山楂醇提取物对大鼠离体胃、肠平滑肌条收缩性的影响

目的:考察山楂醇提取液对大鼠离体胃、肠平滑肌的影响.方法:本研究以大鼠的离体胃、肠平滑肌条为模型,考察在正常克氏液条件下加入山楂提取液大鼠胃、肠平滑肌条收缩状况.同时观察乙酰胆碱、阿托品作用下加入山楂提取液大鼠肠平滑肌条收缩状况.结果:山楂醇提取液在5-20mg生药/ml浓度范围内可显著抑制大鼠胃、肠平滑肌条的运动,且具有明显剂量依赖性.山楂醇提取液(20mg生药/ml)可拮抗乙酰胆碱引起的胃肠平滑肌的强烈收缩,山楂醇提取液(20mg生药/ml)可对抗阿托品引起的肠平滑肌的舒张作用.结论:山楂醇提取液对大鼠胃、肠平滑肌条的收缩具有明显的抑制作用.     

焦山楂醇提物对大鼠离体胃、肠平滑肌条收缩性的影响

目的:观察焦山楂醇提取液对大鼠离体胃、肠平滑肌的影响.方法:本研究以大鼠的离体胃、肠平滑肌条为模型,观察在正常克氏液条件下加入焦山楂醇提取液后大鼠胃、肠平滑肌条收缩状况.同时观察乙酰胆碱、阿托品作用下加入焦山楂提取液对大鼠胃、肠平滑肌运动的影响.结果:焦山楂醇提取液在4-8 mg生药/ml浓度范围内可显著抑制大鼠胃、肠平滑肌条的运动,且具有明显剂量依赖性.焦山楂醇提取液(8mg生药/ml)可拮抗乙酰胆碱引起的胃肠平滑肌的强烈收缩和阿托品引起的肠平滑肌的舒张作用.结论:焦山楂醇提取液对大鼠胃、肠平滑肌条的收缩具有明显的抑制作用.     

胞内钙释放在胃泌素引起胃平滑肌细胞收缩中的作用

本研究用大鼠游离的胃平滑肌细胞,观察五肽胃泌素（G5）对胃平滑肌细胞的收编作用及胃泌索引起胃平滑肌细胞收缩时胞内游离钙释放作用。结果表明：（1）G5能够引起胃体、胃窦、幽门平滑肌细胞收缩,并对胃窦作用最强。在G54×10－8～16×10－8mol／L剂量范围内,呈剂量依赖性。（2）丙谷胺或抗胃泌素血清可以阻断G5对胃肌细胞的收缩反应,而阿托品则不影响G5的作用。（3）G5与乙酸胆碱对平滑肌细胞收缩有相加作用。（4）胞内钙释放阻断剂TMB-8可抑制G5对胃肌细胞的收缩作用。（5）G5作用于胃窦平滑肌细胞后胞内游离Ca2 显著上升。上述结果提示：胃泌素通过特异性受体引起胃平滑肌细胞收缩,其收缩作用通过胞内Ca2 释放介导。     

辣椒素和厄贝沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞表型转化的影响

探讨辣椒素和厄贝沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(Vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)表型转化的影响。体外构建自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞系,采用免疫荧光法鉴定后,分别用20μmol/L辣椒素(高剂量组)、10μmol/L辣椒素(中剂量组)、5μmol/L辣椒素(低剂量组)和1μmol/L厄沙贝坦直接处理细胞或特异性阻断CD36的表达后,再分别用20、10、5μmol/L辣椒素及1μmol/L厄贝沙坦处理,采用qRT-PCR和Western Blot检测α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-Smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、骨桥蛋白(Osteopontin,OPN)mRNA和蛋白水平变化,流式细胞术检测CD36的表达。与对照组相比,辣椒素组和厄贝沙坦组OPN和CD36表达均有所下调,α-SMA表达均有所上调;阻断CD36表达后,辣椒素组和厄贝沙坦组OPN表达均有所下调,α-SMA表达均有所上调;与阻断前相比,阻断后厄贝沙坦组和辣椒素组OPN表达均有所下调,α-SMA表达均有所上调。辣椒素和厄贝沙坦均能够通过上调α-SMA的表达,下调OPN的表达,抑制CD36的表达,来促进自发性高血压大鼠VSMCs由合成表型向收缩表型转化,从而促进其动脉管壁恢复正常的生理功能,有助于降低自发性高血压大鼠的血压。     

瞬时感受器电位A1通道参与冷刺激引起的离体大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩(英文)

瞬时感受器电位A1(transient receptor potential A1,TRPA1)通道是一种可以被伤害性冷刺激激活的TRP家族离子通道。本研究的目的是探讨TRPA1通道是否参与冷刺激引起的大鼠结肠平滑肌收缩及其可能的机制。分离雄性Wistar大鼠升结肠和降结肠的平滑肌,制备成肌条,灌流不同温度Krebs液给予冷刺激,然后17°C冷刺激条件下用不同药物灌流,用张力换能器记录张力变化。逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)检测上述平滑肌中TRPA1、TRPM8和TRPV1的mRNA表达。结果显示,在大鼠升结肠和降结肠的平滑肌层有TRPA1的表达,但无TRPM8和TRPV1的表达。肌张力研究显示,不同温度(32、25、17、12°C)的冷刺激可以引起大鼠升结肠和降结肠纵行平滑肌的收缩,并且收缩张力随着温度降低而增强,17°C冷刺激可引起最大收缩(P0.01)。TRPA1的阻断剂钌红(30μmol/L)可以抑制冷刺激引起的升、降结肠平滑肌的收缩(P0.05)。TRPA1激动剂异硫氰酸烯丙酯(AITC,300μmol/L)和桂皮醛(CA,1mmol/L)预处理肌条后,可降低或几乎取消冷刺激引起的升结肠(P0.01,P0.05)和降结肠(均P0.001)平滑肌的收缩。去除细胞外Ca2+(EGTA,1mmol/L)、PLC阻断剂U73122(10μmol/L)、IP3受体阻断剂2-APB(30μmol/L)均可抑制17°C冷刺激引起的升、降结肠平滑肌的收缩(P0.001,P0.05,P0.001)。阿托品(1μmol/L)则对17oC冷刺激引起的升、降结肠平滑肌的收缩均无影响。L-型钙通道阻断剂硝苯地平(1μmol/L)和神经毒素河豚毒素(2μmol/L)可抑制降结肠平滑肌的收缩(P0.01,P0.05),而对升结肠没有作用。综上所述,TRPA1通道参与冷刺激引起的大鼠升结肠和降结肠平滑肌的收缩,其胞内信号转导机制可能涉及PLC/IP3/Ca2+途径的激活。另外,L-型钙通道和非M受体介导的神经机制部分参与冷刺激引起的降结肠平滑肌收缩,这可能是降结肠收缩张力大于升结肠的原因。     

三羟异黄酮对豚鼠心室肌细胞内游离钙浓度的影响

用激光共聚焦显微镜观察研究三羟异黄酮(genistein,GST)对豚鼠心室肌细胞内游离钙浓度([Ca^2 ]i)的影响。结果用相对荧光强度(FI-F0／FX0,％)表示。实验结果显示,在正常台氏液、无钙台氏液和正常台氏液中加入3mmol／L EGTA后,GST(10～40μmol／L)浓度依赖性地降低细胞内钙浓度。蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂正钒酸钠(sodium orthovanadate)和L-型Ca^2 通道激动剂Bay K8644可部分抑制正常台氏液时GST的效应。当细胞外液钙浓度由1mmol／L增加到10mmol／L而诱发心室肌细胞钙超载时,部分心室肌细胞产生可传播的钙波,GST(40μmol／L)可降低钙波的传播速度和持续时间,最终阻断钙波。以上结果提示,GST降低心室肌细胞内游离钙浓度,此作用与其抑制电压依赖性Ca^2 通道、减弱酪氨酸激酶抑制和豚鼠心室肌细胞肌浆网内钙释放有关。     

辣椒素对家兔房室结细胞自发活动的电生理效应

本工作旨在研究辣椒素对家兔房室结细胞自发活动的电生理效应及其作用机制.应用经典玻璃微电极记录方法,观察到辣椒素(1～30 μmol/L)剂量依赖性地抑制房室结起搏细胞的动作电位幅度,零相最大上升速度(Vmax),舒张期除极速度和起搏放电频率,而且延长复极化90%时间(APD90).应用L型钙通道开放剂Bay K8644(0.5 μmol/L),以及提高灌流液中钙离子浓度(5 mmol/L),均可抑制辣椒素对起搏细胞的电生理效应.辣椒素受体阻断剂钌红(10μmol/L)对辣椒素(10μmol/L)的上述电生理效应并无影响.上述结果表明,辣椒素能抑制家兔房室结的自发活动,此效应可能与其抑制钙离子内流有关,但并非由辣椒素受体介导.     

胃动素对大鼠胃平滑肌细胞收缩活动的作用

本研究用大鼠游离的胃平滑肌细胞,观察胃动素对胃平滑肌细胞的收缩作用。结果表明：（１）胃动素明显增强单个胃平滑肌细胞收缩活动,在生理剂量１０（－１１）─１０（－１０）ｍｏｌ范围内,呈剂量依赖性。（２）不同胃分区平滑肌细胞对冒动素兴奋反应不同,胃动素对胃窦平滑肌细胞收缩强度大于胃体和幽门。（３）给予抗胃动素血清可以完全取消胃动素对胃肌细胞的收缩反应,而阿托品、ＴＴＸ、甲氰米胍、ｌｏｘｉｇｌｕｍｉｄｅ均不影响胃动素的作用。（４）给予胞内钙释放阻断剂ＴＭＢ－８可抑制胃动素对目肌细胞的收缩作用。上述结果提示,胃动素对胃平滑肌细胞的直接作用是由胃动素受体所介导,且与胞内Ｃａ（２＋）释放起重要作用。     

MCI-154对大鼠心肌细胞的变力作用

钙增敏剂具有正性肌力作用,同时不增加细胞内钙浓度,因此可避免导致心律失常和最终心肌细胞死亡的钙超载。然而大部分钙增敏剂对心肌舒张功能有损害作用。MCI-154是一种钙增敏剂,但不损害舒张功能。为阐明其变力作用机制,我们应用离子成像技术研究了MCI-154对分离的单个大鼠心室肌细胞钙瞬变和收缩的影响,利用膜片钳技术观察了MCI-154对大鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙电流和Na^ ／Ca^2 交换电流的影响。结果表明：(1)MCI-154在1μmol／L至100μmol／L的浓度范围内对L-型钙电流（ICa-L)无直接影响：(2)MCI-154在轻微增加钙瞬变幅度和缩短心肌钙瞬变TR50和TR90的情况下,呈剂量依赖性地增加大鼠心室肌细胞的缩短;(3)MCI-154剂量依赖性地增加正常大鼠心室肌细胞的Na^ ／Ca^2 交换电流。这些结果提示：MCI-154不仅剂量依赖性地发挥了正性变力作用,对舒张功能也没有损害作用,明显不同于其它钙增敏剂,而且还轻微改善了大鼠心室肌细胞的舒张。其对内向Na^ ／Ca^2 交换电流的激动作用会加快钙内流,导致TR50和TR90的缩短,提示MCI-154是通过正向Na^ ／Ca^2 交换改善舒张功能的。     

腺苷减少豚鼠心室肌细胞内游离钙浓度

目的：研究腺苷对豚鼠心室肌细胞内游离钙浓度（[Ca^2＋]i）的影响并探讨其可能机制。方法：用激光共聚焦显微镜探测细胞内游离钙浓度,结果用相对荧光强度（（FI-FI0）／FI0,％;FI0：对照;FI：给药）表示。结果：①在正常台氏液和无钙台氏液中,腺苷（10,50,100μmol／L）浓度依赖性地降低[Ca^2＋];。②含30mmol／L KCl的台氏液（高钾台氏液）能够增加[Ca^2＋]i。腺苷（10,50,100μmol／L）能够显著抑制KCl引起的[Ca^2＋]i的增加。③预先应用选择性腺苷AI受体拮抗剂DPCPX（1μmol／L）,可大部分取消腺苷（100μmol／L）在高钾台氏液中的作用。腺苷（100μmol／L）在高钾台氏液的作用也可被预先应用一氧化氮（No）合酶抑制剂L-NAME（1mmol／L）所部分减弱。④腺苷（100μmol／L）能明显抑制无钙台氏液中由低浓度ryanodine引起的[Ca^2＋];增加。⑤当细胞外液钙浓度由1mmol／L增加到10mmol／L而诱发心室肌细胞钙超载时,部分心室肌细胞产生可传播的钙波,腺苷（100μmol／L）可降低钙波发生的频率和持续时间,最终阻断钙波并降低[Ca^2＋];。结论：腺苷可通过抑制外钙内流和减少肌浆网内钙释放从而降低[Ca^2＋],其减少外钙内流可能是由于腺苷A1受体介导的电压依赖性Ca^2＋通道的抑制,NO可能参与这一过程。     

姜黄素对小鼠离体十二指肠平滑肌舒缩活动的影响

目的:本研究采用小鼠离体十二指肠平滑肌观察姜黄素对胃肠道蠕动的影响,探讨其作用机制。方法:取小鼠离体十二指肠平滑肌条,放入37℃Krebs液浴槽中,通入95%氧气和5%二氧化碳混合气体,分组进行下列实验:对照组和分别加入10-40 M姜黄素组,测量记录十二指肠平滑肌的自主收缩变化;另取一组平滑肌条,分对照组、乙酰胆碱组、乙酰胆碱+姜黄素组、阿托品组、阿托品+姜黄素组,采用张力换能器连接多通道生理信号采集处理系统,测量比较十二指肠平滑肌舒缩的变化。结果:小鼠十二指肠平滑肌加入姜黄素孵育后,其自主收缩幅度有明显下降(P0.01),而且降低的幅度与姜黄素剂量相关;给与乙酰胆碱引起十二指肠收缩后,再加姜黄素孵育,十二指肠平滑肌的收缩幅度明显的下降(P0.01);给予阿托品引起小鼠平滑肌舒张后,再给予姜黄素孵育,平滑肌收缩幅度进一步降低。结论:姜黄素对小鼠离体十二指肠平滑肌具有直接舒张作用。     

缩胆囊素和促胰液素对豚鼠离体胃平滑肌运动的影响

用８个肌槽同时记录豚鼠胃不同部位肌条的收缩活动,以观察八肽缩胆囊素（ＣＣＫ－８）和促胰液素的影响。结果表明：ＣＣＫ－８能（１）增高各部位纵行肌和环行肌的张力;（２）加快胃体纵行肌,胃窦纵行肌、环行肌和幽门环行肌的收缩频率;（３）增大胃窦环行肌收缩波平均振幅和（４）增加幽门环行肌收缩波运动指数,但减少胃体和胃窦纵行肌收缩波平均振幅。上述作用均不能被阿托品和消炎病所阻断。而促胰液素对各部位肌条的收缩活动没有明显的影响。     

Bombesin-induced changes in membrane potential-dependent phasic contractions of cat gastric muscle

Electrical and contractile activities of smooth muscle strips isolated from the circular muscle layer of cat gastric antrum were studied using the sucrose gap technique. Bombesin (10(-8) mol/l) depolarized the gastric muscle; this was accompanied by an increase in the strip tone, in the plateau action potential frequency and in both the frequency and the amplitude of the spike potentials as well as by a shortening of the plateau action potential duration. Both the frequency and the amplitude of the phasic contractions increased thereafter. The changes in the frequency of the plateau action potentials and contractions were not influenced either by antagonists of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors or by TTX. In the presence of the Ca antagonists D600 (10(-6) mol/l) and nifedipine (10(-7) mol/l) or in Ca-free medium containing EGTA the effect of bombesin on the frequency of the plateau action potentials and phasic contractions remained unchanged; however, spike potentials were not observed and no increase in the amplitude of phasic contractions occurred. UV-light inactivation of nifedipine restored the typical bombesin effect on the electrical and contractile activities of the gastric smooth muscle. The present data suggest that the effect of bombesin on the frequency of both plateau action potentials and phasic contractions is not linked with Ca2+ influx.     

Participation of cholinergic pathways in α-hederin-induced contraction of rat isolated stomach strips

The dry extract of Hedra helix leaves and its main active compounds, predominantly α-hederin and hederacoside C, has been traditionally believed to act spasmolytic. However, it has been recently proved that both, the extract of ivy and triterpenoid saponins, exhibit strong contractile effect on rat isolated stomach smooth muscle strips. It turned out that the most potent contractile agent isolated from the extract of ivy leaves is α-hederin. Thus, it seems reasonable to estimate the mechanism of the contractile effect of this saponin. The presented study was aimed at verifying the participation of cholinergic pathways (muscarinic and nicotine receptors) in α-hederin-induced contraction. The experiments were carried out on rat isolated stomach corpus and fundus strips under isotonic conditions. The preparations were preincubated with either atropine or hexamethonium and then exposed to α-hederin. All results are expressed as the percentage of the response to acetylcholine - a reference contractile agent. The obtained results revealed that the pretreatment of isolated stomach strips (corpus and fundus) with atropine neither prevented nor remarkably reduced the reaction of the preparations to α-hederin. Similarly, if the application of saponin was preceded by the administration of hexamethonium, the strength of the contraction of stomach fundus strips induced by α-hederin was not modified. Concluding, it can be assumed that the cholinergic pathways do not participate in α-hederin-evoked contraction of rat isolated stomach preparations.     

Contractile effects of 16-methyl analogues of PGE2 on the circular and longitudinal muscles of the guinea-pig isolated colon.

The mechanical effects of 16-methyl analogues of PGE2, mainly 16,16-dimethyl PGE2, on circular and longitudinal muscles of the guinea-pig isolated proximal colon were investigated. In circular muscle strips, PGE2 100 nM produced an initial contraction followed by relaxation, while 16(R)-methyl PGE2 and 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 (1 nM - 1 microM) produced sustained contractions. In longitudinal muscle strips, PGE2 and 16-methyl analogues of PGE2 produced only contractions. The contractile responses of both muscle strips to 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 were not influenced by atropine or tetrodotoxin, indicating that these analogues act directly on the muscles, but were eliminated by the omission of extracellular Ca ions or in the presence of 1 mM lanthanum ions. However, verapamil, a Ca channel blocker, did not block the contractile response to the methyl analogues in circular muscle strips, although it completely inhibited the contractile response of longitudinal muscle strips. These results suggest that the contractile effect of 16-methyl analogues of PGE2 on the circular muscle may be due to an increased influx of Ca ions mainly via receptor-sensitive and partly voltage-sensitive Ca channels, while the contractile effect of the analogues on the longitudinal muscle may be due to an increase in influx of Ca ions via voltage-sensitive Ca channels.     

Effects of some autonomic drugs and neuropeptides on the mechanical activity of longitudinal and circular muscle strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb (Cyprinus carpio)

1. The mechanical responses to some autonomic drugs and neuropeptides of longitudinal muscle (LM) and circular muscle (CM) strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb were investigated in vitro. 2. Acetylcholine and carbamylcholine caused concentration-dependent transient contraction of both LM and CM strips. Tetrodotoxin had no effect, but atropine selectively decreased the contractile responses to acetylcholine and carbamylcholine. 3. Excitatory alpha-2 and inhibitory beta adrenoceptors were present in both LM and CM strips. 4. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) caused concentration-dependent contraction of both LM and CM strips. Tetrodotoxin, atropine and methysergide decreased the contractile responses to 5-HT. 5. Some neuropeptides (angiotensin I, angiotensin II, bombesin, bradykinin, neurotensin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) did not cause any mechanical response (contraction or relaxation) in either smooth muscle strip. 6. Substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and neurokinin B (NKB) caused contraction of both LM and CM strips. However, the time course of the contraction in LM was different from that in CM. The order of potency was NKA greater than SP greater than NKB in LM strips and NKA greater than SP much greater than NKB in CM strips. In LM strips, the contractile responses to tachykinins were unaffected by spantide and methysergide, but partly decreased by tetrodotoxin and atropine. On the other hand, the contractile responses of CM strips were unaffected by tetrodotoxin, atropine, methysergide and spantide. 7. Dynorphin (1-13) (DYN), leucine-enkephalin (L-Enk) and methionine-enkephalin (M-Enk) caused concentration-dependent contraction of both LM and CM strips. The order of potency was DYN greater than M-Enk greater than L-Enk. Naloxone selectively decreased the responses to opiate peptides. 8. The present results indicate that acetylcholine, carbamylcholine, catecholamines, 5-HT, tachykinins (SP, NKA and NKB) and opiate peptides (DYN, L-Enk and M-Enk) affect the mechanical activity of LM and CM strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb through their specific receptors.     

Spontaneous electromechanical activity in the rat duodenum in vitro.

Isolated rat duodenum shows spontaneous mechanical and electrical activities. Mechanical activity consists in changes both in endoluminal pressure and in isometric tension. Electrical activity is characterized by slow waves with superimposed bursts. This spontaneous activity is tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant and therefore it is myogenic in origin. Indeed, TTX pretreatment, even in the presence of atropine and guanethidine, caused an increase in amplitude and in frequency of the electrical and mechanical activities. This finding indicates the presence of tonically active inhibitory intramural non adrenergic, non cholinergic (NANC) nerves. Duodenal longitudinal strips showed a spontaneous mechanical activity resembling that one recorded from isolated segment. Instead, circular strips are quiescent under resting condition and a contractile activity can be detected only after TTX pretreatment suggesting that: i) the circular smooth muscle layer is tonically inhibited by intramural NANC nerves and, ii) the contractions observed in the rat duodenum are due to the activity of the longitudinal one.     

Spawning period and migration of three species of cyprinids in a stream with Mediterranean regimen (SW Spain)

These studies investigated the effects of somatostatin on gastric motility in the rainbow trout. Two experimental models were used, the isolated vascularly-perfused stomach and isolated strips of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Both models demonstrated that somatostatin can inhibit gastrointestinal motility and may therefore modulate gastric emptying in fish.
In the vascularly-perfused stomach, somatostatin (10–1000 n m ) decreased maximum and baseline intragastric pressure by 10–20% in the presence of stimulatory doses of carbachol or 5-hydroxytryptamine. In addition, somatostatin (1 μ m ) inhibited by 50% the magnitude of spontaneous contractions generated by distension. Somatostatin had little effect on the pressure gradient or contractile frequency. These results suggest that somatostatin may negatively modulate gastric emptying in the rainbow trout.
In isolated gastric smooth muscle strips, somatostatin (100 pmol) inhibited tension stimulated by carbachol (circular orientation of muscle) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (longitudinal orientation). These results correlated with those observed in the vascularly perfused stomach preparation. Somatostatin also decreased tension stimulated by carbachol and 5-hydroxytryptamine in intestinal smooth muscle strips, suggesting that under some conditions somatostatin could increase gastric emptying rate by relaxing intestinal musculature.     

Action of the newly discovered mammalian tachykinins, substance K and neuromedin K, on gastroduodenal motility of anesthetized dogs

The present experiments examined the local effects of two new mammalian tachykinins isolated from porcine spinal cord, substance K and neuromedin K, on gastroduodenal motility of anesthetized dogs. Tachykinins were injected through the gastroepiploic and cranial pancreaticoduodenal arteries at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 ng/ml. Substance K, neuromedin K and substance P increased gastroduodenal smooth muscle contractions in a dose-dependent manner. The contractile response of the gastric antrum to newly discovered tachykinins was not as long-lasting as that to substance P. The potencies of various tachykinins on contractile responses showed the following rank order of potencies: physalaemin = eledoisin = substance P greater than substance K = neuromedin K in gastric smooth muscle; physalaemin = substance P = eledoisin greater than substance K = neuromedin K in the duodenal smooth muscle. Administration of atropine (100-200 micrograms/kg) inhibited the effect of tachykinins both in the gastric antrum and in the proximal duodenum. These results indicate that substance K and neuromedin K could act as transmitters or as modulators of neuronal activity influencing gastroduodenal motility.