Studies on rejuvenation methods of spinosad-producing strains and their effectiveness

用分离纯化复壮、淘汰法复壮及虫体复壮三种复壮方法对一株多杀菌素生产能力已经衰退的刺糖多孢菌进行复壮研究.结果显示:淘汰法复壮可显著提高菌株的杀虫毒力及多杀菌素的产量.通过红霉素抗性复壮筛选得到菌株杀虫死亡率达到100％,多杀菌素相对效价达1058.83％;通过NaCl抗性复壮筛选得到一菌株杀虫死亡率达到95％,多杀菌素相对效价达825.80％,因此淘汰法可作为有效的复壮方法.     

基于核糖体工程理论的常压室温等离子体诱变筛选多杀菌素高产菌

利用核糖体工程理论,采用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变对刺糖多孢菌(Saccharopolyspora spinosa)进行诱变筛选。以刺糖多孢菌QYLZ 88912菌株为出发菌株,对其进行ARTP诱变,选取三个不同致死率的照射时间,将孢子悬液混合,以增加抗性筛选几率。然后基于核糖体工程技术理论对混合孢子悬液进行初筛,最终筛选出了1株多杀菌素高产菌Sg200Rif110St40Er90-028。该菌株同时具有磺胺胍、利福平、链霉素、红霉素的多重抗性,摇瓶发酵试验表明,发酵7d后多杀菌素浓度可达到1 516.93 mg/L,较出发菌株QYLZ 88912的产量610.75 mg/L提高了148.37%,且遗传性稳定。以得到的高产菌Sg200Rif110St40Er90-028作为出发菌株,对发酵培养基进行响应面优化实验,优化后的培养基(g/L):葡萄糖46.97、麦芽糊精35、酵母粉40.36、水浸棉籽粉32.88、碳酸钙3,多杀菌素的产量为2 361.81 mg/L,比出发菌株的产量提高了286.71%。     

西花蓟马对多杀菌素的抗性汰选和遗传方式

在室内进行了西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)种群对多杀菌素的抗性筛选和抗性遗传方式分析。经过2年多的汰选,抗性水平相比较初始种群提高了30倍,与同时测定的敏感品系相比抗性达到80.8倍。抗性遗传方式分析结果表明,正、反交后代显性度分别为0.51和0.43,二者差异不显著,说明西花蓟马对多杀菌素的抗性为常染色体、不完全显性遗传;剂量对数死亡机率值曲线分析结果显示回交后代在死亡率50%处,自交后代在死亡率25%和75%处未出现明显平坡,回交和自交后代实测值卡方检验进一步证实抗性为多基因控制。     

离子注入利福霉素产生菌诱变选育研究

离子注入诱变利福霉素生产菌,首先利用利福霉素浓度梯度平均板理性化筛选出高抗性菌株,再以此抗性菌株为出发菌进行离子注入诱变筛选。初筛摇瓶效价达９０００μ／ｍｌ,经复菌筛菌株２９５３效价稳定提高１８％、。７ｍ＾３罐中试,放罐效价达６８６３μ／ｍｌ,较同期对照提高３５％;３０ｍ＾３罐生产实验,最高罐批效价为６１３７μ／ｍｌ,平均提高１０％。     

多杀菌素生物合成的分子机理与定向遗传改造策略

多杀菌素是由土壤放线菌刺糖多孢菌产生的次生代谢产物．主要活性物质为spinosyn A和spinosyn D,是一种新型的高效广谱大环内酯类杀虫剂,因其独特的杀虫机理而兼具生物农药的安全性与化学农药的快速性．简述了多杀菌素生物合成的分子机理,包括聚酮链的生物合成与修饰、NDP糖的合成、修饰与连接转移以及多杀菌素生物合成基因表达调控．通过对多杀菌素生物合成的限速步骤及相关基因的分析．探讨了提高多杀菌素产量与合成其新衍生物的定向遗传改造策略,并展望了其应用发展前景．     

常规诱变结合高通量筛选选育可利霉素高产菌株

可利霉素是通过基因工程定向育种技术获得的新型大环内酯类抗生素,是国家一类新药.[目的]为满足工业化生产需要,其工程菌株的发酵水平有待提高.[方法]多种常规诱变技术交替处理和高通量筛选方法选育可利霉素高产菌株,处理方法包括原生质体紫外诱变、DES(硫酸二乙酯)诱变、紫外光复活诱变、缬氨酸抗性筛选和正突变菌株的富集.[结果]高产菌株WSJ-1-7-49-133-82-43的摇瓶生物效价比出发菌株WSJ-1-7-49提高56％,500L中试发酵罐突变菌株效价较出发株高61％.[结论]说明多轮常规诱变育种结合高通量的筛选方法可以用于工业生产菌株的高效筛选.     

南昌霉素高产菌株的链霉素抗性基因突变诱变筛选研究

通过对链霉素对南昌霉素（Nanchangmycin)产生菌NS－41－80菌株孢子的致死浓度测定基础上,采用诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）的不同诱发剂量对菌株孢子进行诱变处理,诱变处理的孢子涂布在含链霉素（10ug/mL)致死浓度的高氏平板上,获得了大量的链霉素抗性基因（str)突变株。然后从3,000株链霉素抗性基因（str)突变株中通过初筛获得比诱变出发菌株产素能力提高20％以上的菌株202株,再进一步通过摇瓶复筛,获得比出发菌株产素能力分别提高100％,200％,300％高产菌株为48株,7株和1株,分别为复筛菌和初筛菌株的23．76％和1．60％,3．46％和0．23％,0．5％和0．03％,将产素能力提高240％以上5个菌株连同出发菌株连续3批次进行摇瓶发酵结果,5个突变株的产素能力均比出发菌株的产素能力提高57％－96．4％,其中突变株80－5．3－165菌株摇瓶发酵单位达6,000ug/mL以上,3批次摇瓶平均发酵单位达5,855ug/mL,建立了南昌霉素高产菌株的链霉素抗性基因突变诱变快速高效的筛选方法。     

多杀菌素生产菌原生质体的制备条件及其再生菌株生理特性

为了改良多杀菌素生产菌种,提高多杀菌素产量,研究了甘氨酸添加浓度、溶菌酶作用时间、温度和浓度对多杀菌素生产菌刺糖多胞菌Saccharopolyspora spinosaSP06081菌株原生质体制备和再生的影响,并考察了不同再生培养基和渗透压稳定剂对其再生的影响,确定了该菌株原生质体制备和再生的最佳条件。同时,对原生质体再生菌株的形态与多杀菌素产量变化进行了比较研究。结果表明:菌体在添加0.2%的甘氨酸的TSB培养基中培养48h收集,0.1mg/mL溶菌酶,28oC作用20min制备原生质体,将原生质体涂布于以蔗糖为渗透压稳定剂的R2YE培养基中,原生质体再生数目最多,达108个/mL以上;原生质体再生菌株在形态和抗生素产量上产生分化,29.3%的再生菌株形态上保持与亲本菌株一致,具有菌丝松散,断裂分枝多的特点,其中53.2%的再生菌株多杀菌素产量变异向正方向移动,最高产量达到582.0mg/L,比亲本菌株提高85.6%。原生质体再生菌株的形态分化与多杀菌素产量具有重要相关性。     

电场诱导棘孢小单胞菌原生质体融合

以小诺霉素（Micromomicin,MCR)产生菌棘孢小单胞菌（Micromonosporaechinospora）为出发菌株,诱变筛选得到一株链霉素抗性菌株,抗性菌株的原生质体分别用紫外线照射和热处理致死,通过单亲致死原生质体融合,以链霉素为选择条件选出融合株,经摇瓶发酵并结合薄层层析扫描（ThinLayerCharamotography,TLC）分析,筛得4株MCR百分含量高于亲株的融合子,MCR百分含量达到90％,效价1076u／ml,分别比亲株提高15％和11％。     

北京和云南地区西花蓟马对多杀菌素类药剂产生抗药性

【目的】了解我国西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)对多杀菌素等药剂的抗药性现状,为西花蓟马的有效防治提供参考。【方法】2011—2015年,采用叶管药膜法对北京和云南地区西花蓟马进行了抗药性监测。【结果】与室内敏感品系相比,北京地区西花蓟马田间种群对多杀菌素的抗性倍数达到80~150倍,对乙基多杀菌素抗性倍数高达7 730倍,对乙基多杀菌素的LC50值5年间最高增加了258倍,对甲维盐和噻虫嗪具有中等水平抗性,对阿维菌素和虫螨腈处于敏感或低水平抗性;昆明地区西花蓟马对乙基多杀菌素的抗性水平达到305倍的极高抗水平,对其它药剂相对敏感或处于低水平抗性。【结论】北京和云南地区西花蓟马对多杀菌素类药剂已经产生高水平抗药性,应密切关注抗性发展动态,同时进一步研究其抗性机制。     

Stability of spinosad resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) under laboratory conditions

The stability of spinosad resistance in western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), populations with differing initial frequencies of resistance was studied in laboratory conditions. The stability of resistance was assessed in bimonthly residual bioassays in five populations with initial frequencies of 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of resistant individuals. There were no consistent changes in susceptibility of the susceptible strain after eight months without insecticide pressure. In the resistant strain, very highly resistant to spinosad (RF50>23,000-fold), resistance was maintained up to eight months without further exposure to spinosad. In the absence of any immigration of susceptible genes into the population, resistance was stable. In the case of the population with different initial frequency of resistant thrips, spinosad resistance declined significantly two months later in the absence of selection pressure. With successive generations, these strains did not change significantly in sensitivity. Spinosad resistance in F. occidentalis declined significantly in the absence of selection pressure and the presence of susceptible WFT. These results suggest that spinosad resistance probably is unstable under field conditions, primarily due to the immigration of susceptible WFT. Factors influencing stability or reversion of spinosad resistance are discussed.     

Genetics of spinosad resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

The genetic basis of spinosad resistance was investigated in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). The resistant strain, selected in the laboratory for spinosad resistance from a pool of thrips populations collected in Almeria (southeastern Spain), showed a very high resistance to spinosad (356,547-fold based on LC50 values) compared with the laboratory susceptible strain. Mortality data from reciprocal crosses of resistant and susceptible thrips indicated that resistance was autosomal and not influenced by maternal effects. Analysis of probit lines from the parental strains and reciprocal crosses showed that resistance was expressed as an almost completely recessive trait. To determine the number of genes involved, a direct test of monogenic inheritance based on the backcrosses suggested that resistance to spinosad was probably controlled by one locus. Another approach, which was based on phenotypic variances, showed that nE, or the minimum number of freely segregating genetic factors for the resistant strain, equaled 0.59.     

Temperature-related fitness costs of resistance to spinosad in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutelidae)

Fitness costs associated with resistance genes expressed in the absence of insecticides affect the evolution of insecticide resistance and the outcome of resistance management programmes. However, measurements of fitness costs may not be straightforward as they vary with environmental conditions. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), has developed resistance to spinosad, the first insecticide of the Naturalyte class, after only a few years of field application of this product. In this study, we compared the performance of two homogenous strains of P. xylostella, one susceptible (SS) and the other resistant (RR) to spinosad at an unfavourable, low natural temperature regime, a favourable median-fluctuating temperature regime and an unfavourable high-fluctuating temperature regime. The RR strain showed only marginal fitness cost at the median temperature regime. At the low temperature regime, the RR strain failed to produce any viable offspring, while the SS strain achieved positive population growth. At the high temperature regime, the RR strain showed a 33% decrease in intrinsic rate of increase compared to the SS strain. The results demonstrate that fitness costs of resistance to spinosad are temperature-dependent, increasing in scale at unfavourably low and high temperatures; costs were particularly high at low temperatures. Suggestions for designing effective management programmes are made to delay or avoid development of resistance to spinosad by P. xylostella under different temperature conditions.     

Development and stability of insecticide resistance in the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to cyromazine, abamectin, and spinosad

Three populations of the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), were collected from commercial ornamental production greenhouses in the United States and tested for susceptibility to three commercial insecticides. A leaf dip bioassay of leaves containing young (1-2-d-old) larvae was used. Based on larval mortality and compared with a susceptible laboratory reference colony, the three strains varied in spectrum and level of resistance to the insecticides. CA-1, collected from Gerbera daisy, was moderately resistant to cyromazine (18.1-fold) and abamectin (22.0-fold), but highly resistant to spinosad (> 188-fold). CA-2, collected from chrysanthemums, was not resistant to abamectin, had a low level of resistance to cyromazine (8.2-fold), but was extremely resistant to spinosad (1,192-fold). GA-1, collected from chrysanthemums, had very low levels of resistance to cyromazine (5.4-fold) and spinosad (1.9-fold) but was moderately resistant to abamectin (30.6-fold). When reared in the absence of insecticide selection pressure, all three strains reverted to approximately the level of the reference strain. The CA-1 strain reverted in nine generations to cyromazine; however, the lowest levels of abamectin and spinosad resistance reverted to was 3.1-fold at F8 and 3.2 at the F10, respectively. The CA-2 strain reverted in five generations to both cyromazine and spinosad. GA-1 reverted in five generations to abamectin. Based on the results, resistance to these three insecticides was unstable. Additionally, there was no cross-resistance among these three insecticides.     

Monitoring and characterization of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resistance to spinosad

Fourteen populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), were collected from fields of crucifer vegetables in the United States, Mexico, and Thailand in 1999 and 2000 for susceptibility tests with spinosad. Most populations were susceptible to spinosad and similar to earlier baseline values, but populations from Thailand and Hawaii showed high levels of tolerance. A statewide survey in Hawaii in 2000 and 2001 indicated resistance problems on several islands. One colony collected in October 2000 from Pearl City, HI, was subjected to further selection pressure, using spinosad in the laboratory, and then was used as the resistant strain (Pearl-Sel) for other tests. Spray tests using the recommended field rates of spinosad on potted broccoli plants in the greenhouse confirmed that field control failures due to resistance were possible in the areas of these collections. Analysis of probit lines from F1 reciprocal crosses between the Pearl-Sel and S strain indicated that resistance to spinosad was inherited autosomally and was incompletely recessive. A direct test of monogenic inheritance based on the F1 x Pearl-Sel backcrosses suggested that resistance to spinosad was probably controlled by one locus. The synergists S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate and piperonyl butoxide did not enhance the toxicity of spinosad to the resistant colony, indicating metabolic mediated detoxification was probably not responsible for the spinosad resistance. Two field colonies in Hawaii that were resistant to spinosad were not cross-resistant to emamectin benzoate or indoxacarb. Resistance developed in Hawaii due to the continuous cultivation of crucifers in which as many as 50 applications of spinosad per year may have been made to a common population of P. xylostella in sequential plantings, although each grower might have used the labeled restrictions for resistance management. Resistance management strategies will need to address such cropping and pest management practices.     

Improvement of the ability to produce spinosad in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharopolyspora spinosa</Emphasis> through the acquisition of drug resistance and genome shuffling

Spinosyns, a secondary metabolite from the fermentation of Saccharopolyspora spinosa, exhibits evident insecticidal activity. The most active components of the spinosyns family are spinosyns A and D, which are macrocyclic lactone antibiotics. Spinosad is a defined combination of the two principal fermentation factors, spinosyns A and D. Spinosad is used on grain storage, vegetable and fruit crops, ornamentals, and turf for pest control because it is toxic to many insects, but relatively nontoxic to mammals. In this study, we combined drug resistance screening and genome shuffling to achieve rapid improvement of spinosad yield of S. spinosa. The starting mutant population was generated by UV irradiation of S. spinosa ATCC 49460 protoplasts, which were then screened for erythromycin or neomycin resistance. Two mutant strains, Ery-13 (erythromycin resistant) and Neo-127 (neomycin resistant), were selected according to their spinosad yield. The highest titers of Ery-13 and Neo-127 strain reached 188 μg/ml and 165 μg/ml, respectively, which are 3.7-fold and 3.3-fold higher than that of the parental strain ATCC 49460. After four rounds of genome shuffling, an improved recombinant EN4-33 with both erythromycin and neomycin resistance was obtained. The highest spinosad yield of the recombinant EN4-33 reached 332 μg/ml, which is 6.6-fold higher than that of ATCC 49460. Results demonstrated that combining genome shuffling with antibiotics resistance screening is an effective approach for the molecular breeding of high-producing strains.     

西花蓟马GABA受体基因鉴定及FoRDL 在多杀霉素抗性中的作用

【目的】γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)是动物神经系统中一种重要的神经递质。本研究旨在鉴定西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis γ-氨基丁酸受体(GABA receptors, GABAR)家族基因,明确离子型受体(GABA_AR)在西花蓟马对多杀霉素抗性形成中的作用。【方法】根据西花蓟马基因组和转录组数据,鉴定并克隆GABAR基因,进行生物信息学分析;采用qPCR检测GABAAR亚基基因FoRDL, FoLCCH3和FoGRD在西花蓟马多杀霉素敏感品系不同发育阶段(1-2龄若虫、蛹和成虫)的表达模式及在敏感和抗性品系成虫期的相对表达量差异;对西花蓟马敏感品系3日龄成虫的FoRDL进行RNAi 24 h后,在0.250和0.400 mg/L多杀霉素处理下生物测定计算西花蓟马成虫死亡率。【结果】注释并克隆获得8个GABAR基因：FoRDL, FoLCCH3, FoGRD, FoGRD like1, FoGRD-like2, FoB1, FoB2和FoB-like(GenBank登录号: MH148151-MH148158),其ORF长度介于1 080~3 720 bp;系统进化分析表明,西花蓟马的GABAR基因与其他昆虫物种相应基因聚类,具有很高的保守性。GABA_AR亚基FoRDL, FoLCCH3和FoGRD具有典型的N端胞外区环结构(loop A-F)和4个跨膜区(TM 1-4);FoRDL外显子3存在互斥剪切。FoRDL, FoLCCH3和FoGRD的表达量随多杀霉素敏感品系西花蓟马发育阶段逐渐升高,成虫期达最高;FoRDL在西花蓟马抗性品系成虫期的表达量显著低于敏感品系成虫期的。对西花蓟马敏感品系的FoRDL进行RNAi后,在0.250和0.400 mg/L多杀霉素处理剂量下,西花蓟马成虫死亡率均显著下降,分别比对照下降了55.80%和43.00%。【结论】在西花蓟马体内鉴定到5个离子型和3个代谢型GABAR基因,其中FoRDL可能在西花蓟马对多杀霉素产生抗性中发挥一定作用。     

番茄斑萎病毒对多杀菌素抗性西花蓟马发育繁殖和药剂敏感性的影响

【目的】西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)是重要的入侵害虫,是番茄斑萎病毒（TSWV）最有效的传播媒介,TSWV对西花蓟马的生长发育有一定的影响。多杀菌素是防治西花蓟马最有效的药剂之一,但已有田间西花蓟马对多杀菌素产生抗药性的报道。TSWV对抗性西花蓟马是否也有影响及程度如何尚不清楚。本研究通过对此问题进行深入研究,以期为进一步了解TSWV对西花蓟马的影响提供依据。【方法】应用特定年龄-龄期及两性生命表的方法,研究用番茄斑萎病毒处理和未处理的多杀菌素抗性和敏感西花蓟马种群的生物学特性;用叶管药膜法测定不同处理种群对3种药剂（多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和虫螨腈）的敏感性变化。【结果】对于抗性品系,TSWV处理后西花蓟马的发育历期缩短,雌成虫寿命和产卵量略高,但与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),内禀增长率（r）和净生殖率（R₀）分别为0.0433 d^-1和2.210,显著高于对照组（分别为0.0356 d^-1和1.972）（P ≤ 0.001）。对于敏感品系,TSWV处理后西花蓟马的发育历期缩短,雌雄成虫寿命均显著延长（P ≤ 0.001）,产卵量也略有提高,R₀为4.125,显著高于对照组（3.979）（P ≤ 0.001）。TSWV处理后敏感和抗性西花蓟马对多杀菌素的敏感性没有发生明显变化,对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和虫螨腈的敏感性显著降低。【结论】番茄斑萎病毒对多杀菌素敏感和抗性西花蓟马均有直接有利影响,病毒处理的西花蓟马发育历期缩短,繁殖能力增强,成虫寿命延长,对药剂的敏感性降低。     

Expression of Xenobiotic Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Genes in a Spinosad-Resistant Musca domestica L. Strain

Background

Spinosad is important in pest management strategies of multiple insect pests. However, spinosad resistance is emerging in various pest species. Resistance has in some species been associated with alterations of the target-site receptor, but in others P450s seems to be involved. We test the possible importance of nine cytochrome P450 genes in the spinosad-resistant housefly strain 791spin and investigate the influence of spinosad on P450 expression in four other housefly strains.

Results

Significant differences in P450 expression of the nine P450 genes in the four strains after spinosad treatment were identified in 40% of cases, most of these as induction. The highly expressed CYP4G2 was induced 6.6-fold in the insecticide susceptible WHO-SRS females, but decreased 2-fold in resistant 791spin males. CYP6G4 was constitutively higher expressed in the resistant strain compared to the susceptible strain. Furthermore, CYP6G4 gene expression was increased in susceptible WHO-SRS flies by spinosad while the expression level did not alter significantly in resistant fly strains. Expression of CYP6A1 and male CYP6D3 was constitutively higher in the resistant strain compared to the susceptible. However, in both cases male expression was higher than female expression.

Conclusion

CYP4G2, CYP6A1, CYP6D3 and CYP6G4 have expressions patterns approaching the expectations of a hypothesized sex specific spinosad resistance gene. CYP4G2 fit requirements of a spinosad resistance gene best, making it the most likely candidate. The overall high expression level of CYP4G2 throughout the strains also indicates importance of this gene. However, the data on 791spin are not conclusive concerning spinosad resistance and small contributions from multiple P450s with different enzymatic capabilities could be speculated to do the job in 791spin. Differential expression of P450s between sexes is more a rule than an exception. Noteworthy differences between spinosad influenced expression of P450 genes between a field population and established laboratory strains were shown.