增加Gi和β2AR表达对异丙肾上腺素损伤的大鼠心肌细胞存活的影响

目的：观察增加β2肾上腺素受体（β2AR）和抑制性G蛋白（Gi）基因的表达是否可改善长期异丙肾上腺素（ISO）刺激引起的心肌细胞死亡。方法：用腺病毒作载体,在培养的心肌细胞增加β2AR和Gi基因的表达;然后在培养基中加入5μmol/L的异丙肾上腺素以损伤心肌细胞,24h后记数各组细胞的存活率。结果：β2AR和Gi表达增加,对正常培养的大鼠心肌细胞的死亡率均没有影响,但能够减少异丙肾上腺素损伤引起的细胞死亡。这种作用可分别被β2AR选择性阻断剂ICI118,551和Gi阻断剂百日咳毒素（PTX）所阻断。结论：增加β2AR或Gi基因的表达,对异丙肾上腺素损伤的心肌细胞有保护作用。     

β2肾上腺素能受体过表达后大鼠心肌细胞收缩功能的改变及机制

目的:探讨大鼠心肌细胞过表达2-AR后心肌细胞收缩功能的改变及其可能机制.方法:采用胶原酶消化法分离培养大鼠心肌细胞,转染携带β2-A目的基因的重组腺病毒,通过免疫印迹方法检测细胞β2-AR蛋白表达的变化,通过ELISA方法检测细胞中cAMP水平的改变,采用单个细胞动态边缘检测系统测定细胞收缩功能的变化.结果:与正常心肌细胞相比,β2-AR的转染增加了细胞上β2-AR蛋白的含量(P＜0.05),并促进胞内cAMP水平的增加(14.76 3.15 pmol/ml vs 9.3 1.4pmol/ml,P＜0.05);进而增强了心肌细胞的基础收缩(8.203±2.596%vs 5.472±2.918%,P＜0.01),但不改变最大收缩(9.128±2.852%vs 9.366±2.646%).结论:β2-AR的过表达能够增加细胞内cAMP水平并改善心肌细胞的收缩功能.     

缺血预处理通过β2-肾上腺素受体保护心肌细胞收缩功能

本文旨在探讨缺血预处理(ischemic preconditioning, IP)对缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion, I/R)损伤心脏的保护机制,从细胞和受体水平研究β2-肾上腺素受体(β2-adrenoreceptor, β2-AR)是否参与了IP对I/R损伤心脏的保护作用.Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为单纯I/R组(对照组)、IP组、短暂异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol, ISO)处理组、IP ICI118551组、ISO ICI118551组和ICI118551组.除对照组外,其它各组大鼠处理后均行缺血30min/复灌30min.记录心脏收缩期左心室内压上升的最大变化速率( dp/dtmax)、舒张期左心室内压下降的最大变化速率(-dp/dtmax)及左心室内压差(difference of left ventricular pressure, ΔLVP,左心室收缩压-左心室舒张压).测定冠状动脉流出液乳酸脱氢酶(1actate dehydrogenase, LDH)含量.进一步酶解分离心脏,获得单个心室肌细胞,测定其存活率和收缩功能.结果显示,IP和ISO组±dp/dtmax、ΔLVP较对照组增高;心肌细胞存活率和收缩幅度也显著升高;收缩时间(time-to-peak contraction, TTP)缩短;冠状动脉流出液LDH含量减少.选择性β2-AR拮抗剂ICl118551阻断IP和ISO的作用.各组间心肌细胞舒张50%时间(time-to-50% relaxation, R50)和舒张100%时间(time-to-100% relaxation, R100)均无明显差异.结果提示,β2-AR可能在IP对I/R损伤心脏的保护作用中发挥重要作用.     

β2 肾上腺素受体激动剂治疗心衰研究进展

慢性心衰作为发病率和死亡率很高的一种疾病,其主要表现为心脏供血功能下降,无法满足身体需求。β 肾上腺素受体信号通路对 于维持心脏正常生理功能有重要意义,心衰时,β 肾上腺素受体信号通路也发生很大改变。基于对 β 肾上腺素受体信号通路的机制研究, 目前 β1 肾上腺素受体拮抗剂被广泛应用于心衰治疗,但 β2 肾上腺素受体的功能还有争议。综述 β2 肾上腺素受体在心衰过程中作用的研究 进展,提出 β2 肾上腺素受体激动剂联合 β1 肾上腺素受体拮抗剂治疗心衰的策略,旨在为心衰治疗药物的开发提供参考。     

β-肾上腺素受体激动对新生大鼠心肌细胞代谢的影响

为了观察β-肾上腺素受体(β-AR)持续激动对心肌细胞代谢的影响,本工作以培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞为研究对象,采用[^3H]-亮氨酸([^3H]-leucine)掺入法和BCA蛋白分析法检测心肌细胞的蛋白合成代谢与蛋白含量,[^3H]-2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖摄取测定方法检测心肌细胞对葡萄糖的摄取量,并采用蛋白免疫印迹杂交方法检测腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase,AMPK)磷酸化程度。结果显示,β-AR激动剂异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol,ISO)持续刺激心肌细胞48h,心肌细胞[^3H]-leucine掺入量和蛋白质含量与对照组相比均无显著差异。用ISO或去甲肾上腺素(α1-AR特异性拮抗剂哌唑嗪存在下)持续激动β-AR 48h,心肌细胞的葡萄糖摄取量和AMPK磷酸化均显著高于对照组。上述结果表明,β-AR持续激动对培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞蛋白质合成及蛋白质含量没有明显的作用,但可引起葡萄糖摄取量明显增加和AMPK的激活,提示β-AR可能与心肌肥厚过程中能量代谢状态的变化有关。     

β-肾上腺素受体调控心肌细胞兴奋收缩耦联的分子过程研究

兴奋收缩耦联是肌细胞兴奋期间由动作电位触发肌质网释放钙离子,从而导致收缩的过程。心肌细胞的兴奋收缩耦联是通过“钙致钙释放（Ca^2＋-induced Ca^2＋ release）的机制完成的。兴奋期间,细胞膜电位的去极化导致电压依赖性的L．型钙通道（LCC）开放,细胞外钙离子通过LCC流入细胞,激活了肌质网膜上称为ryanodine受体（RyR）的钙释放通道,后者从肌质网钙库中释放钙离子,使细胞质游离钙浓度迅速上升。细胞质钙浓度的升高一方面启动细胞收缩,另一方面激活了肌质网钙泵和细胞膜钠钙交换,二者分别将钙离子运回肌质网或细胞外,使细胞质钙浓度很快回落,从而完成了一次“钙瞬变（Ca^2＋ transient）”。钙瞬变在每个心动周期发生一次,是直接控制细胞收缩的细胞内信号。     

β—肾上腺素能受体介导的心肌细胞凋亡

作为交感神经系统主要递质的去甲肾上腺素在多种心脏疾病中诱导心肌细胞凋亡,这种诱导作用主要由肾上腺素能受体（β－AR）介导,β－AR还介导心肌细胞凋亡的信号转导,这对于了解心脏疾病的发病机理有一定的临床意义。     

烟曲霉对哮喘大鼠糖皮质激素受体和β2-肾上腺素能受体表达的影响

为了揭示烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)对哮喘大鼠糖皮质激素受体(glucocorticoid receptor, GCR)和β2-肾上腺素能受体(β2-adrenergic receptor,β2AR)表达的影响,本研究利用卵白蛋白致敏和激发建立大鼠哮喘模型,并考察烟曲霉对大鼠肺组织GCR、β2AR、TLR2和TLR4表达的影响。研究显示,与对照组相比,烟曲霉组、卵白蛋白组和卵白蛋白+烟曲霉组的GCR m RNA和蛋白表达均显著下降。与卵白蛋白组相比,卵白蛋白+烟曲霉组的GCR mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低。烟曲霉对β2AR m RNA和蛋白的表达无明显影响。与对照组相比,暴露于烟曲霉后的大鼠肺组织TLR2 m RNA水平显著升高,而对照组和卵白蛋白组的TLR2mRNA水平无显著差异。各组TLR4 mRNA的水平无显著差异。卵白蛋白+烟曲霉组大鼠的肺组织样品通过培养呈阳性,并且可见烟曲霉菌落在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基上生长。PASM染色也显示该组大鼠肺部可见烟曲霉孢子定植,而其他组均为阴性且未发现肺部烟曲霉孢子。本研究表明,烟曲霉可下调哮喘患者肺组织中GCR mRNA和蛋白的表达。烟曲霉可能通过下调GCR的表达降低糖皮质激素的反应性,导致糖皮质激素抵抗性哮喘的发生,且具有正常免疫功能的大鼠能及时清除吸入的烟曲霉孢子,而哮喘或免疫抑制状态有助于烟曲霉在呼吸道定植。     

β2肾上腺素受体遗传多态性研究进展

β2肾上腺素受体（β2-adrenergic receptor,132-AR）对血管和支气管平滑肌的紧张性起着重要的调节作用,能介导心脏的正性变力和变时效应。近年来研究发现,人类β2-AR具有遗传多态性,而使受体表现出不同的生物学特性。本文主要对β2-AR的遗传多态性及遗传药理学的研究进展进行简要概述。     

心力衰竭时β肾上腺素受体亚型对心脏调节作用的变化及其临床意义

在运动或应激状况下,β肾上腺素受体(β AR)的激活可有力地增加心输出量.然而,心衰时持续的β AR激活可导致心肌肥大、心肌细胞凋亡等病理性心肌重塑过程.目前认为,心肌细胞表面存在结构、效应特异的三种β AR亚型:β1、β2及β3 AR.β1AR可激活经典的Gs-AC-cAMP-PKA信号通路;β2AR同时激活Gs-AC-cAMP-PKA及Giα-Giβγ-PI3K-Akt信号通路;而β3 AR则通过Gi-eNOS-NO-cGMP介导负性变力效应.目前研究表明:心衰时长期的β1AR激活可通过GsCa2+-CaMKⅡ通路导致心肌肥大、心肌细胞凋亡等病理性心肌重塑过程;而持续的β2AR刺激则通过Giα-Giβγ-PI3K-Akt通路产生抗心肌肥大、心肌细胞凋亡效应.对心衰时上述βAR亚型的信号转导、效应的深入认识不仅对βAR阻滞剂治疗慢性心衰提供了分子和细胞机制的依据,而且为我们带来了一些治疗慢性心衰的新思路.     

Myocardium in hypertrophy: Oxygen consumption by isolated cardiac myocytes and working hearts from spontaneously hypertensive rats

Oxygen consumption was measured on suspensions of calcium tolerant myocytes obtained from hearts of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto Rats (WKY). Oxygen consumptions of the isolated cells were not significantly different from each other either in the presence or absence of added calcium (1.5 mM). Additionally, there was excellent agreement between the oxygen consumption of the isolated cells and estimates of basal oxygen consumption obtained from linear regression analysis of the relationship between work and myocardial oxygen utilization in isolated perfused working hearts. At any given workload there was no significant difference in oxygen consumption between SHR hearts and WKY hearts. The mechanical performance of the SHR hearts was lower compared to that of the WKY hearts at low preloads. At high preloads and high afterloads the SHR hearts developed higher pressures than did hearts obtained from WKY rats. The data suggest that: (a) basal oxygen consumption of the two hearts are similar and (b) the contractile defects in the SHR heart are not the result of hypoxia.     

Effects of amiloride on calcium uptake by myocytes isolated from adult rat hearts

Amiloride at high concentrations inhibits the uptake of Ca by rat heart myocytes containing elevated levels of intracellular Na and retards the development of Ca-dependent hypercontracture in these cells. In contrast, amiloride enhances the net uptake of Ca in Ca-tolerant myocytes containing normal levels of Na. The results suggest that amiloride may inhibit Na-Ca exchange across the sarcolemma of cardiac myocytes.     

Effects of Ca2+ on the sodium pump observed in cardiac myocytes isolated from guinea pigs

It is presently unknown whether Ca2+ plays a role in the physiological control of Na+/K+-ATPase or sodium pump activity. Because the enzyme is exposed to markedly different intra- and extracellular Ca2+ concentrations, tissue homogenates or purified enzyme preparations may not provide pertinent information regarding this question. Therefore, the effects of Ca2+ on the sodium pump were examined with studies of [3H]ouabain binding and 86Rb+ uptake using viable myocytes isolated from guinea-pig heart and apparently maintaining ion gradients. In the presence of K+, a reduction of the extracellular Ca2+ increased specific [3H]ouabain binding observed at apparent binding equilibria: a half-maximal stimulation was observed when extracellular Ca2+ was lowered to about 50 microM. The change in [3H]ouabain binding was caused by a change in the number of binding sites accessible by ouabain instead of a change in their affinity for the glycoside. Ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake was increased by a reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Benzocaine in concentrations reported to reduce the rate of Na+ influx failed to influence the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on glycoside binding. When [3H]ouabain binding was at equilibrium, the addition of Ca2+ decreased and that of EGTA increased the glycoside binding. Mn2+, which does not penetrate the cell membrane, had effects similar to Ca2+. In the absence of K+, cells lose their tolerance to Ca2+. Reducing Ca2+ concentration prevented the loss of rod-shaped cells but failed to affect specific [3H]ouabain binding observed in the absence of K+. These results indicate that a large change in extracellular Ca2+ directly affects the sodium pump in cardiac myocytes isolated from guinea pigs.     

Effects of insulin on glucose metabolism in isolated heart myocytes from adult rats

The study examined the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism in freshly isolated calcium-tolerant heart myocytes from adult rats. The uptake of 2-deoxyglucose demonstrated an initial lag in response to insulin and the maximal insulin effect was not attained until after 3 min preincubation with the hormone. A dose-response study of 14CO2 production from [14C]glucose revealed that the maximum insulin stimulation of glucose utilization occurred with 5 mU/ml. Both the uptake and the oxidation of glucose proceeded at a linear rate in the absence and presence of insulin. However, insulin exerted a greater effect on the uptake (42-54%) than on the oxidation (17-22%) of exogenous glucose. Incorporation of glucose into glycogen was markedly increased by insulin and resulted in the myocyte glycogen concentration returning to in vivo levels. In the absence of insulin, glucose incorporation plateaued within 10 min of incubation and the glycogen concentration was not altered. Our findings also indicate that at equilibrium, insulin-treated cells exhibited a higher glycogen turnover rate. It thus appears that insulin exerts a differential effect on the different pathways in glucose metabolism in the isolated cardiac cells. This may be related in part to their quiescent state and lower energy demand.     

Effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on glucose utilization in isolated cardiac myocytes

The phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, enoximone, enhances the oxidation of fatty acids in cardiac myocytes. Since carbohydrate oxidation is tightly coupled and inversely related in cardiac tissue to fatty acid oxidation, this study was designed to investigate enoximone's effects on glucose metabolism in the heart. To determine if enoximone alters this reciprocal relationship, the effects of enoximone on [U-¹⁴C]glucose and [2-¹⁴C]pyruvate oxidation were determined in isolated cardiac myocytes. The effect of PDE inhibitors was also examined on pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) activity, a key component of oxidative glucose metabolism. Two PDE inhibitors, enoximone and milrinone, decreased PDH activity by 69 and 64%, respectively at 0.5 mM. This inhibition of PDH activity by enoximone was completely reversed after removing enoximone from the myocyte medium. PDH activity was unaffected by agents which alter cyclic nucleotide signaling: cGMP, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and AMP. The effect of enoximone on [2-¹⁴C]pyruvate oxidation was similar to that on PDH. Interestingly, the oxidation of glucose was decreased 35% by 0.5 mM enoximone. In isolated rat heart mitochondria (RHM), enoximone decreased PDH activity by 37%. These studies suggest that PDE inhibitors decrease carbohydrate utilization by inhibiting the PDH complex in the heart. The inhibition of PDH by PDE inhibitors appears unrelated to their effects on cAMP or cGMP. This inhibition of PDH by PDE inhibitors may occur, at least in part, secondary to stimulating fatty acid oxidation.     

Characterization of catecholamine uptake2 in isolated cardiac myocytes

Extraneuronal catecholamine uptake was investigated in isolated quiescent rat myocardial cells. By administration of (³H-)(–)noradrenaline concentration of 22 nmol/l up to 1000 mol/l the following data were obtained: (1) The K_M of the uptake process amounted to 260 mol/l, the V_max to 4.24 nmol/(10 min × mg Protein) corresponding to 179 nmol/(min × g_WWt)(WWT = Wet Weight). (2) The uptake was largely inhibited by the uptake₂-inhibitors corticosterone (100 mol/l), isoprenaline (IC so = 30.6 mol/l), and O-methylisoprenaline (IC₅₀ = 2.1 pmol/l), but not by the uptake₁-inhibitors cocaine (100 mol/l) and desipramine (10 mol/l). (3) The affinity-values K_M and IC₅₀ closely agreed with those already known, but the V_max-value was higher than those obtained in whole rat hearts by a factor of at least 1.79. This is caused presumably by the voltage dependence of the uptake mechanism and the resulting inhibition of uptake 2 during the periods of depolarisation in beating hearts of other studies.     

Properties of ventricular myocytes isolated from the hypertrophied and failing hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how the morphological and physiological properties of single myocytes isolated from the hypertrophied, failing left ventricles (LV) differ from those of normal or hypertrophied not failing ventricles. METHOD: Single myocytes were isolated separately from right (RV) and left ventricles (LV) of male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) or Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats at the age of 6 and 12 months and of SHRs which developed or not developed heart failure at the age of 20-24 months. We measured cells dimensions, range and kinetics of electrically stimulated or initiated by caffeine contractions and Ca2+ transients, and investigated the response of cells to thapsigargin. RESULTS: The transversal dimensions of the LV myocytes of 6 months old SHRs showed approximately 20% increase with respect to transversal dimensions of their RV myocytes and LV and RV myocytes of WKY rats. The difference did not change with progressing age and in the heart failure. The LV myocytes of 6 or 12 months old SHRs showed slowed kinetics of the Ca2+ transients and of contraction and relaxation and decreased contractile response to 2 s superfusion with 15 mM caffeine preceded by 5 mM Ni2+ used as an index of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content. Despite of this the range of shortening and relative contribution of the SR to contraction (assessed by measuring of the residual contractile response to electrical stimulation in cells poisoned with thapsigargin) or relaxation (assessed by calculation of the ratio of rate constants of the electrically stimulated and stimulated by 30 s superfusion with caffeine Ca2+ transients) was not altered in the hypertrophied myocytes. Properties of the LV myocytes of the 20-24 old SHRs with or without heart failure did not differ from those of LV myocytes of younger SHRs. The contractile response to caffeine of their RV myocytes dropped to the level of that in the LV myocytes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that transition from the compensated hypertrophy to the heart failure in 20-24 months old SHRs did not result from the further changes in properties of the surviving myocytes. Data from literature suggest that myocyte apoptosis and remodeling of the extramyocyte space is the more likely reason.