利用组织培养技术提取甘草黄酮

本研究筛选了两种能快速诱导甘草疯长型愈伤组织的培养基MS5和MS7,用微波法提取甘草愈伤组织和野生甘草根中总黄酮。测定结果显示:三年生野生型胀果甘草根中总黄酮的含量约为6.02%,培养3~4周的胀果甘草愈伤组织中总黄酮的含量约为1.1%。结果表明:组织培养生产黄酮在生产效率、工厂化生产、避免季节限制、保护野生甘草资源及实际应用中更具优势。本研究可为从甘草中提取总黄酮提供一条可借鉴的途径。     

黑龙江省西部乌拉尔甘草总黄酮含量的动态变化研究

采用超声提取和分光光度法对黑龙江省西部地区乌拉尔甘草不同部位的总黄酮含量进行测定,并对其季节变化进行了分析,研究结果表明:采用50%甲醇溶液提取,超声45 min对甘草总黄酮提取效果较好,适于进行大批量样品的提取测定.无论是野生甘草还是栽培甘草,在一个生长季中,叶的总黄酮含量最高,而地下部分含量则相对较低.在5～10月期间,叶的总黄酮含量逐渐下降,而地下部分总黄酮含量如根和根茎具有上升的趋势.甘草各部位总黄酮含量在不同生长季存在波动现象,尤其在具有运输功能的部位如复叶柄、地上茎表现更为明显.野生甘草不同部位的总黄酮含量的波动可能与有性繁殖有关,而栽培甘草的总黄酮含量的波动可能与无性生殖有关.     

甘草根中甘草酸的免疫组织化学定位研究

应用免疫组织化学定位和HPLC分析方法,对人工种植乌拉尔甘草根中的甘草酸分布和积累变化规律进行分析,以阐明药用甘草根在发育过程中甘草酸的积累变化规律,探讨甘草药材质量形成的内在机制。结果表明:(1)甘草酸主要分布在根的次生韧皮部薄壁细胞和维管射线细胞中,且主要积累在这些细胞的细胞壁上。(2)HPLC分析显示,主根的韧皮部中甘草酸含量最高,其次是木质部,根皮中含量最少。(3)甘草酸在主根中的含量随着生长年限的增加而提高,2、3年生甘草根中甘草酸含量上升较快,3年后甘草酸的含量达到3.66%,超过了国家药典规定的甘草酸含量标准。     

基于谱效关系和成分敲除探讨独一味总黄酮抗类风湿关节炎的关键成分

为探讨独一味总黄酮抗类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)的关键成分，阐明独一味治疗RA的药效物质基础，本研究建立了独一味总黄酮的指纹图谱，13批独一味总黄酮指纹图谱共标示了8个共有峰，指认了其中3个共有峰。同时基于13批独一味总黄酮样品对成纤维样滑膜细胞(fibroblast-like synoviocytes, FLS)活力的影响，建立了独一味总黄酮抗RA的谱效关系，结果表明木犀草苷和木犀草素为独一味总黄酮抗RA的关键成分。采用成分敲除技术探讨独一味总黄酮中木犀草苷成分抗RA的药效，并比较了等摩尔量木犀草苷和木犀草素对照品分别对FLS细胞活力的影响，结果表明木犀草苷和木犀草素成分均能显著抑制FLS细胞活力(P<0.01),且二者抑制率无显著性差异。结合独一味总黄酮HPLC图谱中木犀草苷含量明显高于木犀草素，表明木犀草苷为独一味总黄酮抗RA的关键成分之一，可为临床运用独一味治疗RA提供一定的参考。     

乌拉尔甘草根的结构与皂苷类成分积累关系研究

应用植物解剖学、组织化学定位和植物化学方法,对不同发育阶段的乌拉尔甘草根中的皂苷类成分的积累变化规律进行了研究,为进一步揭示甘草药材质量形成的内在机制并指导优质甘草栽培提供理论依据.结果表明:(1)乌拉尔甘草中皂苷类成分主要存在于根的韧皮薄壁细胞和射线细胞中,韧皮部中皂苷含量高于木质部和根皮,而且根的次生生长与皂苷类成分的积累具有一定的相关性.(2)不同生长年限的乌拉尔甘草根中的总皂苷含量存在差异,3年生甘草根中总皂苷含量高于2年生和1年生甘草根.     

长白山区野生百合引种驯化及园艺栽培技术

对长白山野生百合进行了资源调查和引种驯化,发现百合的病害较多,大多数品种喜肥并须遮荫;可进行有性繁殖和无性繁殖,卷丹可利用腋球繁殖,有性繁殖种子须进行暖温处理.无性繁殖种球形成时间短,退化现象少于有性繁殖.培育基质为沙壤土.试验证明,人工栽培的长白山野生百合在鳞茎的生长、观花、赏叶方面明显优于自然生长的野生百合,为开发利用该资源提供技术支持.     

宁夏乌拉尔甘草营养器官中甘草酸含量的动态变化研究

利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对宁夏中部干旱带半野生乌拉尔甘草营养器官中甘草酸含量的动态变化规律进行了研究.结果表明：地下营养器官（根和根状茎）是甘草酸主要积累部位,而地上茎和叶中甘草酸含量很低甚至检测不到.就地下器官而言,甘草酸的积累随生长年限增加而递增,且1～4 a生甘草均表现出主根中甘草酸的含量高于根状茎的规律.分别对3 a、4 a生的半野生甘草根和根状茎进一步研究发现,在一个生长季节中甘草酸含量的变化呈现相似的变化规律.即从7～10月份,甘草根和根状茎中甘草酸含量呈波动性上升趋势,10月份达到最大值.     

复方甘草片HPLC指纹图谱及7成分测定

本文建立了复方甘草片的HPLC指纹图谱及吗啡、磷酸可待因、芹糖甘草苷、甘草苷、苯甲酸钠、异甘草苷、甘草酸7成分测定方法。采用50%甲醇水溶液对复方甘草片提取后,用HPLC-UV法进行测定;色谱条件为:Welch Ultimate AQ-C_(18)色谱柱(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm);乙腈-0.02 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH4.0)为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL/min;检测波长220、254 nm;柱温35℃;进样量10μL。采用国家药典委员会"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统"(2012年版)建立18批样品指纹图谱,并同时测定7成分含量。结果显示18批复方甘草片指纹图谱相似度均大于0.95,共有27个共有峰,通过与对照品对照保留时间鉴定了14个共有峰。吗啡、磷酸可待因、芹糖甘草苷、甘草苷、苯甲酸钠、异甘草苷、甘草酸在各自浓度范围内线性关系良好(r0.999 0),平均加样回收率94.73%～104.45%,RSD 0.68%～3.89%。本方法简便、快速、准确,可用于复方甘草片的质量控制。     

HPLC指纹图谱结合一测多评法的睡莲花药材质量分析CSCD

建立睡莲花药材HPLC指纹图谱及7种成分一测多评的含量测定方法。采用如下色谱条件建立HPLC指纹图谱:Phenomenex Gemini NX-C 18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相乙腈-0.2%磷酸水溶液梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长266 nm。对数据进行相似度分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。同时以没食子酸为内参物,建立没食子酸甲酯等6种成分的相对校正因子。结果显示17批睡莲花药材与参照图谱S16的相似度在0.901~1.000之间,并明确了11个共有峰,对7个共有峰进行了指认;2批市售图谱与S16图谱相似度为0.568和0.730,说明栽培和野生睡莲花药材与市售样品之间化学信息差异较大。主成分分析、聚类分析法、偏最小二乘-判别分析结果证明了这一结论。一测多评结果显示,没食子酸甲酯、睡莲酚、老鹳草素、鞣花酸、烟花苷和1,2,3,4,6-五没食子酰葡萄糖的相对校正因子分别为0.9650、0.9740、1.2013、0.1754、1.1603、2.1173,RSD分别为0.37%、0.38%、0.32%、1.76%、0.37%和0.08%(n=8)。一测多评法测定结果与外标法测定结果接近。建立的HPLC指纹图谱结合一测多评含量测定法简便可行,在部颁标准的基础上为睡莲花药材质量控制方法的提升提供了参考依据。     

人为扰动对乌拉尔甘草不同部位甘草酸与总黄酮含量的影响

人为扰动对甘草不同部位甘草酸含量和总黄酮含量均有较大的影响。即使是轻度的人为扰动 (土壤翻松 1次 )也会导致野生甘草的甘草酸含量明显下降 ,尤其对地下根茎 (兼有运输和储存功能 )中的甘草酸的积累影响最大。重度扰动栽培甘草各部位的甘草酸含量均较低 ,相对而言黄酮类物质的积累速率高于甘草酸 ,表明土壤扰动因素对甘草酸的形成与积累的影响大于总黄酮的形成与积累。无扰动野生甘草和轻度扰动野生甘草总黄酮含量从地上到地下呈下降趋势 ,而重度扰动栽培甘草的叶和不定根各有一个含量较高的部位 ,据此推断叶和不定根 (含毛状根 )是黄酮类物质的主要产生部位 ;具有输导功能的地上茎、复叶柄中总黄酮含量较低且波动较大。人为扰动对不同土壤深度甘草主根中甘草酸含量和甘草总黄酮含量的变化规律影响较小。无扰动野生甘草和轻度扰动野生甘草主根在 1.0～ 2 .0 m深度甘草酸含量分布较高是对该生境不同土壤深度长期适应的结果 ,而重度扰动栽培甘草主根可能尚未达到相应的土壤深度 ,因而表现为 1.0 m以下深层土壤中甘草酸含量较高。总之 ,旨在改善甘草生长条件的人为扰动对甘草酸和总黄酮的积累具有消极影响 ,适当的胁迫环境条件对提高药用植物的品质有益     

Comparative analysis of the chemical profile of wild and cultivated populations of Corydalis saxicola by high-performance liquid chromatography

Studies on the simultaneous determination and chemical fingerprinting of alkaloids in Corydalis saxicola Bunting. (Yanhuanglian) were performed for authentication purposes. Ninety samples prepared from different parts of C. saxicola, including whole plants, roots, stems, leaves and flowers, from wild and cultivated populations, were submitted to quantitative determination and fingerprint analysis. Five major alkaloids, namely, tetradehydroscoulerine, dehydroapocavidine, dehydroisoapocavidine, coptisine and dehydrocavidine, were quantitatively analysed by reversed-phase HPLC with acceptable recoveries (>98.2%). Chemical fingerprinting of C. saxicola was established and involved 11 markers. The results indicated that there were no obvious differences between the chemical profiles of wild and of cultivated C. saxicola populations, and that the mean alkaloid contents of the five marker compounds in cultivated populations were significantly higher than those of the wild plants. The highest content of total alkaloids (up to 28.8 mg/g) was found in roots of C. saxicola. The total alkaloids of the leaves were approximately 50% of those of roots, suggesting that the leaves may be employed as an alternative source of alkaloids. Chemical fingerprints and quantitative HPLC analysis will have a positive impact on the conservation and cultivation of this medicinal plant.     

栽培与野生化血丹不同部位中两种化学成分含量分析

为探讨并分析栽培与野生化血丹植株中不同部位中两种化学成分的含量差异,该研究采用超声法提取、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定栽培与野生化血丹根、茎、叶、花、混合样等部位中桃叶珊瑚苷和梓醇的含量,并进行比较。结果表明:(1)桃叶珊瑚苷在栽培与野生化血丹植株内均有分布,含量均以根中最高,其在栽培与野生化血丹植株内的含量表现分别为根叶混合样茎花、根混合样茎花叶,栽培化血丹不同部位中桃叶珊瑚苷的含量均高于野生化血丹。(2)梓醇在栽培化血丹的茎中未检出,在栽培与野生化血丹其他部位均有分布,含量均以叶中最高,其在栽培与野生化血丹植株内的含量分别表现为叶花混合样根、叶混合样茎花根,野生化血丹不同部位中梓醇的含量均高于栽培化血丹。(3)桃叶珊瑚苷和梓醇在栽培和野生化血丹植株不同部位中的含量均存在显著差异(P0.05),栽培与野生同一部位间总体上无显著差异,为该濒危药用植物资源药用部位选择和合理开发利用提供实验参考。     

Analysis of influences of spaceflight on chemical constituents in licorice by HPLC–ESI-MS/MS

Focusing on the variations of chemical constituents in licorice root, influences of exposure to physical factors of spaceflight on licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) seeds were investigated. Licorice seeds obtained from two different producing areas were flown on a recoverable satellite for 18 days. After returning to earth, the seeds carried by the satellite and the parallel ground control were cultivated to maturity under the same condition. Chromatographic fingerprint of 1 year licorice root analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection not only displayed the contents of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin increasing in the spaceflight samples but showed the variation of the kinds of chemical constituents. The main components in the root extract were identified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization multi-tandem mass spectrometry. The changes in the kind of secondary metabolites of licorice root after spaceflight were firstly reported. A total of 26 components which included 9 flavonoids, 16 triterpene saponins and 1 coumarin were identified according to their mass spectra determined in both negative and positive ion modes. The research provided the scientific data for spaceflight breeding of medicinal plant and indicated that the technology of spaceflight may be a new effective method for the breeding and cultivation of licorice.     

Genetic characterization and phytochemical analysis of wild and cultivated populations of Scutellaria baicalensis

Scutellaria baicalensis was collected from four wild and four cultivated populations from different locations in China. Forty-two samples were analyzed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques for genetic profiling, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques to determine the flavonoid content. The selected 23 RAPD primers yielded a total of 838 clear and reproducible bands of which 237 were found to be polymorphic. The wild population exhibited higher polymorphism than that of the cultivated population. The dendrogram generated by the UPGMA method via Nei's genetic distance revealed three distinct genotypes from the cultivated populations and several branches from the wild populations. The contents of baicalin and wogonoside in dried roots of the samples ranged from (w/w) 8.63 to 17.84%, and from 1.99 to 4.21%, respectively, whereas their aglycones, baicalein and wogonin, were within the range of only 0.04-0.23%. The total content of the four flavonoids varied from 9.45 to 26.24%. Comparatively, the cultivated populations contained much higher levels of baicalin and total flavonoids than those in the wild populations. The results from genetic characterization and phytochemical analysis demonstrated that the quality variation of this drug was mainly determined by extrinsic environmental or agricultural factors, rather than by genetic differences. Our findings can be used for the commercial production and germplasm management of this medicinal plant.     

不同产地丹参脂溶性成分指纹图谱的比较研究

目的：利用聚类分析对各地野生及家种丹参的指纹图谱数据进行分析。了解不同地理区域野生丹参以及同一地区家种丹参的遗传差异,为丹参药材优良品种的筛选提供依据。方法：采用高效液相色谱法,以甲醇-水系统为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1．0mL／min。检测波长254nm,使用SPSS11．0数据处理软件对所得指纹图谱中考察指标进行聚类分析。结果：采用无性繁殖的相同产地的家种丹参指纹图谱具有很好的相似性,相应的品系药材可以归入同一类;而野生丹参则不可按其地理区域归类。结论：采用无性繁殖丹参的遗传稳定性较好。     

人工栽培山莨菪和野生山莨菪中4种托烷类生物碱含量的比较研究

为了评估人工栽培山莨菪的药用价值,采用高效液相色谱技术对人工栽培和野生山莨菪的地上部分和根中具有生物活性的4种托烷类生物碱：樟柳碱、山莨菪碱、东莨菪碱和阿托品的含量进行了测定。结果表明无论是人工栽培还是野生植物,地上部分中4种生物碱含量均远低于根,这解释了人们为什么用山莨菪的根而不是整株人药。在栽培植物的根中,一年生山莨菪中各生物碱含量均小于二年生山莨菪,其根中4种生物碱总量与野生根相比差异不是很明显;二年生山莨菪根中,4种生物碱总量以及樟柳碱、东莨菪碱和阿托品含量均比野生的高。这说明人工栽培的山莨菪,尤其是二年生山茛菪,同野生山莨菪一样具有一定的药用价值。     

Exploring the role of asexual multiplication in poplar rust epidemics: impact on diversity and genetic structure

Fungal plant pathogens, especially rust fungi (Pucciniales), are well known for their complex life cycles, which include phases of sexual and asexual reproduction. The effect of asexual multiplication on population genetic diversity has been investigated in the poplar rust fungus Melampsora larici‐populina using a nested hierarchical sampling scheme. Four hierarchical levels were considered: leaf, twig, tree and site. Both cultivated and wild poplar stands were sampled at two time points at the start and end of rust epidemics. A total of 641 fungal isolates was analysed using nine microsatellite markers. This study revealed that the genetic signature of asexual multiplication in the wild poplar stand was seen only at lower hierarchical levels (leaf and twig). Moreover, we observed an erosion of clonal structure through time, with an increase in both gene and genotypic diversity. New genotypes contributed to host infection over time, which demonstrates the importance of allo‐infection in the epidemic process in this host‐pathogen system. Compared with the wild stands, the nearly lack of detection of clonal structure in the cultivated stands reflects the higher infection level on cultivated poplars. More generally, this genetic analysis illustrates the utility of population genetics approach for elucidating the proportion of asexual reproduction in the multiplication of isolates during an epidemic, and for proper quantification of asexual dispersal in plant pathogens.