川大地震的灾后重建过程中,不能忽视对自然遗产的保护和恢复。以都江堰市的灾后重建为例,探讨自然遗产的保护和恢复问题。首先,通过实地调查,了解都江堰市域的自然遗产受损状况,进行自然遗产地的地质灾害和生态脆弱性空间格局分析;在此基础上,针对自然遗产地的不同特点,提出了灾后重建的规划框架和可行措施。  相似文献   

15.
Protected areas play a key role in biodiversity conservation, yet they face numerous pressures including the spread of invasive alien species (IAS). We designed a structured online survey to investigate the distribution and management of 53 invasive alien plant species in large protected areas, i.e. national parks and biosphere reserves, in eight Central European countries. We contacted 93 protected areas management authorities, of which 46 replied. In 44 protected areas (96% of those responding), at least one IAS was present, and in 37 protected areas (80%) IAS were managed. On average, 11.2 ± 6.9 IAS were present per protected area and 4.3 ± 3.4 (41%) of these were managed. A one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference in the number of IAS present or managed between the different protected area designations (national parks, biosphere reserves). Similarly, neither the size nor the founding year of the protected area influenced the number of IAS present or managed. Thirty-one species (58%) were managed in at least one protected area. The most widely managed species were Fallopia japonica (23 protected areas), Heracleum mantegazzianum (20), and Impatiens glandulifera (16). The amount of financial resources devoted to IAS management was rather low, corresponding to 3.1 ± 4.4% of the total budget for natural resources management of the protected areas. We conclude that a lack of dedicated funding for IAS management in most protected areas and a lack of coordinated response between protected areas currently limit the effectiveness of the IAS management. In particular, an increased exchange of expertise between protected areas, and the development of minimum standards for IAS surveillance and management are pivotal. In addition, documenting best practice examples and synthesizing lessons learned in IAS management are urgently needed.  相似文献   

16.
The carrying capacity of ecosystems   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
We analyse the concept of carrying capacity (CC), from populations to the biosphere, and offer a definition suitable for any level. For communities and ecosystems, the CC evokes density‐dependence assumptions analogous to those of population dynamics. At the biosphere level, human CC is uncertain and dynamic, leading to apprehensive rather than practical conclusions. The term CC is widely used among ecological disciplines but remains vague and elusive. We propose the following definition: the CC is ‘the limit of growth or development of each and all hierarchical levels of biological integration, beginning with the population, and shaped by processes and interdependent relationships between finite resources and the consumers of those resources’. The restrictions of the concept relate to the hierarchical approach. Emergent properties arise at each level, and environmental heterogeneity restrains the measurement and application of the CC. Because the CC entails a myriad of interrelated, ever‐changing biotic and abiotic factors, it must not be assumed constant, if we are to derive more effective and realistic management schemes. At the ecosystem level, stability and resilience are dynamic components of the CC. Historical processes that help shape global biodiversity (e.g. continental drift, glaciations) are likely drivers of large‐scale changes in the earth's CC. Finally, world population growth and consumption of resources by humanity will necessitate modifications to the paradigm of sustainable development, and demand a clear and fundamental understanding of how CC operates across all biological levels.  相似文献   

17.
The terms biosphere, ecosphere, and Gaia are used as names for the global ecosystem. However, each has more than one meaning. Biosphere can mean the totality of living things residing on the Earth, the space occupied by living things, or life and life-support systems (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and pedosphere). Ecosphere is used as a synonym of biosphere and as a term for zones in the universe where life as we know it should be sustainable. Gaia is similar to biosphere (in the sense of life and life-support systems) and ecosphere (in the sense of biosphere as life and life-support systems), but, in its most extreme form, refers to the entire planet as a living entity. A case is made for avoiding the term Gaia (at least as a name for the planetary ecosystem), restricting biosphere to the totality of living things, and adopting the ecosphere as the most apt name for the global ecosystem.  相似文献   

18.
徐桐 《生物信息学》2019,26(11):13-19
在中国文物保护体系下,古道等遗产线路类的文物保护工作尚未能完全对接国际文化线路的保护理念,文化线路的国内文物保护体系和国际保护视野面临无法衔接的困境。以国际文化线路“物质线路”和“衍生要素”的分析视野,将具有申遗背景同时需要对接文物保护工作的米仓道(巴中段)作为对象,通过梳理其时空范畴和价值认知,分别辨析作为国内文物保护体系的交通遗产构成框架,以及对接申遗工作的文化线路衍生遗产要素。基于此,遗产线路衔接国内文物保护体系和“文化线路”申遗保护要求的工作框架得以厘清,可为国内面临类似研究需求的文化线路类遗产提供借鉴。  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

Culture, by its very nature, is always at risk of change – whether through transformation, destruction or redefinition. So how might culture be said to be particularly at risk in the context of ‘natural’ disasters, and how are disasters ‘naturalised’ or incorporated under the terms of different cultural regimes? An earlier focus on the impacts to built or tangible heritage is increasingly being balanced by a concern for the transformations wrought by disasters in the intangible heritage of communities. Through the recent event of Cyclone Pam in 2015, and a case study of the World Heritage site of Chief Roi Mata’s Domain (CRMD), we explore the ways in which repetitive natural hazards have shaped culture and tangible and intangible forms of heritage in Vanuatu. We focus in particular on the issue of cultural transmission at CRMD and its relationship to natural hazards through the device of a ‘disaster biography’. Risk can also carry with it the prospect of opportunity, and our paper seeks to understand how opportunity might be present in post-disaster reworkings of culture and heritage.  相似文献   

20.
Exploration of deep intraterrestrial microbial life: current perspectives   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
Intraterrestrial life has been found at depths of several thousand metres in deep sub-sea floor sediments and in the basement crust beneath the sediments. It has also been found at up to 2800-m depth in continental sedimentary rocks, 5300-m depth in igneous rock aquifers and in fluid inclusions in ancient salt deposits from salt mines. The biomass of these intraterrestrial organisms may be equal to the total weight of all marine and terrestrial plants. The intraterrestrial microbes generally seem to be active at very low but significant rates and several investigations indicate chemolithoautotrophs to form a chemosynthetic base. Hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide gases are continuously generated in the interior of our planet and probably constitute sustainable sources of carbon and energy for deep intraterrestrial biosphere ecosystems. Several prospective research areas are foreseen to focus on the importance of microbial communities for metabolic processes such as anaerobic utilisation of hydrocarbons and anaerobic methane oxidation.  相似文献   

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