锥栗不同品种果实营养成分分析初报

对福建建瓯9个锥栗主栽品种的果实进行营养成分分析。结果表明,其果实营养成分均以淀粉、糖类为主,并含有较丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、纤维、维生素C及Ca、K、Mg、Mn等矿质元素;品种间多项含量值差异明显。     

紫斑牡丹胚乳营养成分分析

紫斑牡丹 (Paeoniarockii)属于毛茛科 (Ranun culaceae)芍药属 (Paeonia) ,分布于四川北部、甘肃南部、陕西秦岭中段以西 ,属于国家三级重点保护植物[1 ] 。种子粒大 ,但胚相对较小 ,在种子萌发过程中 ,胚发育所需的营养全部由胚乳提供。为了解牡丹种子发育时物质代谢的变化 ,我们以剥胚培养所剩余的胚乳为材料 ,对胚乳的基本营养成分进行了分析。紫斑牡丹种子于 1 999年 1 1月采自陕西省佛坪县 ,去皮剥胚后 ,剩余胚乳部分烘干、粉碎 ,用于各个项目的测定。还原糖、淀粉、粗纤维含量的测定参照文献 2方法 ;粗脂肪、粗蛋白质含量的测定参照…     

不同品种油甘子果实营养成分评价

为系统分析评价不同品种油甘子(Phyllanthus emblica)果实的营养品质,以‘赤皮’‘玻璃油甘’‘东坑甜’‘饼甜’‘六月白’和‘马蹄甜’6个品种油甘子果实为材料,测定7项营养成分含量,运用主成分分析法对果实营养成分含量进行分析评价。结果表明,各品种油甘子维生素C和还原糖含量均较高;维生素C与蛋白质呈显著正相关,还原糖与可溶性固形物呈显著正相关。通过主成分分析提取出3个主成分,认为‘赤皮’和‘玻璃油甘’2个品种可作为油甘子丰产林建设的优良栽培品种。     

不同甜樱桃品种果实主要内含物测试与分析

以 拉宾斯 、 斯坦勒 等7个生产上主栽的欧洲甜樱桃品种为试验材料,研究了不同品种采收后果实可溶性蛋白质、维生素C Vc 、可溶性总糖和总酸等主要内含物含量的差异.进一步分析了各主要内含物含量与果实发育期、果实大小以及相互之间的相关性.结果表明:甜樱桃品种果实可溶性蛋白质和总糖含量与果实发育期均呈显著正相关,说明发育期短的早熟品种果实可溶性蛋白质和糖含量显著低于果实发育期长的中、晚熟品种 P<0.05 ;甜樱桃品质标准在 中上 级以上,果实的可溶性蛋白质含量范围在1052.0～1119.3mg·100g-1FW;品质在 中上 标准以上的果实维生素C的含量范围在9.89～18.01mg·100g-1FW;7个甜樱桃品种之间果实总酸度差异显著 P<0.05 ;甜樱桃果实的糖酸比值与果实发育期和可溶性糖含量均呈显著正相关,甜樱桃果实的糖酸比值能确切地反映果实风味及品质的优劣,可以作为一项指标,甜樱桃品质在 中上 标准以上的果实糖酸比范围在31.37～40.54;早、中、晚熟品种之间相比较,甜樱桃早熟品种的果实大小显著低于中、晚熟品种 P<0.05 .     

珠芽蓼果实营养成分分析

本文对珠芽蓼果实的营养成分进行了分析.结果表明,珠芽蓼果实含有丰富的蛋白质、总糖、氨基酸和矿质元素,是一种值得有效开发的野生植物资源.     

鞭角华扁叶蜂幼虫的营养成分分析

采用现代分析技术手段对鞭角华扁叶蜂Chinolydaflagellicornis(F.Smith)幼虫的主要营养成分进行分析,结果表明其鲜虫浆的蛋白质、氨基酸、粗脂肪、糖类及灰分含量分别为17.1%,13.5%,6.7%,1.0%和1.5%,胆固醇含量为0.3mg/g;含有7种人体必需氨基酸,其必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的43.0%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的比值为75.3%,第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸,即蛋氨酸和胱氨酸;同时,其不饱和脂肪酸与必需脂肪酸分别占总脂肪的61.3%和24.3%,特别是油酸和亚麻酸含量较高,分别达37.0%和18.4%;此外,还含有K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn,Cu,Mn等多种矿物质和微量元素。最后在分析其营养价值的基础上,对鞭角华扁叶蜂幼虫的开发利用价值进行了评价。     

海南岛不同生态型槟榔主要营养成分含量变化的分析

本研究结果表明,分布在海南岛内４种生态型槟榔,其主要营养物质组成含量水平变化差异程序较为显著。总氨基酸组成中,以砂丘槟榔〉沟谷槟榔〉旱生槟榔〉滨海槟榔。而人体所必需,药效氨基酸组分仍以砂丘槟榔相对量值为最高。     

中华剑角蝗的营养成分与利用评价

本文分析了中华剑角蝗 Acrida cinerea的营养成分 ,包括蛋白质、氨基酸、总糖、粗脂肪、粗灰分、无机矿物质元素及维生素 B1和 B2 等 ,并在分析其营养价值的基础上进行开发利用评价。     

湘西自治州不同产地火棘果实的营养成分

测定了产于湖南省湘西州吉首市、永顺县和凤凰县3个居群火棘果实的部分营养成分含量。结果表明,可溶性糖含量和蛋白质含量以吉首产火棘最高,分别为5.47%和7.13%,粗纤维含量以凤凰产火棘最高,为5.86%,维生素C含量以永顺县产火棘最高,为43.49 mg/100g。在吉首产同一居群火棘果实的不同采收期,可溶性糖和蛋白质含量随采摘期的延长而上升,粗纤维含量则下降。     

不同品种黑莓鲜果营养成分的比较

对5个黑莓(Rubusspp.)新品种鲜果的营养成分进行了比较分析。结果显示,5个品种黑莓鲜果的糖酸比较低,为3.11~6.18,风味偏酸。VC含量较高,达0.064~0.566 mg.g-1;VE含量为0.013~0.049 mg.g-1,品种间差异较大,以品种‘Triple Crown’的VE含量最高。矿质元素含量较高,其中品种‘Boysen’的Se含量最高,是其他品种的6~13倍;品种‘Young’的K、Ca、Zn和Fe含量都较高。黑莓鲜果含有8种人体必需氨基酸,不同品种黑莓鲜果的总氨基酸含量差异较大,其中品种‘Brazos’的总氨基酸含量最高,可达15.21 mg.g-1。     

Effect of polyphenols extracted from tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed coat on pathophysiological changes and red blood cell glutathione peroxidase activity in heat-stressed broilers

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of polyphenols extracted from the tamarind seed coat (PETSC) on glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, red blood cell parameters and bilirubin in heat-stressed broilers. One hundred forty-seven broilers, 18-days old were divided into two groups. In group 1, broilers were maintained at an environmental temperature of 26?±?2 °C throughout the experimental period. In group 2, the broilers were maintained at 38?±?2 °C (cyclic temperature: 26?±?2 °C; ?38?±?2 °C; and ?26?±?2 °C, and broilers were maintained at 38?±?2 °C for 6 h/ day) and received PETSC at a concentration of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 mg/kg in their diet ad libitum. Parameters were investigated on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 of the experimental period. Results showed that GPx activity of heat-stressed broilers that received 100 mg/kg of PETSC in their diet was lower (P?<?0.05) than that in broilers fed the other concentrations. The mean total red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration of heat-stressed broilers that received 100 mg/kg PETSC was higher (P?<?0.05) than those in broilers in group 1 and those fed the other concentrations. The mean bilirubin level in the excreta of heat-stressed broilers that received 100 mg/kg of PETSC was lower (P?<?0.05) than that in broilers that received 0, 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg of PETSC. This showed that PETSC could reduce GPx activity and bilirubin in feces, and increase red blood cell parameters in heat-stressed broilers.     

Growth and biomass allocation of sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) under different nutrient conditions

Hydrobiologia - The antropogenically-induced process of eutrophication is accompanied by changes in the structure and function of the whole wetland ecosystem. Since the shift in a species ability...     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in Indian neem (Azadirachta indica var. indica A. Juss) and cross-amplification in Thai neem (A. indica var. siamensis Valenton)

We developed eight polymorphic microsatellite loci in Indian neem (Azadirachta indica var. indica) and cross-amplified in closely related species Thai neem (A. indica var. siamensis). The number of alleles per locus in Indian neem and Thai neem ranged from 3 to 9 and 3 to 9, respectively. Average observed and expected heterozygosities in Indian neem and Thai neem were 0.63 and 0.70 and 0.61 and 0.65, respectively. Two loci exhibited significantly fewer heterozygotes than expected under Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These microsatellites may provide a useful tool for population genetics to establish conservation and management strategy.     

Metabolic analysis of guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits at different ripening stages using different data-processing approaches

Gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and principal component analysis were used to obtain the metabolite profiles of guava (Psidium guajava) fruits. Results with two types of data-processing software, ChromaTOF and AMDIS, were compared to explain the differences between the samples. There were some differences in score and loading plot patterns of PCA as well as in the composition of the metabolites. However, little difference was observed in the type of metabolites detected and identified using either type of software. Both the flesh and peel of premature and mature white guava fruits were compared for the analysis of the metabolite profiles. Malic acid, aspartic acid, and glucose were the major metabolites distinguishing the different parts of guava fruits in the PCA loading plot. In addition, the metabolic profiles of the fruits revealed significant changes in some metabolites during ripening. The major components contributing to the separation were serine, citric acid, fructose, sucrose, and some unknowns. In particular, sucrose, fructose, serine and citric acid were related to the ripening of guava fruits. Fructose and sucrose were increased whereas citric acid was decreased during guava fruit ripening.     

Analysis of genetic effects on nutrient quality traits in indica rice

Nine cytoplasmic male-sterile lines and five restorer lines were used in an incomplete diallel cross to analyze seed effects, cytoplasmic effects, and maternal gene effects on nutrient quality traits of indica rice (Oryza sauva L.). The results indicated that nutrient quality traits were controlled by cytoplasmic and maternal effects as well as by seed direct effects. Maternal effects for lysine content (LC), lysine index (LI), and the ratio of lysine content to protein content (RLP) were more important than seed direct effects, while protein content (PC) and protein index (PI) were mainly affected by seed direct effects. Cytoplasmic effects accounted for 2.41–20.80% of the total genetic variation and were significant for all nutrient quality traits. Additive genetic effects were much more important than dominance effects for all of the traits studied, so that selection could be applied for these traits in early generations.     

Assessment of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] for bioethanol production in southern Italy

The potential of sweet potato as an alternative crop for bioethanol production has been assessed. We evaluated the amount of soluble sugars, starch and cell wall polysaccharides in tubers of three sweet potato cultivars characterized by different pulp and peel colouration: “Yellow yam” with yellow flesh and brown peel, “White yam” with white flesh and white peel and “Orange yam” with orange flesh and brown peel. The results confirm the high concentration of carbohydrates in sweet potato tubers, especially “Yellow yam”, mainly in the form of starch (67%) and soluble sugars (26%). “Yellow yam”, which is the most widespread cultivar in Salento, appeared the best choice as biomass for bioethanol production. It is characterized by high productivity (20–40 tons/ha year). Results also suggest that “Yellow yam” cultivar has great potential as a bioethanol source in southern Italy with an estimated agroindustrial production yield higher than 2032 l/ha year.     

Effects of Physiological Changes in Potato Tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) after Low Temperature Storage on the Level of Acrylamide Formed in Potato Chips

Acrylamide in potato chips made from tubers stored at 2 or 20°C for two weeks after harvest was analyzed by GC-MS. The acrylamide level in the former chips was higher than ten times of that in the latter, which was highly correlated with both glucose and fructose levels in the tubers.     

Effect of a dense Allium ursinum (L.) ground cover on nutrient dynamics and mesofauna of a Fagus sylvatica (L.) woodland

The aboveground biomass built up annually by Allium ursinum (L.) contains similar amounts of nutrients as the foliage of mature Fagus sylvatica (L.) stands. The decomposition of the A. ursinum stand in early summer provides N rich forage for grazing mesofauna, especially favouring collembolans and accelerating mineralization of soil organic matter. Short term decreases of soil pH had no negative effect on populations of collembolans. Synergistic effects from soil fauna and microbes may accelerate nitrogen release from decomposing leaf litter. A positive feed back may have emerged. High animal abundance and diverse mesofauna populations are capable of high rates of litter fragmentation. Consequently, favourable conditions for microorganisms are created and allow high rates of mineralization and release of nutrients. Our data show that substantial amounts of nitrogen are lost from the system. Undisturbed forest ecosystems are considered to recycle mineralized nitrogen efficiently though. But temporal uncoupling of the N cycle due to microbial activity and delayed or decreased N uptake of higher plants can cause enhanced leaching even from undisturbed systems. The tendency to loose nutrients is apparent from high nitrate concentrations in the soil solution throughout the year. When nutrient losses from A. ursinum subsystems are considered, lateral nutrient imports from adjacent parts of the ecosystem have to be taken into account. If lateral import does not counterbalance losses, maintenance of the soil nutrient status must occur by weathering or a decline is to be expected.     

Blossom-end rot in relation to growth rate and calcium content in fruits of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

The relative importance of growth rate and calcium concentration in sweet pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.) for the induction of blossom-end rot (BER) was investigated in (1) four pollination treatments in one cultivar, (2) four cultivars with the same fruit load and (3) three fruit load treatments in four cultivars. For fruits with the same pollination treatment those eventually developing BER had a higher initial fruit growth rate than those not developing BER. Within the same experiment both the growth rate of the young fruit and BER increased with the number of seeds. The Ca concentration of the pericarp in mature fruits was negatively related to both fruit size and BER incidence. Differences in levels of BER between different pollination experiments could not be explained solely by differences in growth rate of the young fruit, but related to different Ca concentrations in the mature fruits. In the spring, but not in the summer, cultivars more susceptible to BER had a larger final size but lower Ca concentration in the young fruit than the resistant ones. By lowering the fruit load in the summer both the final fruit size and the BER incidence increased, but the Ca concentrations of both proximal and distal pericarp in the young fruit of all cultivars were not consistently affected. Despite a correlation between growth rate and low Ca concentration in the fruit, the incidence of BER may only be predicted from separate effects of fruit growth and of Ca concentration of fruit. The data indicated that at a higher growth rate a higher Ca concentration is required to prevent the induction of BER. The usefulness of the total Ca concentration of the fruit for determining the critical Ca concentration in the induction of BER is discussed.Key words: Capiscum annuum L., sweet pepper, blossom-end rot, calcium, growth rate, pollination, fruit load.