植物几丁质酶的基因工程与分子生物学研究进展

植物几丁质酶具有广泛的生理活性,尤其在植物的抗病性方面具有重要作用,因而植物几丁喷酶基因工程或为目前抗真菌基因工程研究的热点。本介绍了植物几丁质酶基因结构的研究进展,综述了植物几丁质酶基因工程和微生物产几丁质酶转入植物的基因工程研究成果,概述了植物几丁质酶分子比较和分子进化研究,并展望了植物几丁质酶基因工程的应用前景。     

纳他霉素的生物合成基因研究

纳他霉素是一种多烯大环内酯类抗真菌抗生素,能专一地抑制酵母和霉菌,作为天然的防腐剂用于食品和饲料行业。概述了纳他霉素的化学结构,作用机理以及基因调控方面的研究,包括合成基因,修饰基因和调节基因。并展望了在纳他霉素基因工程研究方面的前景。     

天麻抗真菌蛋白基因(gafp)转化彩色棉的研究

天麻抗真菌蛋白（gastrodia antifungal protein简称GAFP）是从我国传统中药天麻（Gastrodia elata Bl.）中分离到的一种具有广谱抗真菌活性的蛋白质,它对许多植物真菌病包括棉花枯萎病、黄萎病等的致病菌离体具有很强的抑制作用,因此,在植物抗真菌病基因工程上有很重要的应用价值。本研究通过花粉管通道法,将GAFP的基因gafp转入3个新疆彩色棉品种中,通过田间抗病筛选和分子检测,得到了高抗黄萎病的转基因植株,两株Southern杂交阳性植株LB-5-8和ZB-1-49对黄萎病表现整株免疫。RT-PCR的结果显示,LB-5-8和ZB-1-49中均有gafp的正确转录;离体的抑菌实验也表明,它们的蛋白粗提物对棉花黄萎病致病菌离体有明显的抑制,表明了gafp在转基因植株中的正确表达,翻译的产物具有活性。经过进一步选育和扩繁,发现转基因彩色棉后代具有稳定的、较强的抗黄萎病能力,本研究为通过植物抗病基因工程的方法防治棉花黄萎病提供了一条新的途径。     

植物抗真菌和细菌病害基因工程的策略及其进展

本文从（1）在植物与病原物相互识别水平上调控而激活其保卫反应机制;（2）导入植物保卫反应相关基因;（）导人降解或抑制病原菌致病因子基因等方面讨论了植物抗真菌和细菌病害基因工程的策略,介绍了目前的主要进展,并对有关策略作了简要的评价。     

基于新靶点的抗真菌药物研究进展

侵袭性真菌感染的发病率正逐年上升。现有抗真菌药物由于抗菌谱有限、副作用大等原因,致使临床应用受限。因此,基于新靶点的抗真菌药物成为治疗真菌感染的迫切需要。近年来,抗真菌药物研究取得较大进展。其中,抑制真菌细胞壁合成的药物（如E1210和D11?2040）、抑制蛋白激酶或蛋白磷酸酶信号通路的药物（如KP?372?1、17?AAG、Mycograb）、靶向真菌毒力因子的单克隆抗体（如C7、213 Bi?18B7、188 Re?18B7）、激活宿主免疫系统的疫苗[如PEV7和β?（ Man）3?Fba?TT]等,正引起人们的关注。     

抗真菌药——瞄准着DNA拓扑异构酶

抗真菌药──瞄准着ＤＮＡ拓扑异构酶徐钤（第一军医大学生化教研室，广州５１０５１５）关键词抗真菌药，ＤＮＡ拓扑异构酶１、ＤＮＡ拓扑异构酶的功能ＤＮＡ拓扑异构酶（ＤＮＡｔｏｐｏｉｓｏｍｅｒａｓｅ，ＴＯＰＯ）能改变（或调整）ＤＮＡ的拓扑学结构。ＴＯＰＯｓ可...     

几丁质酶及其在抗真菌病基因工程中的应用

真菌病是作物减产的主要原因之一。而植物界大量存在具有离体抑制真菌生长增殖能力的蛋白质,相应基因在转基因植株中表达,可使这些植物产生抗真菌能力。几丁质酶就是其中之一,它能催化几丁质水解,从而抑制真菌的生长增殖。随着对其作用机理、生化特性、表达调控的深入研究,几丁质酶基因转化植株显示出很高的抗真菌能力,正日益成为植物真菌病防治的新途径。围绕几丁质酶在抗真菌病基因工程中的应用,本文对几丁质酶的活性底物,     

植物抗病基因工程的研究进展

植物病原真菌、细菌、病毒常年危害农作物,给农业生产带来巨大损失,而防治病害的最有效措施是抗病育种。生物技术的发展给抗病育种开辟了新途径。本文简述了国内外抗病毒病害,抗细菌病害,抗真菌病害基因工程的研究现状及其发展趋势。同时指出在发展生物技术的同时,须基因工程与基础研究并重,要基因工程技术与常规农业技术有机结合以及加强基因工程与环境生态平衡的研究。     

几丁质酶及其在抗真菌病基因工程中的应用

真菌病是作物减产的主要原因之一。而植物界大量存在具有离体抑制真菌生长增殖能力的蛋白质,相应基因在转基因植株中表达,可使这些植物产生抗真菌能力。几丁质酶就是其中之一,它能催化几丁质（真菌细胞壁的重要成分）水解,从而抑制真菌的生长增殖。随着对其作用机理、生化特性、表达调控的深入研究,几丁质酶基因转化植株显示出很高的抗真菌能力,正日益成为植物真菌病防治的新途径。围绕几丁质酶在抗真菌病基因工程中的应用,本文对几丁质酶的活性底物、分类、生化及诱导表达、协同表达特性,进行了简要、全面的阐述。     

天麻抗真菌蛋白基因(gafp)转化彩色棉的研究

天麻抗真菌蛋白(gastrodia antifungal protein简称GAFP)是从我国传统中药天麻(Gastrodia elata B1．)中分离到的一种具有广谱抗真菌活性的蛋白质,它对许多植物真菌病包括棉花枯萎病、黄萎病等的致病菌离体具有很强的抑制作用,因此,在植物抗真菌病基因工程上有很重要的应用价值。本研究通过花粉管通道法,将GAFP的基因．gafp转入3个新疆彩色棉品种中,通过田间抗病筛选和分子检测,得到了高抗黄萎病的转基因植株,两株Southem杂交阳性植株LB-5-8和ZB-1—49对黄萎病表现整株免疫。RT-PCR的结果显示,LB-5-8和ZB-1—49中均有gafp的正确转录;离体的抑菌实验也表明,它们的蛋白粗提物对棉花黄萎病致病菌离体有明显的抑制,表明了gafp在转基因植株中的正确表达,翻译的产物具有活性。经过进一步选育和扩繁,发现转基因彩色棉后代具有稳定的、较强的抗黄萎病能力,本研究为通过植物抗病基因工程的方法防治棉花黄萎病提供了一条新的途径。     

Plant resistance signalling hijacked by a necrotrophic fungal pathogen

The strategies used by necrotrophic fungal pathogens to infect plants are often perceived as lacking the sophistication of their haustorium producing, host defence suppressing, biotrophic counterparts. There is also a relative paucity of knowledge regarding how effective gene-for-gene based resistance reactions might function against necrotrophic plant pathogens. However, recent data has emerged from a number of systems which has highlighted that particular species of necrotrophic (and/or hemibiotrophic) fungi, have evolved very sophisticated strategies for plant infection which appear, in fact, to hijack the host resistance responses that are commonly deployed against biotrophs. Both disease resistance (R) protein homologues and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades commonly associated with incompatible disease resistance responses; appear to be targeted by necrotrophic fungi during compatible disease interactions. These findings highlight an emerging sophistication in the strategies deployed by necrotrophic fungi to infect plants.Key words: Mycosphaerella graminicola, Septoria tritici, Triticum aestivum, mitogen-activated protein kinase, programmed cell death, fungal pathogen, disease resistance, disease susceptibility, toxin     

植物抗病基因克隆与功能研究进展

植物抗病基因（R基因）是分子植物病理学和植物基因工程研究的热点之一,R基因的克隆及其在抗病反应中的功能研究为揭示植物抗病机制和有效－控制植物病害奠定了基础,本文介绍了R基因的成功克隆方法和克隆新策略,对R基因编码产物的功能进行了分类分析,并对通过遗传工程途径发展R基因介导的抗病植物新品种进行了展望。     

植物广谱抗病基因工程策略与研究进展

系统获得性抗性（SAP）是植物防御病原微生物侵染的一条有效途径。利用基因工程技术改造其表达特性可以提高植物的抗病性,从活性氧的代谢,抗病基因的利用、过敏反应的诱导和SAR的组成性表达等方面论述了植物广谱抗病基因工程的研究策略。已取得的成就及今后的研究方向。     

The Genetic and Molecular Basis of Plant Resistance to Pathogens

Plant pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to obtain nutritive materials from their host,and plants in turn have evolved the preformed physical and chemical barriers as well as sophisticated two-tiered immune system to combat pathogen attacks.Genetically, plant resistance to pathogens can be divided into qualitative and quantitative disease resistance,conditioned by major gene(s) and multiple genes with minor effects,respectively.Qualitative disease resistance has been mostly detected in plant defense against biotrophic pathogens,whereas quantitative disease resistance is involved in defense response to all plant pathogens,from biotrophs,hemibiotrophs to necrotrophs.Plant resistance is achieved through interception of pathogen-derived effectors and elicitation of defense response.In recent years,great progress has been made related to the molecular basis underlying host-pathogen interactions.In this review,we would like to provide an update on genetic and molecular aspects of plant resistance to pathogens.     

Engineering plant immune circuit: walking to the bright future with a novel toolbox

Plant pathogens destroy crops and cause severe yield losses, leading to an insufficient food supply to sustain the human population. Apart from relying on natural plant immune systems to combat biological agents or waiting for the appropriate evolutionary steps to occur over time, researchers are currently seeking new breakthrough methods to boost disease resistance in plants through genetic engineering. Here, we summarize the past two decades of research in disease resistance engineering against an assortment of pathogens through modifying the plant immune components (internal and external) with several biotechnological techniques. We also discuss potential strategies and provide perspectives on engineering plant immune systems for enhanced pathogen resistance and plant fitness.     

Advances in understanding the mechanism of resistance to anthracnose and induced defence response in tea plants

The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is susceptible to anthracnose disease that causes considerable crop loss and affects the yield and quality of tea. Multiple Colletotrichum spp. are the causative agents of this disease, which spreads quickly in warm and humid climates. During plant–pathogen interactions, resistant cultivars defend themselves against the hemibiotrophic pathogen by activating defence signalling pathways, whereas the pathogen suppresses plant defences in susceptible varieties. Various fungicides have been used to control this disease on susceptible plants, but these fungicide residues are dangerous to human health and cause fungicide resistance in pathogens. The problem-solving approaches to date are the development of resistant cultivars and ecofriendly biocontrol strategies to achieve sustainable tea cultivation and production. Understanding the infection stages of Colletotrichum, tea plant resistance mechanisms, and induced plant defence against Colletotrichum is essential to support sustainable disease management practices in the field. This review therefore summarizes the current knowledge of the identified causative agent of tea plant anthracnose, the infection strategies and pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides, anthracnose disease resistance mechanisms, and the caffeine-induced defence response against Colletotrichum infection. The information reported in this review will advance our understanding of host–pathogen interactions and eventually help us to develop new disease control strategies.     

Phospholipase C: Diverse functions in plant biotic stress resistance and fungal pathogenicity

Phospholipase C (PLC) generates various second messenger molecules and mediates phospholipid hydrolysis. In recent years, the important roles of plant and fungal PLC in disease resistance and pathogenicity, respectively, have been determined. However, the roles of PLC in plants and fungi are unintegrated and relevant literature is disorganized. This makes it difficult for researchers to implement PLC-based strategies to improve disease resistance in plants. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the structure, classification, and phylogeny of the PLCs involved in plant biotic stress resistance and fungal pathogenicity. PLCs can be divided into two groups, nonspecific PLC (NPC) and phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC (PI-PLC), which present marked differences in phylogenetic evolution. The products of PLC genes in fungi play significant roles in physiological activity and pathogenesis, whereas those encoded by plant PLC genes mediate the immune response to fungi. This review provides a perspective for the future control of plant fungal diseases.     

A molecular insight into papaya leaf curl—a severe viral disease

Papaya leaf curl disease (PaLCuD) caused by papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV) not only affects yield but also plant growth and fruit size and quality of papaya and is one of the most damaging and economically important disease. Management of PaLCuV is a challenging task due to diversity of viral strains, the alternate hosts, and the genomic complexities of the viruses. Several management strategies currently used by plant virologists to broadly control or eliminate the viruses have been discussed. In the absence of such strategies in the case of PaLCuV at present, the few available options to control the disease include methods like removal of affected plants from the field, insecticide treatments against the insect vector (Bemisia tabaci), and gene-specific control through transgenic constructs. This review presents the current understanding of papaya leaf curl disease, genomic components including satellite DNA associated with the virus, wide host and vector range, and management of the disease and suggests possible generic resistance strategies.