17α-甲基睾酮对剑尾鱼的影响

目的研究17α-甲基睾酮暴露对产后雌性剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)性逆转组织形态学变化的影响,探讨剑尾鱼第二性征变化作为水环境风险评价(ERA)的有效生物学标记的可能性。方法使用浸浴法以10μg/L 17α-甲基睾酮为剑尾鱼染毒持续7周,对实验鱼的体形、腹鳍、臀鳍、尾鳍及性腺等组织器官的变化进行观察;同时对幼鱼在实验室养殖条件下的性别分化进行统计。结果 17α-甲基睾酮对产后雌鱼有明显的影响,受诱导后出现性逆转,逐渐发育形成雄性第二性征:体形变纤细;腹鳍第1鳍条变短、第2和第3鳍条延长,臀鳍第3、4、5鳍条末端钩状化且第3鳍条变粗壮,尾鳍上下缘出现增生;体内与臀鳍相连的骨骼合并生长;受诱导的雌鱼性腺呈现退化趋势并伴有卵细胞坏死现象,生殖能力受到负面影响。结论剑尾鱼臀鳍和尾鳍变化可作为水环境雄激素物质污染监测的有效生物学标记。     

17β-雌二醇对剑尾鱼卵黄蛋白原的诱导研究

目的研究17β-雌二醇(E2)暴露对雄性剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)卵黄蛋白原(vitellogenin,Vtg)诱导作用作为环境风险评价(ERA)的有效生物学标记的可行性。方法以E2诱导的剑尾鱼雄性个体的整体匀浆液为材料,采用Sephacryl S-300凝胶过滤层析柱和QSepharose阴离子交换柱从剑尾鱼体内提纯Vtg。结果确定了被纯化的剑尾鱼Vtg在4%~7.5%Native PAGE电泳中相对分子质量为540×103。4%~7.5%Native PAGE电泳后的凝胶分别利用苏丹黑B进行脂蛋白染色、高碘酸-Schiff试剂进行糖蛋白染色和甲基绿进行磷蛋白染色,表明剑尾鱼Vtg是一种富含糖、脂、磷的蛋白。结论表明雄性剑尾鱼卵黄蛋白原的诱导变化可作为环境风险评价(ERA)的有效生物学标记。     

17β-雌二醇对雄性剑尾鱼生长发育的影响

用组织学的方法研究了50μg/L 17β-雌二醇(E2)持续50d暴露对剑尾鱼精巢、肝脏和鳃组织结构变化的影响,结果显示,剑尾鱼受E2暴露后,精巢内的精小囊数量减少,精原细胞发育停滞,精子数量稀少甚至没有;肝细胞胞质内出现脂肪空泡和脂肪沉积等脂肪肝症状;鳃丝和鳃小片出现不同程度的肿胀、增生、融合现象.结果表明,E2具强雌激素效应.对剑尾鱼精巢、肝脏和鳃组织的损伤具有时间效应,随着暴露时间延长其损伤更严重,但都在其耐受范围之内,未造成鱼体的死亡.精巢组织结构损伤可作为检测水环境雌激素污染生物标记.     

苯并[a]芘暴露对三疣梭子蟹鳃、肝胰腺组织毒理学指标的影响

本文研究了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)在对苯并[a]芘(BaP)富集(15 d)、释放(15d)过程中其鳃和肝胰腺组织的4种毒理学指标的响应.4种毒理学指标分别为7-乙氧基异吩噁唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和脂质过氧化(LPO).设置了0.05 μg/L和0.45 μg/L两个实验组以及海水和丙酮对照组.结果显示,在富集阶段,与海水对照组相比,第1天时0.05 μg/L和0.45μg/L实验组鳃、肝胰腺组织的各毒理指标均显著受到诱导(P＜0.05),诱导程度随BaP暴露浓度的增加而增大.而后鳃、肝胰腺组织的EROD、GST活性以及鳃组织的SOD活性达到峰值后下降,肝胰腺组织的SOD活性以及鳃、肝胰腺组织的丙二醛(MDA)含量则持续增加.鳃组织的EROD、GST、SOD活性到达峰值时间早于肝胰腺组织,其活性以及MDA含量也低于肝胰腺组织.在释放阶段,0.45pg/L实验组鳃组织的SOD活性,0.05μ-g/L和0.45 μg/L两个实验组肝胰腺组织的SOD活性均依然显著高于同期海水对照组水平(P＜0.05),其余各浓度实验组鳃、肝胰腺组织均能恢复到同期海水对照组水平(P＞ 0.05).实验结果表明,三疣梭子蟹的鳃组织对于BaP暴露响应时间比肝胰腺组织更早,但均具有一定的恢复能力.     

雌二醇、壬基酚、多氯联苯、镉和锌暴露对唐鱼体内超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

目的 研究雌二醇(E2)、壬基酚(NP)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、镉(Cd2+)和锌(Zn2+)单独以及联合暴露对唐鱼体内SOD酶活力的影响.方法设计不同浓度的单一物质及混合物对唐鱼14 d暴露染毒,定量测定7、14d体内SOD酶活力的变化.结果 ①低浓度E2处理唐鱼7d可诱导SOD活性显著上升,时间延长、浓度升高时SOD活性无明显变化;②低浓度NP对SOD活性没有明显的影响,高浓度NP使SOD活性极显著上升;③中高浓度组PCBs处理7、14 d,低浓度组PCBs处理14 d时SOD活性被抑制,抑制程度随着时间的延长和浓度的升高有增强的趋势;④Cd2+、Zn2+各浓度组都对唐鱼体内的SOD活性产生了一定的抑制作用,并且抑制程度随着时间的延长而加深.结论 E2、NP、PCBs、Cd2+、Zn2+对唐鱼的SOD酶活力有明显影响,它们单独作用时的SOD活性与暴露浓度之间存在良好的剂量-效应关系.联合作用效应与暴露时间和(或)各物质浓度有关,大部分表现为毒性增强.     

菲对斑马鱼鳃和肝组织结构的影响

采用浓度为0、0.05和100.0 μg·L-1的菲水溶液对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)进行36 d的暴露实验,研究了菲对斑马鱼鳃、肝结构的影响.H-E染色显示:在0.05和100.0 μg·L-1的菲溶液暴露下,受试鱼的鳃受到损伤,均发生鳃小片上皮细胞肥大和水肿;菲浓度为100.0 μg·L-1时,受试鱼还发生鳃丝上皮增厚、鳃小片上皮隆起现象.此外,菲暴露造成斑马鱼的肝组织损伤,0.05 μg·L-1的菲溶液暴露下,受试鱼的肝细胞发生肿大,胞质产生空泡;菲浓度为100.0 μg·L-1时,受试鱼的肝细胞变得不规则,细胞核萎缩变形和偏离细胞中心,部分肝细胞空泡化程度加重,发生核溶解或细胞溶解,造成局部肝组织坏死.表明水环境中菲浓度达到0.05 μg·L-1即已对斑马鱼的鳃、肝产生毒性作用;而菲浓度达到100.0 μg·L-1时,受试鱼的鳃、肝将受到较严重的损伤;伴随菲浓度的升高,鱼的鳃、肝损伤加重.     

17β-雌二醇对雄性剑尾鱼精巢和肝发育的影响

用组织学的方法研究了50μg/L 17β-雌二醇(E2)持续50 d暴露对剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)精巢和肝组织结构变化的影响.结果显示,剑尾鱼受E2暴露后,精巢内的精小囊数量减少,精原细胞发育停滞,精子数量稀少甚至没有;肝细胞胞质内出现脂肪空泡和脂肪沉积等脂肪肝症状.结果表明,E2具强雌激素效应,对剑尾鱼精巢和肝组织的损伤具有时间效应,随着暴露时间延长其损伤更严重,但都在其耐受范围之内,未造成鱼体的死亡.精巢组织结构损伤可作为检测水环境雌激素污染生物标记.     

镧对鲤鱼五种组织超氧化物歧化酶同工酶及酶活性的影响

将鲤鱼暴露于不同浓度的氯化镧溶液120 d,研究稀土元素镧对鲤鱼脑、肝胰脏、肾、鳃、肌肉5种组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶及酶活性的长期影响,结果表明:镧对SOD的影响表现出一定的组织差异性.在实验浓度范围内(0.01～5 mg/L),镧对肝胰脏、鳃、肌肉SOD均有明显抑制作用,且与对照组相比相差显著或极显著(P< 0.05或P< 0.01),而脑、肾SOD活性与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05).同工酶电泳实验结果表明:镧能使鲤鱼肝胰脏、脑、肾、肌肉、鳃SOD酶带活性强弱发生明显变化,还能使肝胰脏SOD同工酶酶带缺失.     

苯并[a]芘暴露对三疣梭子蟹鳃、肝胰腺组织毒理学指标的影响1

本文研究了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)在对苯并[a]芘(Ba P)富集(15 d)、释放(15 d)过程中其鳃和肝胰腺组织的4种毒理学指标的响应。4种毒理学指标分别为7-乙氧基异吩噁唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和脂质过氧化(LPO)。设置了0.05μg/L和0.45μg/L两个实验组以及海水和丙酮对照组。结果显示,在富集阶段,与海水对照组相比,第1天时0.05μg/L和0.45μg/L实验组鳃、肝胰腺组织的各毒理指标均显著受到诱导(P0.05),诱导程度随Ba P暴露浓度的增加而增大。而后鳃、肝胰腺组织的EROD、GST活性以及鳃组织的SOD活性达到峰值后下降,肝胰腺组织的SOD活性以及鳃、肝胰腺组织的丙二醛(MDA)含量则持续增加。鳃组织的EROD、GST、SOD活性到达峰值时间早于肝胰腺组织,其活性以及MDA含量也低于肝胰腺组织。在释放阶段,0.45μg/L实验组鳃组织的SOD活性,0.05μg/L和0.45μg/L两个实验组肝胰腺组织的SOD活性均依然显著高于同期海水对照组水平(P0.05),其余各浓度实验组鳃、肝胰腺组织均能恢复到同期海水对照组水平(P0.05)。实验结果表明,三疣梭子蟹的鳃组织对于Ba P暴露响应时间比肝胰腺组织更早,但均具有一定的恢复能力。     

高效氯氰菊酯对草鱼器官酸性磷酸酶活性的影响

研究了暴露于不同高效氯氰菊酯浓度下草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellas鳃、肝胰脏和肾脏的酸性磷酸酶(Acid Phosphatase,ACP)的活性变化。实验中高效氯氰菊酯浓度设5组,其中对照组1个(0μg/L),处理组4个(0.5μg/L、1.0μg/L、3.0μg/L、5.0μg/L)。每组随机投放40尾草鱼,分别于1d、5d、12d取样,测定鳃、肝胰脏和肾脏的ACP活性。结果显示,鳃ACP活性低浓度(0.5μg/L、1.0μg/L)短时间(1d)暴露下显著增加(P<0.01),高浓度(3.0μg/L、5.0μg/L)暴露时显著下降(P<0.01);肝胰脏ACP活性暴露1d时,除0.5μg/L组外,其他处理组均显著下降(P<0.05、P<0.01),暴露5d、12d时,各处理组均显著上升(P<0.05、P<0.01);肾脏ACP活性除0.5μg/L组在暴露1d、5d时无显著变化(P>0.05)外,其他处理组在暴露时间内均显著下降(P<0.01)。实验表明:高效氯氰菊酯能够通过影响草鱼鳃、肝胰脏和肾脏中酶的活性,干扰这些器官的代谢平衡,进而对这些器官产生毒害作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.