热带宝树——酸角

酸角(Tamarindus indica),又称酸豆、罗望子、罗晃子、酸梅(海南)、“木罕”(傣语),为苏木科酸角属果树。该属仅含酸角1种,有两个类型:甜型和酸型。     

遮荫处理对罗汉果果肉组织中罗汉果苷和糖分含量的影响

该研究以罗汉果品种“永青1号”为材料,在果实发育后期进行不同强度的遮荫处理,测定遮荫处理下果肉组织中罗汉果苷各组分含量、各种糖分的积累及其相关糖代谢酶活性、叶片光合特性的变化。结果表明：重度遮荫(70％遮荫)会导致果实中罗汉果甜苷Ⅴ含量显著提高,遮荫60 d(授粉后90 d),对照与70％遮荫处理果实中罗汉果甜苷Ⅴ含量分别为4.83％、5.79％,差异达极显著水平( P<0.01);70％遮荫处理下果实中葡萄糖、果糖含量也明显高于对照( P<0.05)。与罗汉果甜苷Ⅴ、葡萄糖、果糖含量的变化不同,遮荫60 d,70％遮荫处理下罗汉果果实中可溶性糖、蔗糖的含量分别显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)低于对照。另外,遮荫处理导致罗汉果叶片净光合速率下降,遮荫40 d,70％遮荫处理下叶片的净光合速率显著低于对照( P<0.05)。综上说明,重度遮荫处理可以引起罗汉果果实品质的改变;光合速率下降是遮荫处理下可溶性糖含量降低的主要原因;SPS、AI、SSC活性的改变则是遮荫导致蔗糖含量降低及葡萄糖、果糖含量上升的重要因素;重度遮荫条件下,荫棚中温度降低可能是罗汉果果实中甜苷Ⅴ含量增高的关键诱因。该研究结果为罗汉果的生产及品质调控提供了理论依据。     

罗望子的综合利用开发

本文从食品、医药及轻工业等方面介绍了罗望子(Tamarindus indica L.)的国内外应用情况,特别是罗望子多糖在国外的开发利用状况,为我国进一步开发罗望子这一重要经济植物资源提供线索和参考。     

甜蛋白Brazzein基因在番茄果实中的特异表达

西瓜(Citrullus vulgaris S.)来源的AGPL1启动子在番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum L.)果实中具有较强的特异性驱动功能。将该启动子与甜味蛋白基因Brazzein融合构建植物表达载体, 通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法成功地进行了对番茄的遗传转化, 获得转化植株。组织化学法、PCR特异扩增、Southern杂交分析及RT-PCR检测, 表明Brazzein基因已整合到转基因番茄植株基因组中并且稳定表达。通过AGPL1果实特异启动子的调控, 在不改变果实其他性状的前提下提高了番茄果实甜味品质, 并为甜蛋白的生产提供经验。     

广东省种子植物分布新资料

报道广东省种子植物分布新记录2属——甜茅属(Glyceria R. Br.)及锦鸡儿属(Caragana Fabr.)，2个新记录种——甜茅[Glyceria acutiflora subsp. japonica (Steud.) T. Koyama et Kawano]及锦鸡儿[Caragana sinica (Buc’hoz) Rehder]，均发现于丹霞山国家级自然保护区。新记录的发现对于研究丹霞山的区系发生具有一定指示意义。     

果实香气形成及其影响因素

综述了苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.)、草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch.)、香蕉(Musa paradisiaca)、甜瓜(Cucumis melon L.)和番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum L.)等果实香气的化学成分、主要合成途径及其影响因素。果实的香气物质主要包括酯类、醇类、酮类、醛类、萜类和挥发性酚类物质等,这些物质主要由脂肪酸、氨基酸和次生代谢产生。品种、成熟度、乙烯、环境和栽培措施(光照、砧木、套袋和灌溉等)以及采后贮藏条件均影响果实香气的形成。     

果实香气形成及其影响因素

综述了苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.)、草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch.)、香蕉(Musa paradisiaca)、甜瓜(Cucumis melon L.)和番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum L.)等果实香气的化学成分、主要合成途径及其影响因素.果实的香气物质主要包括酯类、醇类、酮类、醛类、萜类和挥发性酚类物质等,这些物质主要由脂肪酸、氨基酸和次生代谢产生.品种、成熟度、乙烯、环境和栽培措施(光照、砧木、套袋和灌溉等)以及采后贮藏条件均影响果实香气的形成.     

海南寡鬃实蝇亚科分类研究(双翅目: 实蝇科)

根据2000～2004年间海南省实蝇监测和野外调查的部分研究结果,确认海南寡鬃实蝇亚科Dacinae现知下列14种：桔小实蝇 Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel), 辣椒果实蝇 B. (B.) latifrons (Hendel), 锈红果实蝇B. (B.) rubigina (Wang et Zhao), 五指山果实蝇 B. (B.) wuzhishana Lin et Yang, sp. nov., 何氏华实蝇B. (Sinodacus) hochii (Zia), 短条果实蝇 B. (Zeugodacus) abbreviata (Hardy), 普通果实蝇 B. (Z.) caudata (Fabricius), 两带果实蝇B. (Z.) cilifera (Hendel), 瓜实蝇 B. (Z.) cucurbitae (Coquillett), 黑颜果实蝇 B. (Z.) diaphora (Hendel), 宽带果实蝇 B. (Z.) scutellata (Hendel), 南亚果实蝇 B. (Z.) tau (Walker), 海口棍腹实蝇 Dacus (Callantra) haikouensis Wang et Chen, 海南寡鬃实蝇 Dacus (Dacus) hainanus Wang et Zhao。五指山果实蝇 B. (B.) wuzhishana Lin et Yang, sp. nov. 区别于果实蝇属内其他种的鉴别特征如下：1）颜具2个黑色大斑点;2）中胸盾片的缝后黄色侧条短而窄,后端约与缝后翅上鬃处于同一水平;3）翅前缘带较窄,末端稍加宽;4）足的股节除中股节基部的1/2和后股节基部的3/5呈黄色外,余全黑色;腹部完全黑色。除附新种特征图外,还提供海南寡鬃实蝇亚科的种类修订名录和分种检索表。     

浙江朱家尖观音湾古木层中果实与种子的分类学研究

报道了浙江舟山群岛朱家尖观音湾古木层中的种子植物的果实和种子 ,其中 1 4种已经被鉴定其属种 ,它们是南酸枣 ( Choerospondiasaxillaris)、椴树属 ( Tilia sp.)、樟 ( Cinnamomum camphora)、茄属 ( Solanumsp.)、忍冬属 ( Lonicera sp.)、山胡椒属 ( Lindera sp.)、苜蓿属 ( Medicago sp.)、荆三棱 ( Scirpusyagara)、金鱼藻属 ( Ceratophyllum sp.)、乌桕 ( Sapium sebif erum)、鹅耳枥属 ( Carpinus sp.)、野山楂 ( Crataegus cuneata)、浙江紫薇 ( Lagerstroemia chekiangensis)和朴树属 ( Celtis sp.)。根据地下古木层中的果实和种子的调查和分析 ,并参考了木材解剖和孢粉分析资料 ,我们认为这里的古木层历史植被类型曾经是亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶混交林植被     

中国及老挝果实蝇属一新种及一新记录种（双翅目：实蝇科）

记述果实蝇属Bactrocera Macquart 1新种:甘肃果实蝇Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)gansuica Chen,Han et Zhousp.nov.及老挝果实蝇属1新记录种:黑颜果实蝇B(Z.)vultus(Hardy,1973),并附形态特征图。新种和盾条果实蝇B.(Z.)adusta(Wang & Zhao)及塔帕果实蝇Bactrocera(B.)tappanus(Shiraki)相似,均仅具1对小盾鬃,中胸盾片除2侧纵条及1中纵条外,余均黑色,以及小盾片具1黑色宽纵条。主要区别在于:1)前足股节端半深棕色,而非几乎全黑;2)中、后足股节端部约1/3深棕色;3)翅前缘带与端斑明显相连,而非与端斑明显分离。     

The iodosulfonamidation of peracetylated glycals revisited: access to 1,2-di-nitrogenated sugars

Iodosulfonamidation of peracetylated glycals was investigated using either a combination of N-iodosuccinimide/iodine or iodine chloride as a source of iodonium ion. 1,2-trans- and 1,2-cis-2-deoxy-2-iodo-1-sulfonamido hexoses were, respectively, obtained depending on the reagent system used. Both series of isomers were successfully converted to 1,2-di-nitrogenated compounds, for example, 1-azido-1,2-dideoxy-2-sulfonamido sugars, which are useful intermediates for the synthesis of N-linked glycoproteins or glycoconjugates.     

烤烟糖含量的空间变异特征

以中国烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum)主产省份2005年B2F(上部二级桔黄色烤烟)、C3F(中部三级桔黄色烤烟)和X2F(下部二级桔黄色烤烟)3个等级烤烟为研究对象,利用地统计学与GIS技术结合的方法研究了中国烤烟主产省份烤烟水溶性总糖、还原糖含量和糖碱比的空间分布特征。结果表明:各等级烤烟水溶性总糖、还原糖含量和糖碱比空间相关性表现为近似相关,东西方向上,均呈现由西向东先降低后升高的趋势,南北方向上,水溶性总糖含量、还原糖含量趋势不明显,糖碱比各等级趋势各异。     

紫外辐射增强对植物糖代谢的影响

综述了UV-B辐射增强对植物叶片、茎、根、果实以及籽粒中糖含量影响的研究现状与动态,从生理学角度分析了UV-B辐射对植物糖含量和糖代谢相关的一些重要反应及其影响植物糖含量和糖代谢的关键酶的响应,并从植物的光合碳固定、糖的合成与分解等方面阐述了UV-B影响糖含量及糖代谢的可能机理。展望了今后紫外辐射增强对植物糖代谢影响的研究重点和研究方向。     

Effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on sugar accumulation in the flesh tissue of peach fruit at the start of the maturation stage

Experiments were conducted on¹⁴C-sorbitol, fructose, and glucose uptakeinto flesh discs, and sorbitol efflux from thediscs, with and without ABA application toexamine the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) onsugar accumulation in peach fruit flesh at thestart of the maturation stage in relation tomembrane transport. Total uptake of¹⁴C-sorbitol, fructose, and glucose intoflesh discs was effectively promoted by ABA ata concentration of 10^–5 M. PCMBS(p-chloromercuribenzensulfonicacid)-sensitive uptake, which was considered ascarrier-mediated uptake, of sorbitol into thediscs was clearly stimulated by ABA at10^–5 M, compared with glucose andfructose uptake. Sorbitol efflux from the discsacross the tonoplast was restricted by ABA at10^–5 M. ABA application todeveloping fruit increased sugar accumulationin the fruit. Estimated ABA concentration inthis fruit was approximately 10^–5 M. These results indicate that sugar accumulationin peach fruit flesh is stimulated by ABA at aconcentration of 10^–5 M both invitro and in vivo. ABA stimulatesuptake of sugars, especially sorbitol, into theflesh by enhancing carrier-mediated transportpossibly across both tonoplast and plasmamembrane.     

The Arabidopsis SUCROSE UNCOUPLED-6 gene is identical to ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE-4: involvement of abscisic acid in sugar responses

In plants, sugars act as signalling molecules that control many aspects of metabolism and development. Arabidopsis plants homozygous for the recessive sucrose uncoupled-6 (sun6) mutation show a reduced sensitivity to sugars for processes such as photosynthesis, gene expression and germination. The sun6 mutant is insensitive to sugars that are substrates for hexokinase, suggesting that SUN6 might play a role in hexokinase-dependent sugar responses. The SUN6 gene was cloned by transposon tagging and analysis showed it to be identical to the previously described ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE-4 (ABI4) gene. Our analysis suggests the involvement of abscisic acid and components of the abscisic acid signal transduction cascade in a hexokinase-dependent sugar response pathway. During the plant life cycle, SUN6/ABI4 may be involved in controlling metabolite availability in an abscisic acid- and sugar-dependent way.     

Binding of carbohydrates to solid supports Part 3: Reaction of sugar hydrazones with polystyrene substituted with aromatic aldehydes

The hydrazones of glucose and N-acetylglucosamine, as models for the residues at the reducing termini of glycans, were covalently and reversibly bound in good yield to hydroxybenzaldehydo ligands attached to a polymer support. The binding, by a sugar azine linkage, occurred within two hours at room temperature at neutral pH, and efficient recoveries of sugars from the beads were achieved by displacement with aqueous hydrazine hydrate, ethanolic benzaldehyde, or aqueous acetone. Enzyme modification of glycans was demonstrated by separation of the products of hydrolysis of lactose hydrazone with -galactosidase, using hydroxybenzaldehyde-derivatized polystyrene beads. Addition of a spacer arm to aminopolystyrene beads, for binding of reducing sugars as Amadori compounds to the aromatic amine function, was also investigated.     

Synthesis of Quinoxaline Azido and Amino Reverse Ribofuranoside and Their O-Regioisomers

A series of quinoxaline azido reverse nucleosides 3a-c and their O-regioisomers 4a-c was prepared by reaction of quinoxaline 1a-c with 3-azido-3-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-p-toluenesulfonyl-D-ribofuranose (2) in the presence of sodium hydride. Structure modification of these interesting structures includes reduction and the subsequent acetylation reactions to give quinoxaline amino and acetyl amino reverse nucleosides and their O-regioisomers.     

Synthesis of new amino sugar derivatives from keto-sugars of D-xylose

Several amino sugars and imino sugar derivatives were synthesized from keto-sugars of D-xylose through a series of reactions such as the Henry reaction, hydrogenation reactions, and nucleophilic addition reactions or substitution reactions. Thiazine derivative 15 was obtained by the reaction of the keto-sugar with NH(2)CSNH(2). Higher carbon sugar 16 was accidentally prepared at room temperature from the keto-sugar in the presence of NH(2)CONH(2). The structures of the compounds were confirmed by spectral analysis. The absolute configurations of all asymmetric carbon atoms of 6 and 8 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.     

Fluctuations of plant pathogens in sugar factory's waste in Kerman province of Iran

Sugar beet roots and the attached soil are transferred to Bardsir factory for processing, and the roots are washed by water pressure. Muddy water flows as waste into canals and are used for irrigation of sugar beet farms. The possibility of occurrence and fluctuations of the pathogenic organisms in irrigation was studied during 2006 and 2007. The samples were collected from the wastewater once a week. Isolation of pathogens was done by four methods: (a) Citrus leaf baiting method and on PARPH selective medium, and common culture media such as: PDA, CMA, MA, NA and WA; (b) Irrigation of sugar beet seedling with wastewater; (c) Bioassay with healthy sugarbeet roots; (d) Cysts of nematode were extracted from waste by sieves. Many different pathogens were isolated from wastewater such as: Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium akanoganese, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora drechsleri, Mucor sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Geotrichum sp., Erwinia carotovora and cysts of Heterodera schachtii. Pathogencity tests were done for each pathogen. During the first period of processing, the recovery of pythiaceae and Erwinia carotovora was in high level, and in the last period of processing the recovery of Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp. and Geotrichum sp. showed high levels. The recovery of Alternaria alternata, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani were stable but the cysts of H. schachtii were variable during the processing period. These pathogens were isolated from sugar beet farms irrigated with wastewater.