细菌的光合器与光合色素

大部分细菌无叶绿素,不能进行光合作用,但也有相当一部分细菌能够利用光作为能源、利用CO2作为碳源、以无机物作为供红体还原CO2合成生活所需的有机物质,这些细菌称之为光合细菌。光合细菌又根据它们在光合作用过程中的供氢体是无机物还是有机物而分为两类光合营养型。以无机物为供氢体的光合细菌称为光能自养型;以有机物为供氢体的光合细菌称为光合异养型。属于光能自养型的细菌例如绿硫细菌,其光合作用过程同高等绿色植物的光合作用过程相似,所不同的是高等绿色植物光合作用是以水作为CO。的还原剂,同时放出O。;而在绿硫细菌光…     

不产氧光合细菌色素蛋白复合体研究进展

摘要: 色素蛋白复合体是光合生物进行光合作用维持生命活动最重要结构基础。目前不产氧光合细菌色素蛋白复合体仍是最具前沿研究领域。本文概述了不产氧光合细菌各种属色素蛋白复合体研究现状,着重对光反应中心色素蛋白复合体（reaction center,RC）和捕光色素蛋白复合体（light-harvesting complex,LH）,尤其是新型捕光色素蛋白复合体LH3和LH4的组成、精细结构、蛋白同源性和功能进行了述评,并就研究中存在的问题和发展趋势进行了讨论。     

光合细菌

光合细菌是地球上出现最早的具有原始光能合成体系的原核生物,是在厌氧条件下进行不放氧光合作用的细菌的总称,因具有细菌叶绿素和类胡萝卜素等光合色素,而呈现—定颜色。     

光合细菌H3菌株的分离及其生物学特性研究

H3菌株系由盐田微生物垫中分离获得的光合细菌株。革兰氏阴性杆菌,0.5-0.7×15-2.5μm,在培养条件改变时呈多形态,其膨大细胞可达4.0-7.0μm.单根极生鞭毛,二均分裂。菌落及液体培养物呈深紫红色。菌体蛋白质含量约50%,各种必需氨基酸齐全,并含有丰富的细菌叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素。H3菌株在光照和黑暗条件下均可生长,能利用多种有机和无机碳、氮源,并能固N2.在含0.5-7.0%NaCI培养基中均可生长。但光照、盐浓度、温度、pH和通气等条件对其生长量有明显的影响。作者对其分类地位和应用潜力作了讨论。     

色素分子在光合膜内取向初探

从正常大麦与缺乏叶绿素b大麦突变种的类囊体中分离提纯捕光叶绿素a /b—蛋白复合体和光系统Ⅱ颗粒,比较其线二色光谱,以及光合膜受到不饱和脂肪酸处理时线二色光谱的变化,参照几种光合色素的标准吸收光谱,初步分析和探讨了叶绿体光合膜中各种线二色组分可能的取向,提出了难以分辩的710～730 nm区域、624nm和595 nm处存在弱二色成分的证据。 七种高等植物叶绿体线二色光谱的成分大致相同。离体叶绿体在不同贮存条件(温度、时间等)下的线二色光谱,在一定范围内表明其色素及色素蛋白复合体具有稳定性。     

不产氧光合细菌光合色素的光氧调控机制

[目的]为不产氧光合细菌光合色素研究提供可行的较系统规范的研究方法和数据,揭示固氮红细菌(Rhodobacter azotoformans 134K20)光合色素光氧适应性机制.[方法]采用光谱法和色谱法对光和氧调控下的类胡萝卜素和细菌叶绿素合成代谢进行了研究.[结果]134K20菌株光照好氧时细胞得率最高.光照厌氧时主要合成3黄、1红、1紫、2绿、2蓝9种色素,黄色素大量表达.有氧时红色素大量表达,且启动2种新的红色素和1种新的紫色素表达,而黄色和蓝绿色素则受氧抑制.黑暗好氧主要合成2黄、3红、2紫、1绿、1蓝9种色素,但不同于光照厌氧.光照好氧时黄色素减少到1种,紫色素含量增加,其余同黑暗好氧.[结论]固氮红细菌(Rhodobacter azotoformans 134K20)是通过PpsR调节途径来调节光合基因表达的.黄色和红色素属于类胡萝卜素.黄色素1属于球形烯系列,其余两种黄色素是新的类胡萝卜素组分.红色素为新的球形烯酮组分,3种红色素极性、峰形和峰位差别显著,正己烷能显示其精细结构.紫色为极性较大的细菌脱镁叶绿素,绿色和蓝色为4种极性不同的细菌叶绿素a中间产物.乙醚甲醇法适合类胡萝卜素的提取,丙酮甲醇冰冻研磨法能快速有效完全提取光合色素.溶剂效应可有效鉴别细菌叶绿素a中间产物.     

武汉东湖光合色素与叶绿素a代谢产物的HPLC研究

用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法研究了武汉东湖周年及围隔实验水柱颗粒物色素的组成及变化。共检测到约20种色素,类胡萝卜素含量较高的有硅藻的标志色素岩藻黄素,隐藻的异黄素,蓝绿藻的黄体素,玉米黄素及胡萝卜素。东湖叶绿素a的代谢产物主要为脱植基叶绿素a(全湖年均约占叶绿素a的5%）,而非脱镁叶绿素a或脱镁叶绿酸a。围隔实验结果表明：叶绿素a与总浮游植物（r=0.84)。叶绿素b与绿藻（r=0.77)。岩藻黄素与硅藻（r=0.68),异黄素与隐藻生物量（r=0.83)之间具显著的相关性。表明用HPLC分析色素快速,简捷,是研究浮游植物群落组成及动态变化的有力辅助工具。     

紫细菌光合色素指纹图谱的建立与色素分析

【目的】探索快速高效的色素样品制备方法;为建立紫细菌全色素TLC和HPLC标准指纹图谱和数据库提供研究方法和思路;为色素代谢与调控等研究提供快速的色素分析方法。【方法】选择沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopesudomonas palustris CQV97)为材料,采用改良丙酮甲醇提取法、TLC重复展层法、图像灰度分析法、吸收光谱法、HPLC和MS法进行色素分析。【结果】甲醇或丙酮可选择性地提取样品的细菌叶绿素和类胡萝卜素,通过对丙酮甲醇法的改良,使色素提取总量提高了13.5%。建立了CQV97菌株全色素的TLC和HPLC指纹图谱,二者均含有11种色素组分。图像灰度分析法估算了TLC指纹图谱各色素组分的表观相对含量。以TLC图谱的各色素组分为外标物,明确了HPLC图谱中各色素组分的保留时间(Rt)与TLC图谱中各色素组分的迁移率(Rf)之间的对应关系。结合色素代谢途径、光谱分析和MS,定性分析了指纹图谱中11种色素组分。TLC或HPLC分析结果表明,理论样品与对照样品色素组分和含量一致,而实际样品与对照样品色素组分一致,但含量不同,重复测定3次,样品中色素相对含量的RSD均小于5%。【结论】改良的丙酮甲醇法可以快速高效地提取光合细菌的色素。采用TLC重复展层法和HPLC法建立的全色素指纹图谱色素组成一致,重复稳定性好,各具特色。TLC和HPLC两种指纹图谱分析方法均能进行光合色素的快速分析,适合于紫细菌色素合成途径中主要积累色素的组分和含量变化规律研究。     

光合细菌叶绿素代谢研究进展

细菌叶绿素和捕光蛋白及类胡萝卜素一起组成色素蛋白复合物,进而构成完整的捕光单位进行光合作用.简述了细菌叶绿素合成途径及其中关键的酶,并从分子水平上介绍了细菌叶绿素合成相关基因的表达调控的研究进展.     

一株极端环境光合细菌的生理特性研究

从山西运城盐厂解化池分离获得一株嗜盐嗜碱细菌,编号为Y。其纯培养物经形态学、生理生化特性和DNA G+C含量等特征分析,结果表明,该菌株可在盐度ρ(NaCl)/gL-1为160和pH9.0碱性条件下生长。单细胞为杆状,大小为0.4-0.8×0.9-1.5μm。二分裂繁殖。革兰氏阴性。光合内膜为片层堆积并与细胞质膜相连,但并不与细胞质膜平行。细胞含有细菌叶绿素a,液体培养物呈玫瑰红色。Y菌株不仅可将硫化物氧化为元素硫沉积于细胞外,也可光同化多种有机物,并具有固氮和产H2特性。DNA中 G+C含量为61.6%。根据以上鉴定特征及相关资料,Y菌株应归于嗜盐红螺菌属(Halorhodospira)。但其生长所依赖的盐度、pH、细胞内色素成分及鞭毛着生方式与该属正式承认的3个种有明显的不同。该菌株独特的生理生化特性,对于极端环境微生物的资源开发和利用有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

EFFECT OF BLUE-GREEN LIGHT ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS AND CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE IN THE MARINE DIATOM STEPHANOPYXIS TURRIS1

Blue-green light increased the chlorophyll concentration and chloroplast number of cells of Stephanopyxis turris (Grev.) Ralfs, compared to white light controls. Light fields for growth were 400 μW·cm^?2 (12:12 LD cycles). Chlorophyll increased up to 100%/cell, but no change in the ratio of chlorophylls to major carotenoids occurred. The effect was, therefore, not that of complementary chromatic adaptation. At the same time, blue-green light enhanced the photosynthetic fixation of CO₂. At the ultrastructure level, an increase in, and rearrangement of, the thylakoid system occurred.     

渗透胁迫及光照下水稻幼苗叶片光合色素降解过程中 ~1O_2 的参与

杂交稻 (Oryza sativa L .ssp.indica)离体叶片在 - 0 .8MPa渗透胁迫下 ,随着光强的提高 ,叶绿体中 1 O2 (单线态氧 )大量产生 ,光合色素降解加剧 ;Car先于 Chl而被破坏 ,Chl/Car比值明显增大。 1 O2 的产生与光合色素含量的降低及膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛 (MDA)含量的增加具有极显著的相关性。 1 O2 清除剂β- Car及组氨酸 (His)预处理可阻抑渗透胁迫及光诱导的 MDA增加 ,减缓 Chl和 Car的降解 ;而光敏化剂核黄素 (RF)预处理的效应正好相反。这些结果表明 ,渗透胁迫及较高光强下水稻幼苗叶绿体中所产生的 1 O2 在光合色素的降解及 Car的优先氧化中起着重要的作用 ,而 1 O2 产生的主要途径可能是叶绿素的光敏化作用。     

烟草叶片发育过程中光合功能衰退与H_2O_2积累的关系

以烟草(NicotianatabacumL.cvNC89)为材料,研究了叶片发育过程中H2O2积累与叶绿体光合功能衰退、抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环的关联。结果表明,光合功能衰退过程中,各光合参数均表现为先缓慢后快速的下降趋势,核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase)活性下降较电子传递活性下降迅速,H2O2含量与叶绿素含量、光合速率、RuBPCase活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性显著负相关。H2O2的定位染色也证实光合功能衰退与H2O2积累密切相关。APX和GR在光合功能可逆衰退阶段维持较高水平,不可逆衰退阶段下降稍快。烟草叶片光合功能衰退快于AsA-GSH循环运转的下调。     

高产水稻光合速率的变化

1998年早季于广州,测定了水稻两系高产杂交组合培矮64s/E32、地矮64s/93、粤杂122,高产品种粤香占和特三矮2号在四个主要生育期顶叶光合速率及叶绿素含量。（1）在人工气候箱的弱光下测得的分蘖期盆栽植株的非饱和光合速率在5个品种/组合间差异不大。（2）4个品种/组合的大田植株在四个生育期中以分蘖盛期到幼穗分化初期的光合速率最大,其值已达到或接近水稻品种最大光合速率30μmol　m-2s-1的上限;品种/组合间差异不大。抽穗期和黄熟期光合速率较前期下降很大,但两期间变化不大。收割期光合速率进一步大幅下降。（3）4个品种/组合抽穗期叶绿素含量较前期下降或不变,黄熟期叶绿素含量又升高,收割期则大幅下降。（4）讨论了叶片光合速率在抽穗后下降的原因,并据此提出了光合保持能力的概念。认为在形态性状改良的基础上,提高群体整体光合能力,是提高水稻光合生产力和实现超高产育种目标的有效途径。     

SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS, TOTAL C, N, AND P CONTENT, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PHYLLARIOPSIS PURPURASCENS: (PHAEOPHYTA) FROM THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR

Photosynthetic pigments, C, N, and P tissue composition, and photosynthetic rate were measured from April to October in the brown alga Phyllariopsis purpurascens (C. Agardh) Henry et South (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) growing at a 30-m depth in the Strait of Gibraltar. Ir-radiance reaching the population ranged from 13.5 to 27.5 mol.m^-2.mo^-1. The available light for this species, expressed as a percentage of the irradiance above the water, was 1.8%. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms, NO3-and NH₄+, were constant from April to October, whereas phosphate was depleted in August. Chlorophyll a decreased from 520.0 ± 165.0 to 199.6 ± 159.9 μg.g^-1 dry weight; in contrast, chlorophyll c and carotenoids did not change until September but increased threefold in October. C:N and N:P ratios changed in the same way and in the same range. They were constant until July but increased from 15–17 up to 42 (C:N) and from 14 to 40 (N:P) in October, suggesting a severe P limitation of growth of this species. The dark respiration rate and the light compensation point were constant from April to October (0.5 ± 0.1 μmol O₂. m^-2.s^-1 and 6.5 ± 0.2 μmol.m^-2. s^-1, respectively), whereas the maximum rate of apparent photosynthesis, light onset saturation parameter, and half saturation constant for light were maximum in April to May (3.7 μmol O₂. m^-2.s^-1and 40 and 41.5 μmol.m^-2. s^-1, respectively) and October (3.6 μmol O₂. m^-2.s^-1 and 50 and 53.7 μmol.m^-2. s^-1, respectively). They were minimum in August (1.2 μmol O₂.m^-2.s^-1 and 11.3 and 12 μmol.m^-2.s^-1, respectively). These minimum figures yielded a negative carbon budget in August and 0 in September, whereas it was positive the rest of the year. Photosynthetic efficiency, estimated by the ratio between maximum apparent photosynthesis and light half saturation constant, showed a strong agreement with productivity measured by means of an independent method. These results indicate that lamina expansion in this species is controlled by photosynthetic efficiency.     

氮素形态对烤烟光合特性影响的研究

１９９６～１９９７年连续二年进行了固定氮素用量,改变铵态、硝态氮肥的施用比例试验,对烤烟的一些光合生理特性进行了研究。试验结果表明,在烤烟生长前、中期,增施铵态氮施用比例,烤烟的叶绿素含量增加,但达１００％铵态氮时,叶绿素含量反而下降,低于施用５０％和７５％铵态氮的处理;在烤烟生长后期,功能叶片叶绿素含量基本上与施用铵态氮比例高低一致,以１００％铵态氮处理的叶绿素含量最高。另外增加铵态氮施用比例,烤烟功能叶片的希尔反应活性及光合磷酸化活性有所提高,但Ｐ／Ｏ比值基本不变。从叶绿素诱导荧光动力学特征参数及比值情况来看：增加铵态氮施用比例,Ｆｍ和Ｆｖ值升高;几种荧光参数的比值如Ｆｄ／Ｆｓ、Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ、Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ比值有所上升,但均以２５％硝态氮＋７５％铵态氮的处理最高;并且其烤后烟叶的产量最高、品质最好。     

PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS OF PSEUDOSCOURFIELDIA MARINA AND SELECT GREEN FLAGELLATES AND COCCOID ULTRAPHYTOPLANKTON: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SYSTEMATICS OF THE MICROMONADOPHYCEAE (CHLOROPHYTA)1

Photosynthetic pigments of the green flagellate Pseudoscourfieldia marina (Throndsen) Manton (Micromonadophyceae) are similar to those of the coccoid Pycnococcus provasolii Guillard; prasinoxanthin is the predominant carotenoid. Other organisms that possess prasinoxanthin also possess additional pigments not found in either P. marina or P. provasolii. Uriolide, a xanthophyll previously described from the coccoid done URI 266G, was also found in Mantoniella squamata (Manton et Parke) Desikachary, Micromonas pusilla Manton et Parke and Mamiella gilva (Parks et Rayns) Moestrup, all flagellate members of the Mamiellales, and the coccoid clone IV E5G. Other unidentified carotenoids were also present in M. squamata, M. pusilla, and M. gilva. These results suggest that P. marina and the coccoid organisms URI 266G and IV E5G may be related to the Mamiellales, and that P. provasolii may be more closely related to P. marina than to M. squamata, M. pusilla, and M. gilva.     

DIEL CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS AND CELLULAR CARBON AND NITROGEN IN CHATTONELLA ANTIQUA (RAPHIDOPHYCEAE)1

An axenic clonal culture of Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono was grown on a 12: 12 h LD cycle in a laboratory culture tank containing 1 m³ of f/2 medium. Diel changes in mean cell volume, cellular carbon (carbon content per cell), C/N ratio, cellular Chl a, Chl a/c ratio and carotenoid composition were observed. Mean cell volume and cellular C, N and pigments increased during the light period as a result of photosynthesis and decreased with increase of cell concentration by phased cell division during the dark period. These changes indicated that carbon assimilation and pigment synthesis occurred together during the light period. However, the patterns of increase were not the same since different diel patterns were also found in the ratios of C/N and chl a/c. Photosynthetic pigments were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ion-pairing solution. This analysis showed that the dominant carotenoids in C. antiqua were fucoxanthin, violaxanthin and β-carotene. Diel patterns of Chls a and c were similar to that of fucoxanthin but different from those of violaxanthin and β-carotene. The cellular contents of Chl a, fucoxanthin and carbon increased in a parallel manner during the light period. On the other hand, the increase of violaxanthin was restricted to only a few hours at the beginning of the light period during cell division cycles.