内蒙古阿拉善骆驼生活环境水生双翅目昆虫种类调查

【目的】通过对内蒙古阿拉善骆驼生活环境中水生双翅目昆虫的调查研究,以明确其种类的组成和分布。【方法】于2014年5-9月利用网捕法,调查了阿拉善骆驼生活环境水生双翅目昆虫。对鉴定的吸血种类的COI基因序列进行了测序和分析。【结果】共发现水生双翅目昆虫21科41属47种,其中有16种为内蒙古地区新记录,12种为吸血种类,长角亚目、芒角亚目和短角亚目个体数量分别占水生双翅目昆虫总数的49.3%,43.5%和7.2%。分子数据分析显示,12种吸血水生双翅目昆虫的COI基因序列一致性在75.9%~97.3%之间,不同科之间大部分水生双翅目昆虫差异显著,科内不同属间差异也较明显。【结论】本研究基本上掌握了内蒙古骆驼生活环境水生双翅目昆虫的种类,特别是吸血种类,为后期骆驼福斯盘尾丝虫病传播媒介种属的确定提供了基础数据。     

水生异翅亚目昆虫化石简介

半翅目异翅亚目昆虫俗称"蝽",该类昆虫出现于三叠纪晚期,最古老的蝽类昆虫大多为水生蝽类。概述了水生蝽类的地质历史,并介绍了划蝽、仰泳蝽、水蝽、负子蝽、三叠蝽及中蝽等代表类群。     

水生无脊椎动物细胞培养

目前水生无脊椎动物的细胞培养研究远远落后于哺乳动物和昆虫的培养研究,其培养方法基本仍是套用哺乳动物或昆虫的细胞培养模式。尽管在几十年中进行了一些探索,而且原代培养也取得了一些进展,但到目前为止除了淡水蜗牛胚胎BGE细胞系外,其他动物都还没有成功的建立长时间持续传代的细胞系。现对水生无脊椎动物细胞培养的研究进行综述,并对所面临的主要困难进行了总结,对水生无脊椎动物细胞培养的前景提出了一些看法。     

不同类群水生昆虫群落间的一致性以及空间和环境因子的相对作用

生物多样性监测和保护过程中通常用到指示类群,然而对于这些指示类群有效性的测度仍然十分欠缺.为探讨不同类群水生昆虫群落的一致性及空间因子、环境变量的相对影响,作者于2010年4月对东苕溪流域源头溪流21个采样点进行了调查.共记录水生昆虫7目44科92属130种.我们将水生昆虫群落划分成鞘翅目(C)、蜉蝣目+襀翅目+毛翅目(EPT)和双翅目+广翅目+蜻蜒目(DMO)3个类群.一致性分析结果表明:3个类群的群落一致性(r)较高,分别为C对EPTr=0.65 (P＜0.001)、C对DMO r=0.67 (P＜0.001)、EPT对DMO r=0.82 (P＜0.001).方差分解表明环境变量是影响不同类群水生昆虫群落结构的主要因素,空间因子的影响相对较小.环境因子中影响不同类群水生昆虫群落的关键变量大体相似,其中海拔、pH、平均流速和化学需氧量是最主要的驱动因子.我们的结果表明该研究区域不同类群的水生昆虫群落一致性很高,且对环境变量的响应也相似;因此,在水生昆虫生物多样性保护中可考虑利用其中的某一类群,如蜉蝣目+襀翅目+毛翅目(EPT)类群,作为有效的指示类群.     

水生昆虫的呼吸方式

水生昆虫广泛分布于世界各地,在各种不同的水域,各种水生昆虫都有各自独特的呼吸方式.简述了水生昆虫的呼吸方式,包括体壁呼吸、气管鳃呼吸、气管呼吸、气盾呼吸和气泡呼吸等.并简要分析了各种呼吸方式的气体交换机制,进化成各种呼吸方式的原因.     

稻田水生昆虫的采样技术方法与应用

稻田水生昆虫在稻田生态系统功能实现中发挥着重要的作用。本文基于作者对稻田生态系统中水生昆虫多样性研究,系统地介绍了稻田水生昆虫的生态位分布、定量研究与定性研究的采集技术方法与流程,为更好地开展稻田水生昆虫研究提供技术支撑。     

水生双翅目昆虫监测水体重金属污染的研究

水生双翅目昆虫是监测水体重金属污染的理想对象。文章归纳用于监测重金属污染的水生双翅目昆虫的种类,重点介绍水生双翅目昆虫在重金属污染下外部形态、内部结构、生化及分子水平的变化,以及相关生物标志物的研究,为水生双翅目昆虫用于水体重金属污染的生物监测提供科学依据。     

水生昆虫对汞的吸收、富集和水-陆转移

汞是一种人体非必需且有毒的重金属元素,全球性的汞污染因对人类健康具有损害而备受社会关注。自然界中的汞绝大部分会通过江河径流和雨雪尘土的沉降而进入水生生态系统,每年进入水生生态系统的汞至少有10 000吨。水生昆虫作为重要的消费者生物存在于水生生态食物网中,是其重要的组成部分,在水生生态系统的物质循环中扮演着重要角色。本文介绍了近年来水生昆虫与汞之间的相关研究,重点总结了水生昆虫对汞的吸收和富集程度,分析了水生昆虫在汞的水-陆转移中的作用。研究数据表明,水生昆虫对汞的吸收程度与环境因素有关,并通过不同的途径转移到陆地生态系统中,对陆地生态系统上层食物链的生物存在一定的威胁,同时也需注意在对水生昆虫进行开发利用的同时,考虑汞是否超标的因素。     

凉水、帽儿山低级溪流中水生昆虫的群落特征及水质生物评价

在东北林业大学凉水国家级自然保护区和帽儿山实验林场,对3种类型低级溪流中水生昆虫进行采集、鉴定,分析水生昆虫群落组成、季节优势集中性和取食功能群,并应用指示生物法、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、群落相似性系数和BI指数对溪流水质进行生物评价。共采集到水生昆虫4907个,分别隶属于8目38科,其中,毛翅目、蜉蝣目、横翅目和双翅目为四大优势类群,个体数量占水生昆虫总数量的91．13％。原始林溪流中水生昆虫个体数量最多,占总数的58．98％,次生林溪流次之,农田溪流最少。次生林溪流水生昆虫物种多样性要高于原始林和农田溪流,且其各种取食功能群比例较均衡。齿角石蛾科、鳞石蛾科、新蜉科和黑横科昆虫可以作为溪流清洁水质的指示生物。水生昆虫季节优势集中性与Shannon-Weiner多样性指数水质评价结果之间具有相关性,即随溪流水质污染程度的加重,水生昆虫的物种多样性逐渐减少。群落相似性系数的分析表明,原始林溪流和次生林溪流水质对水生昆虫的群落组成没有影响,农田溪流则产生中等影响。生物指数（BI）评价结果显示除了农田溪流10月的水质为轻污染外,其余时间3种溪流的水质都能达到清洁标准以上。     

中国南部数省摇蚊科新种及罕见种属新记录：双翅目

中国南部数省摇蚊科新种及罕见种属新记录（双翅目）王士达（中国科学院水生生物研究所,湖北省武汉市４３００７２）关键词摇蚊科,成虫,新种,幼虫,新记录近几年对中国甫部四川、湖北、湖南、云南及贵州诸省部分地区进行的水生昆虫调查中,采得摇蚊科昆虫６６种（成虫...     

上海5条骨干人工河流鱼类本底调查及群落结构分析

为摸清上海黄浦江5条骨干人工河流开挖半个世纪以来形成的鱼类物种资源家底,文章于2021年6月(夏季)和11月(秋季)用刺网对20个断面作了采集,获得鱼类标本13379尾,经鉴定有60种,隶属于8目17科45属。其中,鲤形目有2科28属41种,鲈形目7科8属8种;洄游鱼类2种,河口鱼类8种,其余均为淡水鱼类。IRI≥1000的优势种合计有9种,刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是5条河流共有的优势种。ABC曲线反映除金汇港外,其他河流总体上以中小型鱼类为主体,鱼类群落受到了严重干扰。β_c指数和β_r指数均反映浦东川杨河与大治河之间的鱼类组成相异性最大,浦南金汇港与龙泉港之间的鱼类组成相异性最小。20个断面可分为3组, D1和Z2断面为组Ⅰ,金汇港、龙泉港和除Z2断面的大治河为组Ⅱ,川杨河和除D1断面的淀浦河为组Ⅲ,似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)、刀鲚、鲫(Carassius auratus)和?(Hemiculter leucisculus)是造成组间鱼类群落结构差异性的主要分歧种。研究认为,这5条人工骨干支流保存了比黄浦江源头、干流...     

Fishes of the southeastern Brazil Atlantic Forest

The largest preserved areas of Atlantic Forest are located in the southeastern region of Brazil. Estuaries, mangroves, rivers and streams are home to a community of fish that is still poorly understood. The composition of fish species and their relationships with environmental conditions were used to identify homogeneous areas within a landscape of 33,000 km². A total of 6,542 specimens, representing 124 species and 13 orders of bony fishes were collected at 102 sampling stations. Resulting scores from a canonical correspondence analysis applied to biological and environmental data were used in a cluster analysis to identify fish species with similar spatial distributions and localities with similar fish fauna and abiotic conditions. Five micro-regions were identified, with homogeneous compositions of species, allowing better planning of conservation of aquatic biodiversity. Despite a high degree of preservation, impacts due to deforestation, drainage of wetlands and overfishing were detected, as well as the introduction of 41 exotic species.     

Analysis of the differences in microbial community structures between suspended and sessile microorganisms in rivers based on quinone profile

In this study, a quinone profiling method was applied to clarify the differences in community structure between suspended and sessile microorganisms in rivers. The compositions of microbial quinone of 6 sites for 4 rivers were analyzed. Ubiquinone (UQ)-8, UQ-10, menaquinone (MK)-7, and plastoquinone (PQ)-9 were observed in all samples of suspended and sessile microorganisms for the sites investigated. The dominant quinone species in suspended microorganisms was ubiquinone, and that in sessile microorganism was photosynthetic quinones (namely PQ-9 and vitamin K1). This indicated that aerobic bacteria were abundant in the suspended microorganisms, and photosynthetic microorganisms such as micro-algae and cyanobacteria dominated in the sessile microorganisms. The quinone concentration in the river waters tested, which reflects the concentration of suspended microorganisms, ranged from 0.045 to 1.813 nmol/L. The microbial diversities of suspended and sessile microorganisms calculated based on the composition of all quinones were in the range from 3.4 to 7.5, which was lower than those for activated sludge and soils. Moreover, the diversity of heterotrophic bacteria for sessile microorganisms in the rivers was higher than that for the suspended microorganisms.     

刺鲃基于线粒体细胞色素b基因的生物地理学过程

以中华倒刺鲃Spinibarbus sinensis为外类群,研究了不同地理种群刺鲃Spinibarbus calduelli细胞色素b基因序列(1140bp)变异,以探讨其生物地理学过程。结果表明：长江下游水系与珠江水系种群的变异值为1．2％—2．3％,与闽江水系的为2．7％—3．7％,与九龙江水系的为3．1％—4．2％,这些值都远远低于它们与中华倒刺鲃的变异值(13．2％—14．6％)。遗传变异值表明了刺鲃的生物地理学过程,首先是东南沿海的水系同内地的水系发生隔离,然后珠江水系同长江水系隔离,这些变化均发生在第四纪。     

中国豆科黄华族植物种子游离氨基酸组成及其系统学意义

本文分析了我国豆科黄华族3属7种植物种子中的游离氨基酸组成,并初步讨论了其系统学意义。发现均含有较高的游离氨基酸,其总量的变化范围在2.792—12.51毫克/克干重之间,其中除谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸的含量均很高外,还发现含有很高的精氨酸,尤其是新疆黄华中精氨酸含量高达8.62毫克/克干重;属间、种间的游离氨基酸组成有着较大的差异,但不能完全反映出种属间的系统关系。     

Comparative use of side and main channels by small‐bodied fish in a large,unimpounded river

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Morphological variability in the ecotone — an important factor for the conservation of fish species richness in Swiss rivers

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