山茱萸种质资源数量性状分析及核心种质库评价

对从全国收集的75份山茱萸种质资源,从叶长、叶宽、果实横径、果实纵径、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、种子含水量、枣皮灰分、枣皮水分、水溶性浸出物和马钱素含量等表型性状,通过分析其变异系数和各性状间的相关性,采用欧氏系统聚类法抽取核心种质,并对构建的核心种质库进行评价。分析结果显示,75份山茱萸种质资源在叶长、叶宽、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、枣皮灰分和马钱素含量等性状上的变异系数均高于10%,说明这些性状变化范围较大,个体间性状不稳定,易受环境因素的影响;而果实横径、果实纵径、种子含水量、枣皮水分和水溶性浸出物的变异系数均低于10%,说明这些性状变异较小,表型性状比较稳定。相关性分析结果显示,各性状间都存在一定的相关性,其中果实纵径和果实横径与鲜果百粒重呈显著正相关(0.396b和0.312b),说明果实纵横径是影响果实重量的关键因素;水溶性浸出物大小与果实横径、果实纵径、马钱素含量呈现显著性正相关(0.481b、0.280a和0.372b),表明水溶性浸出物含量的高低与山茱萸有效成分马钱素含量和果实大小及形状密切正相关,这将为种质的筛选和评价提供依据。通过最小距离逐步抽样法抽出22份种质构成核心种质库（占初始种质库的29.33%）,采用欧氏距离聚类对抽样构成的初级核心种质库进行评价,结果显示,各性状均值t检验均不显著,并且极差符合率（CR%= 90.63%）大于80%,说明抽取的初级核心种质库能够很好地代表原有种质,从而达到了提高种质保存效率的目的,这将为进一步研究山茱萸核心种质库构建和其它药用植物构建核心种质提供参考。     

山茱萸种质资源数量性状评价及相关性分析

对从全国收集的75份山茱萸种质资源,从叶长、叶宽、果实横径、果实纵径、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、种子含水量、枣皮灰分、枣皮水分、水溶性浸出物和马钱素含量等表型性状,分析其变异系数和各性状间的相关性.分析结果显示,75份山茱萸种质资源在叶长、叶宽、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、枣皮灰分和马钱素含量等性状上的变异系数均高于10％,说明这些性状变化范围较大,个体间性状不稳定,易受环境因素的影响;而果实横径、果实纵径、种子含水量、枣皮水分和水溶性浸出物的变异系数均低于10％,说明这些性状变异较小,表型性状比较稳定.相关性分析结果显示,各性状间都存在一定的相关性,其中果实纵径和果实横径与鲜果百粒重呈显著正相关(0.396和0.312,P ＜0.01),说明果实纵横径是影响果实重量的关键因素;水溶性浸出物大小与果实横径(0.481,P＜0.01)、果实纵径(0.280,P＜0.05)、马钱素含量(0.372,P＜0.01)呈现显著性正相关,表明水溶性浸出物含量的高低与山茱芰有效成分马钱素含量和果实大小及形状密切正相关,这将为种质的筛选、评价和新品种选育提供依据.     

柘木果实的调查研究

柘木成熟果实的粒径为纵径3.24～4.26 cm,横径3.43～4.23 cm,果重17.75～33.8 g,聚合果有种子25～44粒;出种率5.52%～10.18%;种子百粒重5.04～5.06 g;种子粒径长0.504～0.716 cm,宽0.412～0.564 cm,高0.27～0.37 cm.     

扇脉杓兰果实生长动态及胚胎发育过程观察

对授粉后不同发育阶段扇脉杓兰(Cypripedium japonicum Thunb.)果实的生长动态进行了观察和分析,并分别采用TrC法和常规石蜡切片法研究了种子生活力及其胚胎发育过程.观察结果湿示:扇脉杓兰果实形态成熟时间约为110 d,其中,授粉后0～20 d为第1次迅速生长期,授粉后20～30 d为第1次缓慢生长期,授粉后30～50 d为第2次迅速生长期,授粉后50～110 d为第2次缓慢生长期;果实纵径和横径的生长动态变化过程相似,但横径的生长动态曲线较纵径平缓,形态成熟时果实的纵径和横径分别为48.87和13.59 mm.成熟种子由内外2层种皮和球形胚构成,不具胚乳,内外种皮间具空气腔;败育种子只具有内种皮和外种皮而无种胚.胚胎发育类型为石竹型,种胚自受精形成合子到发育为成熟球形胚约需95 d.种胚发育时合子第1次不均衡横裂形成基细胞和顶细胞;基细胞发育为胚柄细胞,胚柄细胞高度液泡化,在胚胎发育的过程中不进行分裂并逐渐退化消失;顶细胞不参与胚柄形成,并且经过有丝分裂最终形成球形胚;内珠被在种子成熟时发育成为1层致密的紧贴胚体的内种皮.种胚纵径和横径的生长动态变化相似,成熟球形胚的纵径和横径分别为208.71和106.19 μm.扇脉杓兰种子生活力较高,有生活力的种子占56％.根据研究结果推测:自然状态下扇脉杓兰种子萌发率较低,可能与致密的种皮、种子中较小的胚体以及无胚乳导致的营养成分不足有关.     

苹果果实生长的数学模型及各生长指标间的相关性分析

以富士苹果(Malus domestica‘Fuji’)为试材,测定其果实生长发育期间各生长指标的动态变化,选择5种理论生长方程对纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重进行拟合,并根据拟合结果确定合适的生长方程建立各生长指标的数学模型,采用多项式拟合建立果形指数变化的数学模型,同时对果实各生长指标之间进行相关性分析。结果表明,果实纵径、横径生长适合选择Logistic方程,单果重、体积、干重适合选择Gompertz方程,果形指数的变化适合采用多项式拟合;果实纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重两两之间均呈显著正相关,果形指数、果实干物质相对含量均与纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重之间呈显著负相关,果实密度与纵径、横径、单果重、体积、干重之间呈显著负相关,而与果形指数、果实干物质相对含量之间呈显著正相关。     

温室滴灌条件下土壤水分亏缺对番茄产量及其形成过程的影响

采用小区试验,在温室滴灌条件下研究了不同生育阶段土壤水分状况对番茄果实大小、坐果数、畸形果及产量形成过程的影响,分析了温室滴灌条件下番茄总产量与灌水量的关系.结果表明：番茄苗期适度水分亏缺（田间持水量的50%～55%）可提高坐果率,畸形果形成减少,但果实总体偏小,果实成熟主要集中在采摘后期;开花坐果期过度水分亏缺（田间持水量的65%以下）虽可促进果实成熟,但降低了坐果数,易形成小果和畸形果;采摘期水分过高（田间持水量的80%以上）或过低（田间持水量的65%以下）均可降低番茄产量,水分亏缺（田间持水量的65%以下）则使坐果数降低、畸形果增加.各水分处理对果实成熟时间无明显影响;温室番茄总产量、灌溉水利用效率与全生育期灌水总量之间均呈二次抛物线关系;当番茄土壤水分（占田间持水量的百分比）下限控制在苗期60%～65%、开花坐果期70%～75%、成熟采摘期70%～75%时,番茄畸形果形成量减少,产量及坐果率较高,可作为滴灌条件下温室番茄适宜的土壤水分控制指标.     

不同果实生长期下亏缺灌溉对渭北苹果生长发育、品质及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探索节水、控水方式调控苹果水分高效利用效率的机制,优化渭北苹果主产区节水、丰产和增收的管理方式。【方法】以陕西省咸阳市乾县铁佛镇果友协会试验站8年生‘烟富3号/T337’苹果树为试材,设置充分灌溉（灌溉后土壤相对含水量为75%）和轻度亏缺灌溉（灌溉后土壤相对含水量为50%）两个灌水量水平,组成果实生长期和膨大期均充分灌溉（CK）、果实生长期和膨大期均轻度亏缺灌溉（W1）、果实生长期轻度亏缺灌溉和膨大期充分灌溉（W2）及果实生长期充分灌溉和膨大期轻度亏缺灌溉（W3）4个亏缺灌溉模式处理。测定春梢生长指标,果实品质指标和果实产量指标,计算水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率、果实综合评价满意度以明确最佳的亏缺灌溉方式。【结果】（1）苹果新梢长度及叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）在各处理间无显著性差异,而其春梢直径在各处理下显著降低。（2）与CK相比,单果重在 W1处理下显著降低了10.3%,果实可滴定酸含量在W2处理下显著降低14.7%,果形指数和可溶性固形物含量在3种水分亏缺灌溉处理下均无显著变化。（3）W1处理能显著提高果皮黄色值b*,W2处理能显著提高果皮色泽饱和度C*,而各亏缺灌溉处理对果皮亮度值L*和红绿值a*均无显著影响。（4）与CK相比,果实产量在各亏缺灌溉处理下降低13.4%~24.7%,但仅W1处理降幅达显著水平;果树灌溉水利用效率在各亏缺灌溉处理均不同程度提高,但仅W1处理显著提高了38.0%;果树耗水量和水分利用效率在各亏缺灌溉处理下无显著性差异。（4）果实综合评价满意度表现为W2＞CK＞W3（W1）。【结论】陕西渭北地区苹果在生长期轻度亏缺灌溉和膨大期充分灌溉（W2）模式下果实的综合评价满意度最高,果实产量、单果重无显著变化,而果实品质较优,果树水分利用效率较高。     

疏果促进黄皮果实发育的细胞形态学观察

以石蜡切片技术,从形态学角度,观察疏果促进黄皮果实的果皮和果肉细胞发育的作用.结果表明,疏果对黄皮果实的果皮和果肉细胞膨大有明显的促进作用,果皮和果肉细胞大小与果实的纵径、横径、鲜果重之间呈明显的正相关.     

气象因子对宁夏枸杞果实生长及多糖含量的影响

选取宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)主产区银川、白银和德令哈三地5年生宁杞1号为实验材料,探讨各地枸杞果实(横径、纵径和百粒重)生长及多糖含量与主要气象因子之间的关系,并建立回归模型。结果表明:三地果实生长类型均属双"S"型,即包括第1次快速生长期、缓慢生长期和第2次快速生长期;各产区宁夏枸杞的果实在不同生长期的发育时间和整个生长期的时间均存在差异。三产地枸杞果实的发育过程中,多糖含量始终呈现银川白银德令哈的趋势。多糖含量随枸杞果实发育成熟度的增加而升高,表现为缓慢升高和快速升高2个阶段。平均气温和平均昼夜温差是影响枸杞果实生长发育的主导气象因子。枸杞果实的整个发育过程中,银川地区枸杞果实的横、纵径和百粒重的增长首先随平均气温的升高而增加,分别达到23.71°C、23.93°C和23.55°C时最大,之后随着温度的增加而减小;白银地区枸杞果实横、纵径和百粒重一直随平均气温的增加而增加,到温度分别为22.99°C、22.16°C和21.35°C时接近最大;德令哈枸杞果实横、纵径和百粒重一直随平均气温的增加而增加,直到平均温度分别为19.55°C、21.01°C和20.64°C时接近最大。     

中国荞麦属（蓼科）一新种——密毛野荞麦

描述了蓼科一新种——密毛野荞麦（Fagopyrum densovillosum J. L. Liu），本种与细柄野荞麦（F. gracilipes(Hemsl.) Damm. et Diels）相近似，不同在于植株全体密被白色直立长毛，茎枝较粗壮，节较密集，节间较短， 叶较大，长（0.9～）1.7～6 cm，宽（0.7～）1.2～5.1 cm，阔卵形，心形，阔心形，阔卵状心形，卵形，长卵形，三角状卵形或卵状三角形，在上面具细皱纹，明显小泡状突起，叶柄较长，长 (0.5～) 2.6～7.5 cm，果实较小，长1.8～2.5 mm，直径1.5～2 mm，易于区别。     

时间-温度、时间-湿度对球孢白僵菌孢子的互作效应

球孢白僵菌孢子的时间温度、时间湿度死亡率曲面经互补重对数（ＣＬＬ）模型拟合,所得方程经ＨｏｓｍｅｒＬｅｍｏｓｈｏｗ统计量检验显著,各处理强度（温度、湿度）与时间效应参数的ｔ测验值大大超过极显著水平（Ｐ＜０．０００１）．比较单因素分析与ＣＬＬ模型估计的ＬＴ５０值发现,有效时区内,不同水浴温度下,前者估计偏高;在较低湿度下（ＲＨ＜３３％）,前者估计偏高,较高湿度下（ＲＨ＞４４％）,前者估计偏低．较传统方法分析而言,该模型的优点在于反映出作用效应随时间变化和时间效应随作用因子变化的趋势信息     

Modeling zero‐inflated count data when exposure varies: With an application to tumor counts

This paper is concerned with the analysis of zero‐inflated count data when time of exposure varies. It proposes a modified zero‐inflated count data model where the probability of an extra zero is derived from an underlying duration model with Weibull hazard rate. The new model is compared to the standard Poisson model with logit zero inflation in an application to the effect of treatment with thiotepa on the number of new bladder tumors.     

Estimating the Antimicrobial Log Reduction: Part 2. Presence/Absence Assays

This is part 2 of a pair of papers on antimicrobial assays conducted to estimate the log reduction (LR), in the density of viable microbes, attributable to the germicide. Two alternative definitions of LR were defined in part 1, one based on the mean of the log-transformed densities; the other is based on the logarithm of the mean of densities. In this paper, we evaluate statistical methods for estimating LR from an antimicrobial assay in which the responses are presence/absence observations at each dilution in a series of dilutions. We provide a model for the presence/absence data, and, for each definition of LR, we derive the maximum likelihood estimator (mle). Using computer simulation methods, we compare the mle to several alternative estimators, including an estimator based on averaging the log-transformed most probable number (mpn) values. Standard error formulas for the estimators are also derived and evaluated using computer simulations. This investigation results in the following recommendations. If the parameter of interest is based on the mean of log-transformed densities, then the results favor use of the log-transformed mpn method. If, however, the parameter of interest is based on the logarithm of the mean of densities, then the results show that the mle should be used.     

Estimating the Antimicrobial Log Reduction: Part 1. Quantitative Assays

In quantitative antimicrobial assays, the responses are counts of viable microbes in two treatment groups. One group is treated with a chemical germicide and the other group is control, treated with an inactive chemical. This is part 1 of a pair of papers that pertain to assays that estimate the log reduction (LR), in the density of viable microbes, attributable to the germicide treatment (part 2 is concerned with presence/absence responses). Such assays are used by producers, consumers, and regulatory agencies to assess the efficacy of liquid germicides. We define and compare the two different mathematical formulations for LR that are commonly used in practice when there are replicate density measurements. One LR parameter is based on the mean of the log-transformed densities; the other is based on the logarithm of the mean of densities. We build a statistical model relating microbial count data to the LR parameters, derive maximum likelihood and method of moments estimators for each LR parameter, and compare the estimators according to both their asymptotic characteristics and the results of a simulation study utilizing realistic sample sizes. Standard error formulas for the estimators are derived, and they are evaluated via simulation studies. The results of this investigation lead us to recommend the method of moments estimator, regardless of which definition of LR is chosen.     

Surface properties of Vibrio vulnificus

AIMS: Vibrio vulnificus adheres to a diverse range of surfaces, ranging from the chitinous exoskeleton of mollusks to human tissue. To determine whether environmental and human clinical isolates exhibit different adhesion traits, we studied the ability of 10 environmental isolates and 10 clinical isolates to adhere to human epithelial cells and hydrocarbons with log P values ranging from 3.1 to 8.2. METHODS AND RESULTS: All isolates adhered to varying levels to epithelial cells, and were inhibited to various extents from adherence by mannose and fructose. There was a lack of correlation between adherence to either hydrocarbons or cells and colony opacity. Adherence to hydrocarbons was optimal for solvents with a log P < 8.2. CONCLUSIONS: Vibrio vulnificus clinical and environmental isolates exhibit differential adherence to epithelial cells and hydrocarbons. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The differential adherence of organisms to hydrocarbons based on log P may have utility in drug design and enhancement of food safety.     

The effect of habitat stability on benthic invertebrate communities: the utility of species abundance distributions

Spatial and temporal patterns in the species abundance distribution of benthic invertebrate communities of 11 freshwater habitats (10 streams and a wind-swept lake shore) were examined with respect to habitat stability. Abundance patterns varied markedly between seasons at most sites. However, mean abundance distributions at 4 of the 5 unstable sites and the 2 most stable sites were dominated by one or two taxa with a large number of rare species, whereas sites of intermediate stability had more equitable distributions. Both the log series and log normal distributions were statistically indistinguishable, at the 5% level, from all the observed mean abundance patterns. In contrast, graphical comparisons of the observed and fitted distributions suggested the log series may be the better fit at most of the unstable sites and the two most stable sites, whereas the more equitable distribution at sites of intermediate stability suggested the log normal distribution was the better fit. If conditions at a site favoured one or two species, either through severe physical conditions, or through competitive superiority in the absence of disturbance then the log series distribution may result. However, if no species in the community was strongly advantaged over others, a log normal distribution should result. Given the discriminating power of the appropriate statistical test it may not, however, be possible to pick up these differences without graphical comparisons as well.     

Effects of Postfire Logging on Soil and Vegetation Recovery in a Pinus halepensis Mill. Forest of Greece

After a wildfire in a Pinus halepensis Mill. forest, in northern Greece, the burned trees were logged and the logs were removed either by mechanical or animal traction. The effects of logging and log removal methods on soil and vegetation recovery were evaluated comparing the logged sites with a burned but unlogged site and the unburned forest. Fire and logging did not affect the soil pH and caused only a short-term reduction in organic matter content. Two years after the fire, the highest rates of soil loss were observed in the logged area where mules were used for log removal. Soil moisture showed some differences between treatments during the first year after fire but then values were similar. Logging and particularly the use of skidders for log removal caused an initial increase in the amount of exposed bare ground but later when vegetation cover increased differences were minimized. The main woody species showed a species specific response to the treatments and while seeder species were favoured in the unlogged sites the same was not true for the respouters. In general, the growth and survival of pine seedlings was not affected by treatments.     

兴安落叶松老龄林落叶松林木死亡格局以及倒木对更新的影响

对兴安落叶松老龄林落叶松林木死亡格局和死亡木对更新的影响进行了研究 .结果表明 ,丛桦落叶松林和杜香落叶松林的枯立木以中径木占多数 ,赤杨落叶松林主要为中、大径木 ,草类落叶松林主要是中、小径木 .落叶松枯立木主要因火烧、受压和老死而形成 .丛桦落叶松林和赤杨落叶松林掘根倒木较多 .杜香落叶松林和草类落叶松林的倒木以风折为主 .地形、山体走向和盛行风向对树倒方向影响很大 .丛桦落叶松林倒木方向杂乱 ,赤杨落叶松林林木均向东倒下 ,杜香落叶松林和草类落叶松林的掘根木分别向南、东北方倒下 ,两者的风折木倒向随机性较大 .草类落叶松和赤杨落叶松老龄林内 ,倒木更新为 1 8和 40株·m- 2 ,远远高于矿物土基质上 2株·m- 2 的水平 .丛桦落叶松林内倒木和林地上更新均相当好 ,约为 2 8株·m- 2 .杜香落叶松林倒木更新效果不突出 .     

A mixture model for occupational exposure mean testing with a limit of detection

Information from detectable exposure measurements randomly sampled from a left-truncated log-normal distribution may be used to evaluate the distribution of nondetectable values that fall below an analytic limit of detection. If the proportion of nondetects is larger than expected under log normality, alternative models to account for these unobserved data should be considered. We discuss one such model that incorporates a mixture of true zero exposures and a log-normal distribution with possible left censoring, previously considered in a different context by Moulton and Halsey (1995, Biometrics 51, 1570-1578). A particular relationship is demonstrated between maximum likelihood parameter estimates based on this mixture model and those assuming either left-truncated or left-censored data. These results emphasize the need for caution when choosing a model to fit data involving nondetectable values. A one-sided likelihood ratio test for comparing mean exposure under the mixture model to an occupational exposure limit is then developed and evaluated via simulations. An example demonstrates the potential impact of specifying an incorrect model for the nondetectable values.