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1.
微生物降解磺酰脲类除草剂的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《生态学杂志》2018,(11)
磺酰脲类除草剂是一种高效、广谱、高选择性的除草剂,但其长期广泛使用对生态环境造成了严重破坏,因此对于如何科学合理使用磺酰脲类除草剂、有效防治作物药害和降低对人类的危害等问题成为近年来的研究热点。磺酰脲除草剂在土壤中以化学降解和生物降解方式为主,生物降解是自然界本身具有的一种降解污染物的方式,是一种可行性高、副作用小的方法。近年来,很多学者已经开始研究并利用真菌、细菌等微生物来降解磺酰脲类除草剂,取得了许多重要结果。本文总结了磺酰脲类除草剂的性质、结构以及降解机理、可降解该类除草剂的微生物种类和影响微生物降解效率的因素;最后指出了现阶段存在的问题并对磺酰脲类除草剂的未来发展趋势进行展望。 相似文献
2.
磺酰脲类除草剂是一类高效、低毒和高选择性的除草剂, 此类除草剂能有效地防除阔叶杂草, 其中有些品种对禾本科杂草也有抑制作用。由于该类除草剂易残留药害及容易对地表水造成污染, 因而其在环境中的持久性和环境安全性备受人们关注。本文综述了磺酰脲类除草剂的应用概况及其作用机理、降解磺酰脲类除草剂的常见微生物种类及影响微生物降解效率的因素, 最后展望了微生物修复技术与抗除草剂的转基因作物是解决除草剂残留药害的最佳途径。 相似文献
3.
对于谷类种植而言,磺酰脲类除草剂可以较少用量并有效控制杂草。然而,这些化合物会在土壤中活动若干年,因此一旦使用磺酰脲除草剂,农民便不能轮种庄稼。因此,在加拿大西部,田地必须连续种植谷物或者在夏季休耕。如能培育一种抗磺酰脲的阔叶作物,如亚麻(Linum usitatissimum)则可以轮种谷物;若磺酰脲的活性足够强,不添加其它除草剂(如溴苯腈)也能控制杂草。溴苯腈的毒性比磺酰脲大。 相似文献
4.
取代脲类除草剂主要用来防除一年生禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草,自20世纪中期推入市场以来,在世界范围内被广泛使用,已成为重要的除草剂之一。随着取代脲类除草剂的持续施用,其在环境中的残留严重超标,危害日益凸显。因此,取代脲类除草剂在环境中的吸附、迁移和降解等行为备受关注。研究表明细菌降解N,N-二甲基取代脲类除草剂主要是通过连续脱甲基作用后断脲桥降解,而降解N-甲氧基-N-甲基取代脲类除草剂是通过脲桥的直接断裂。真菌降解取代脲类除草剂的途径则较为复杂,尚需进一步阐明。本文综述了近年来分离筛选的取代脲类除草剂降解菌株及其降解途径的最新研究进展,为取代脲类除草剂污染环境的生物修复研究提供参考。 相似文献
5.
微生物降解是环境中农药消解的重要因素,分离筛选纯培养的农药降解微生物并阐述其降解机制为微生物修复环境的应用提供重要的菌株资源和理论依据。本文简述了广泛使用的8类除草剂(包括有机磷类、磺酰脲类、氯乙酰胺类、均三嗪类、芳氧基苯氧基丙酸酯类、苯氧乙酸类、二硝基苯胺类和硫代氨基甲酸酯类除草剂)的降解微生物资源及其降解途径和降解基因的研究进展,并分析了目前除草剂污染修复存在的问题及未来的发展方向。 相似文献
6.
采用平衡振荡法和土柱淋洗法,研究了溶液pH及模拟酸雨对土壤中苄嘧磺隆和甲磺隆行为的影响.结果表明,Freundlich方程能较好地描述苄嘧磺隆和甲磺隆的吸附等温线,水-土壤系统pH升高能明显地降低这两种除草剂在土壤中的吸附,促进其在土壤中的迁移,且吸附常数(Kf)与土壤有机质含量、粘土含量呈正相关,而与土壤pH呈负相关.pH值高的模拟酸雨对除草剂在土壤中淋溶贡献较大,且淋溶量随雨量的增大而增大.除草剂在土壤中的淋溶与土壤性质密切相关,有机质含量和粘粒含量较高的土壤对除草剂的持留能力较强. 相似文献
7.
8.
灭幼脲Ⅲ号在好气水环境中的降解代谢的初步研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
本文研究了新农药灭幼脲Ⅲ号在好气水环境中的降解与代谢。在避光条件下,观察了灭菌组与实验组中灭幼脲Ⅲ号及其主要代谢产物的消长过程,比较了它的化学水解与微生物降解的差异。在室内模拟好气系统中,研究了母体化合物在水体中的残留动态和生物降解半衰期,及其初期主要代谢途径的转化产物,同时分别用高效液相色谱法,紫外吸收光谱扫描,以及特征有机质谱图,对灭幼脲Ⅲ号的两种主要代谢产物进行了定性定量测定。结果表明:灭幼脲Ⅲ号在室内好气环境中较易水解,而且水中微生物的存在能加速它的降解,母体化合物在水体中初期代谢主要途径为分子中的苯甲酰碳与脲氮键首先开裂,生成邻氯苯甲酸(CBA)和对氯苯基脲素(CPU)。 相似文献
9.
重金属与农药污染的农业土壤脱毒过程研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
农业土壤环境自身脱毒过程是极其复杂的生态化学过程,对于土壤健康质量的维持和改善具有重要意义。然而,一直以来,人们对污染物的致毒过程研究得较多,对农业土壤自身脱毒能力及机制未给予足够重视。本文就农业土壤环境中,重金属与农药污染物的吸附脱毒、非生物降解(水解、光解)脱毒、微生物降解脱毒、土壤酶学脱毒、根际环境中的降解和转化脱毒以及植物富集固定进行了综述,并分析了各脱毒过程中所涉及到的反应机理。 相似文献
10.
《基因组学与应用生物学》2017,(11)
乙草胺是一种主要用于防除禾本科杂草的酰胺类除草剂,苄嘧磺隆是一种用于防除阔叶杂草的磺酰脲类除草剂,乙·苄复配制剂由于扩大了除草谱而被广泛应用于稻田中,但大量使用也带来了环境隐患。本研究从长期施用乙·苄复配制剂的稻田土壤中筛选到1个可耐受600 mg/L苄嘧磺隆的乙草胺降解复合菌系,从中分离到4个细菌菌株66C-1、66C-2、66C-3、66C-4,利用形态、生理生化及分子生物学方法,分别鉴定为粘质沙雷式菌(Serratia marcescens)、Psedomona shunanensis、恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)和硝化还原假单胞菌(Pseudomonas nitroreducens)。这4个菌株等比例混合构成的降解菌系HXDW可以利用乙草胺为唯一碳源、但不能利用丁草胺、异丙甲草胺和吡氟酰草胺等其他酰胺类除草剂。降解菌系HXDW在乙草胺初始浓度为100 mg/L的无机盐培养基中,0.1%~2.0%Na Cl浓度范围内生长良好,最适培养温度为25℃。提取降解菌系不同部位粗酶液对50 mg/L乙草胺进行处理,胞外提取液的24 h乙草胺降解率为44.95%,表明降解菌系HXDW对乙草胺的降解作用主要存在于胞外。 相似文献
11.
A soil bacterium SW4, capable of degrading the sulfonylurea herbicide ethametsulfuron-methyl (ESM), was isolated from the
bottom soil of a herbicide factory. Based on physiological characteristics, biochemical tests and phylogenetic analysis of
the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain was identified as a Pseudomonas sp. The total degradation of ESM in the medium containing glucose was up to 84.6% after 6 days of inoculation with SW4 strain.
The inoculation of strain SW4 to soil treated with ESM resulted in a higher degradation rate than in noninoculated soil regardless
of the soil sterilized or nonsterilized. Five metabolites of ESM degradation were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Based on the identified products, strain SW4 seemed to degrade ESM after two separate and different pathways: one leads to
the cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge, whereas the other to the dealkylation and opening of the triazine ring of ESM. 相似文献
12.
Shintani M Matsui K Takemura T Yamane H Nojiri H 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2008,80(3):485-497
In artificial environmental samples, the behavior of the IncP-7 conjugative plasmid pCAR1, which is involved in the catabolism of carbazole, was monitored. Sterile soil and water samples supplemented with carbazole were prepared. After inoculation with Pseudomonas putida harboring pCAR1, seven species of the genus Pseudomonas, and three other bacterial species, were monitored for carbazole degradation, bacterial survival, and conjugative transfer of pCAR1. In artificial soils, more than 90% of the carbazole was degraded in samples with high water content, suggesting that the water content is a key factor in carbazole degradation in artificial soils. In three of the artificial environmental water samples, more than 95% of the carbazole was degraded. Transconjugants were detected in some artificial water samples, but not in the artificial soil samples, suggesting that pCAR1 is preferably transferred in aqueous environments. Composition analysis of the artificial water samples and examination of conjugative transfer indicated that the presence of the divalent cations Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) promoted the plasmid transfer. The presence of carbazole also increases in incidence of transconjugants, probably by enhancing their growth. In contrast, humic acids in the liquid layer of artificial soil samples appeared to prevent conjugative transfer. 相似文献
13.
People may express high concern for global warming or environmental degradation, but when forced to evaluate the severity of environmental threats in relation to other threats, environmental threats are pushed to the bottom of the list. The present study was based on the premise that prioritizing threats involves, inter alia, hierarchizing the threats according to their perceived temporal proximity and since environmental threats are perceived, relative to other threats, as more temporally distant, they rank low. Future orientation (FO) is an individual-difference variable that describes the tendency to take into account temporally distant considerations. We predicted that environmental threats would be evaluated as more severe by individuals who were more future-oriented. The strongest effect of FO was found to be on concern about global warming and environmental degradation. This indicated that environmental threats were perceived as temporally farthest and, not surprisingly, received the lowest priority. External security threat was a top-priority; its severity evaluation was uncorrelated to FO, indicating that it was perceived as temporally closest. These evaluations significantly affected environmental attitudes and behavior. The implications on promoting environmental behavior in the presence of ever-existing shorter-term existential threats are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Triazine-2-14C metsulfuron–methyl is a selective, systemic sulfonylurea herbicide. Degradation studies in soils are essential for the evaluation of the persistence of pesticides and their breakdown products. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the degradation of triazine-2-14C metsulfuron–methyl in soil under laboratory conditions. A High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with an UV detector and an on-line radio-chemical detector, plus a Supelco Discovery column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm), and PRP–1 column (305 x 7.0 mm, 10 μm) was used for the HPLC analysis. The radioactivity was determined by a Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) in scintillation fluid. The soil used was both sterilized and non-sterilized in order to observe the involvement of soil microbes. The estimated DT50 and DT90 values of metsulfuron-methyl in a non-sterile system were observed to be 13 and 44 days, whereas in sterilized soil, the DT50 and DT90 were 31 and 70 days, respectively. The principal degradation product after 60 days was CO2. The higher cumulative amount of 14CO2 in 14C- triazine in the non-sterilized soil compared to that in the sterile system suggests that biological degradation by soil micro-organisms significantly contributes to the dissipation of the compound. The major routes of degradation were O-demethylation, sulfonylurea bridge cleavage and the triazine “ring-opened.” 相似文献
15.
红壤退化过程与生态位的研究 总被引:14,自引:2,他引:12
应用生态位概念研究红壤退化和改良过程中的生物学特征及其与生态环境条件的关系,把红壤的生物学循环作为重点,分析红壤生态位的演化特点,探索红壤生态系统退化和重建的若干规律和描述方法,以求建立有关红壤退化评价的方法和指标体系 相似文献
16.
微生物降解磺胺甲恶唑的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
抗生素是一类难降解、低浓度就有高生态毒性效应的化合物,近年来被归为新型环境污染物,其环境残留与去除备受关注。作为广泛使用的抗生素之一,磺胺甲恶唑在水土环境中的残留量不断增加,检出率也越来越高。研究表明,磺胺甲恶唑是少数几种可被微生物降解的抗生素之一,微生物降解法是最具潜力的残留磺胺甲恶唑去除手段。本文总结了磺胺甲恶唑在土壤、沉积物、活性污泥、混合菌群、酶等条件下的降解及已分离的具有降解能力的单菌株对磺胺甲恶唑的降解情况,包括其降解效率、降解条件等,归纳了目前磺胺甲恶唑微生物降解的主要分类,并讨论了影响磺胺甲恶唑降解的两个特有因素。指出从分子生物学及生物信息学角度研究其降解途径,降解菌、降解菌群的人工构建及其在含磺胺甲恶唑污水处理中的应用与效果评价等应为今后磺胺甲恶唑生物降解与应用研究的重点。 相似文献
17.
Luca Salvati Sofia Bajocco Tomaso Ceccarelli Marco Zitti Luigi Perini 《Ecological Indicators》2011,11(5):1216-1227
This paper illustrates a process-based approach aimed at classifying large areas into different classes of vulnerability to Mediterranean land and soil degradation (LD and SD). A wide set of environmental and socio-economic variables was used to describe five soil degradation processes (soil erosion, salinisation, sealing, contamination, and compaction) and climate taken together as the final determinants of LD in Italy. The elementary variables contributed to generate six thematic indicators which depict the level of vulnerability of the country to each degradation process. The Multivariate Soil Degradation Vulnerability Index (MSDVI) provided an estimation of the level of land vulnerability by aggregating the six indicators. Multidimensional analyses and Geographic Information System tools were used to derive the thematic indicators and the synthetic index. Results demonstrated that in Italy, climate, soil erosion, and soil compaction/agricultural intensification represent the soil degradation processes with a potentially higher role in determining vulnerability to LD, even if with different spatial configuration patterns. On average, the most vulnerable area was insular Italy, followed by southern Italy; northern and central Italy were found less vulnerable to LD, however the MSDVI was found locally high also in northern Italy. The validation tests performed on MSDVI by field assessment and comparison with ancillary data indicated that the index is a reliable proxy of land vulnerability to soil degradation. Advantages of this approach compared to other procedures aimed at assessing LD were finally discussed. 相似文献
18.
土壤生物质炭环境行为与环境效应 总被引:71,自引:0,他引:71
生物质炭具有高度稳定性和较强的吸附性能,可从气候、地质等多方面对环境产生影响,在全球气候变化、碳生物地球化学循环以及环境系统中发挥着非常重要的作用,长期以来成为国内外大气科学、地质学和环境科学领域研究的热点.作为土壤腐殖质中高度芳香化结构组分的可能来源,生物质炭对增加土壤碳库贮量、提高土壤肥力以及维持土壤生态系统平衡意义重大.本文重点概述了生物质炭特性、生物质炭生物与非生物氧化机理、生物质炭对全球气候变化的影响以及土壤生物质炭环境效应等方面的国内外研究进展,并对今后生物质炭在土壤生态系统中的环境行为和环境效应研究进行了简要的展望. 相似文献
19.
A co-metabolic degradation of tribenuron methyl bacterial strain NyZ42 was isolated from polluted agricultural soil and classified as genus Pseudomonas by its 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The degradation efficiency of tribenuron methyl was about 80% of the originally supplemented 200 mg l−1 tribenuron methyl in liquid minimal medium within four days, when either glucose or succinate was used as a supplemental carbon source. Three intermediates formed during the degradation of tribenuron methyl mediated by strain NyZ42 were captured by LC-MS, and two alternative pathways were proposed for the microbial mediated tribenuron methyl degradation, via either cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge or saponification of alkyl-group. Furthermore, inoculation of strain NyZ42 enhanced the degradation of tribenuron methyl in the sterilized soil samples, although the biodegradation/co-metabolism ability of NyZ42 was not obvious in the nonsterilized soil samples when compared with the indigenous microbial consortium under current laboratory conditions. 相似文献