甘肃石羊河流域人工种植长穗柽柳树干液流量变化规律研究

采用SF200热脉冲液测定仪对人工种植长穗柽柳的树干液流进行连续监测;利用管式-时域反射仪测定长穗柽柳根区附近3m深土壤含水量,并用自动气象站对太阳辐射,空气温度,相对湿度,风速等主要气象因子进行同步监测,基于上述试验数据,分析长穗柽柳树干液流量的日季变化规律及与环境因子的关系。结果表明,人工种植环境下,霜冻对长穗柽柳树干液流量的影响较大,随着时间的推移,长穗柽柳日液流量可能会因环境因子的变化而上下波动,但总体上是逐渐减少的趋势;气象因子对长穗柽柳日液流量的影响依次为：太阳辐射〉气温〉空气水汽压差〉大气相对湿度〉风速。     

干旱荒漠区沙冬青茎干液流变化特征及其与气象因子的关系

采用热平衡包裹式树干液流仪(stem heat balance,SHB)监测沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)茎干液流日变化,并利用自动气象站同步监测太阳辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度、风速等气象因子日变化,研究沙冬青茎干液流在不同季节和天气条件下的日变化特征及其与环境气象因子的关系.研究表明:(1)在夏季沙冬青茎干液流昼夜区别明显,且变幅较大,液流于8:00~9:00开始启动,并迅速于9:00左右达到峰值,然后立即有一个大幅度的下降,后在小幅度波动中维持到19:00左右停止;沙冬青茎干液流在夜间较弱;(2)不同天气条件对沙冬青液流的变化影响较大,沙冬青茎干液流速率的总体变化幅度表现为晴天>阴天>沙尘天气;(3)各季节典型天气下沙冬青茎干液流速率表现为夏季>春季>冬季;生长季茎干液流启动时间早,液流量大;春季液流启动时间次之,液流量变化平缓,维持时间长;冬季液流启动时间最迟,液流变化速率大且维持时间短;(4)沙冬青茎干液流与气象因子的关系密切,其中与太阳辐射的关系最为密切,其次是空气温度和相对湿度,影响最小的是风速.     

毛竹液流特征及其与环境因子的关系

运用Dynamax液流测量系统监测浙江庙山坞自然保护区毛竹液流的日变化,采用型号为EQ-15的土壤水势仪监测0～100cm土层的土壤水势,利用自动气象站同步监测太阳总辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度、风速等气象因子。结果表明:晴朗天气条件下毛竹液流的日变化过程呈现单峰曲线,具有显著的昼夜变化规律,且变幅大;阴雨天气时液流日变化过程呈双峰或多峰曲线,而且日均液流速率和日液流量均低于晴朗天气,变化较平缓;不同径阶毛竹液流速率波动规律相同,但径级较大毛竹的日均液流速率和液流量较大一些。当0～100cm土层土壤水势在-13～-10kPa时,毛竹液流速率与土壤水势相关性不显著,但当土壤水势低于-200kPa左右时,液流速率和土壤水势呈正相关,土壤水分含量成为限制液流速率的主要因子之一;相关性分析表明,边材液流速率与空气温度、空气相对湿度、光合有效辐射、总辐射、水蒸气压亏缺呈极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度呈极显著负相关。太阳辐射、气温、空气湿度、风速等环境因子作自变量,以液流速率作因变量,经过逐步回归,建立了液流速率与环境因子的多元线性模型。     

甘肃石羊河流域干旱荒漠区花棒蒸腾耗水量

研究了甘肃石羊河流域干旱荒漠区天然生长条件下花棒的蒸腾耗水规律．结果表明：花棒木质部液流速率随探针插入深度的加大呈“高-低”变化趋势;主根直径较小的花棒各位点的平均液流速率上升速度较快,变幅较大;不同主根直径花棒的液流量相差较大,但变化趋势较为一致,即昼夜变幅较大,夜间液流量较小,白天液流量较大,呈多峰曲线;日液流量与蒸发蒸腾量ET0呈线性相关,蒸腾耗水主要在6-9月,占生长季总蒸腾量的79．04％;花棒生长后期日液流量与0—50cm深沙层含水量呈显著相关,与其它层含水量无明显相关性;气象因素对花棒树干液流量影响的大小表现为日均气温〉空气水汽压差〉风速．     

南方红壤区杜仲 (Eucommia ulmoides)树干液流动态

采用根据热平衡原理设计的热扩散探针(Thermal dissipation sap flow velocity probe,TDP),于2004年7月到10月对南方红壤区的杜仲人工林的树干液流进行连续监测,结合所测定的相关因子,分析杜仲液流的变化规律及其与各因子的关系。结果表明,在不同月份,杜仲液流速率的日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰曲线,但是树干液流在启动时间、峰值出现时间上存在差异;从7月到10月份,杜仲树干液流速率逐渐增大,10月份液流速率达到1.818 g/(cm2.h);杜仲液流速率与太阳辐射、空气相对湿度、温度、风速等气象因子相关性显著,但是太阳辐射和空气相对湿度是影响杜仲液流的重要因子,其中7月到9月份,太阳辐射是主要影响因子,而10月份,空气相对湿度占主导地位;树干液流与胸径、冠层厚度以及胸径平方与树高之积呈现出显著的相关性。     

测定位点对计算梨树树干液流的影响

采用热脉冲法,研究了不同测定位点对计算梨树树干液流速率和液流量的影响.结果表明,不同时期内,各方向木质部液质比、木质比径向变幅分别为0.01～0.03和0～0.02,而同一深度木质部液质比和木质比季节变幅分别为0.02～0.09和0.02～0.08. 用同一月份不同深度木质部液质比和木质比参数计算特定深度液流速率差异不显著;而用不同时期测定的同一深度木质部参数计算特定月份相应深度液流速率差异显著或极显著.内层2个、4个测点平均低估液流量是外层相应测定位点的1.5和4.9倍,距形成层0～0.6四个位点的液流量基本可以代表整树耗水量.     

干旱区枸杞树干液流变化特征及其影响因素

树干液流作为植物蒸散作用的水分来源,是植物水分消耗的直观量化监测指标,利用包裹式树干液流监测技术获取干旱区枸杞全生育期树干液流实时数据,分析了不同时间尺度树干液流变化特征及各气象要素对树干液流的影响,为明晰枸杞耗水规律及其影响因素提供了重要的佐证。结果表明:枸杞的树干液流量昼夜差异较大,白天液流量是夜间的10倍左右;晴天液流速率、日累积量及变化幅度均大于阴雨天气,晴天液流速率变化曲线且呈宽峰型,在06:30左右启动较阴天提前30min;夏季树干液流启动时间为6:00比秋季提前1h左右,夏季的峰值123g/h。盛果期液流速率最大10.32g/h,营养生长期最小1.35 g/h;6—8月旺盛生长季,平均日耗水1388.3g/d,5—11月全生育期日均耗水1102.7g/d;树干液流速率与太阳辐射、空气温度均呈极显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系;枸杞树干液流(F)与太阳辐射(S)、温度(T)、相对湿度(H)及饱和水汽压(VPD)符合方程F=41.5+0.167S-0.563H+1.36T-9.67VPD(R~2=0.6547)。     

石羊河流域干旱荒漠绿洲区不同滴灌模式下葡萄茎液流变化及其与环境因子的关系

研究了石羊河流域干旱荒漠绿洲区交替滴灌（ADI）、固定滴灌（FDI）和常规滴灌（CDI）模式下葡萄茎液流的变化规律及其与气象因子和土壤含水率的相关关系.结果表明：研究区葡萄茎液流表现出与太阳辐射同步的昼夜变化节律;新梢生长期和开花期CDI处理的茎液流量显著大于其它两个处理;影响瞬时茎液流的主要气象因子是太阳辐射和气温,日茎液流量与平均气温和风速具有线性相关关系;不同灌溉方式下葡萄茎液流与气象因素的相关程度依次为：CDI>ADI>FDI;葡萄日茎液流量与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET₀）呈显著线性相关关系.与CDI相比,ADI节省50%水量,而茎液流总量仅降低6.56%,且其葡萄茎液流和水分传导具有明显的补偿效应.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区中间锦鸡儿整株丛树干液流特征与环境因子的关系

运用Granier热扩散探针技术,测定了中间锦鸡儿整株丛树干液流日进程及其月动态变化,并分析了树干液流变化与同步测定的太阳辐射强度、空气温度、空气相对湿度、土壤温度等环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:中间锦鸡儿整株丛树干液流昼夜变化可分为4个明显的阶段:1)液流量迅速上升阶段;2)液流量最大的稳定阶段;3)液流量迅速降低阶段;4)液流量较小的稳定阶段。中间锦鸡儿整株丛树干液流量的月变化特征,除10月有明显下降外,其余各月的树干液流量并没有明显的差异;在5月、7月、9月树干液流的变化都滞后于太阳辐射而提前于水汽压亏缺,存在一定的时滞现象。从整株丛树干液流量和环境因子的相关关系来看,太阳辐射强度在该研究区是影响中间锦鸡儿整株丛树干液流的关键因子;在遇到突发性降雨时,中间锦鸡儿整株丛树干液流量会随着降水的增加而迅速升高,但时间上要滞后于降水量达到最大值的时间。     

侧柏树干边材液流空间变化规律

利用热扩散探针配合自动气象站,于2005年在北京林业大学妙峰山试验林场对侧柏树干边材液流指标空间变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:侧柏树干不同高度边材液流速率随树干高度的升高而增加,而且高层液流峰值的出现时间要比低层早,高层液流曲线尖窄,曲线斜率大,低层液流曲线变化缓慢,曲线斜率小.不同高度的平均液流速率峰值:6.6m处为0.015cm·s-1,4.6m处为0.009cm·s-1,2.6m处为0.006cm·s-1,0.6m处为0.003cm·s-1;无论是液流速率还是连日耗水量,不同直径的单株均表现出沿直径的增加而增加,但液流速率随直径的变化并不是线性的;土壤的含水量限制了树木的耗水能力,日平均液流通量与土壤含水量呈现良好的S型关系,其中与土层20～40cm层关系更为密切;不同气象因子对树干的液流影响方式不同,太阳辐射强度、大气温度和风速与液流指标呈正相关,并且属于第一主分量,对液流的影响较为直接,空气相对湿度和土壤温度与液流指标呈负相关,属于第二主分量,对液流的影响较为缓慢.通过多元线性回归,得出各气象因子和液流相关性均比较高,说明通过气象因子对树干液流进行预测是切实可行的.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.