鱼类神经行为毒性研究进展

神经行为毒性是神经科学、神经药理学和神经毒理学的重要研究内容,对评价生态系统质量和研究有害因素或药物在生物神经系统作用机制具有重要理论和应用价值。鱼类中枢神经系统发达,对水环境中化合物极为敏感,其神经系统能够对各种刺激产生综合协调的应答反应,影响其运动功能、应激反应以及学习/记忆,改变游泳行为和社会行为,产生神经行为异常,诱发神经行为毒性效应。近年来,许多研究者开展了一系列以鱼类为受试对象的神经行为毒性研究,表明鱼类是开展神经行为毒性研究的重要物种,其成果在生态环境监测和评价、渔业生产、神经系统机制探究及药物开发等方面得到了广泛应用。鱼类作为神经行为毒性研究的物种,补充经典哺乳动物模型的不足,提供了高通量体外细胞分析和经典哺乳动物模型之间的关键模型。文章从鱼类生物学特征、实验鱼类品系和全基因组测序3个方面阐明鱼类是开展神经行为毒性研究的重要物种,综述了微塑料及其吸附污染物、有机污染物2类典型污染物和酒精、咖啡因、苯二氮卓类药物、选择性血清素再吸收抑制剂4类药物对鱼类的游泳行为和社会行为影响,探讨鱼类产生剂量或时间依赖性的神经行为毒性效应,并对未来研究方向进行了分析展望,以期为神经行为毒...     

氨氮对鱼类毒性的影响因子及气呼吸型鱼类耐氨策略

氨氮广泛存在于养殖水体中,在氨氮过高的养殖环境下可能会导致鱼类的大量死亡。从生态、环境及养殖效益角度来看,研究氨氮对鱼类的毒性以及鱼类应对环境或体内高氨浓度的策略均具有重要意义。某些鱼类具有其特殊的策略来降低氨毒性,使得这些种类能适应极高的环境或体内氨浓度。这些耐氨策略主要为(1)合成谷氨酰胺、(2)合成尿素排出、(3)增强机体排泄、(4)Rh蛋白促进氨解毒、(5)降低周围环境pH、(6)NH_3挥发和体表碱化、(7)降低体内氨生成、(8)特定氨基酸代谢生成丙氨酸、(9)组织高氨耐受性。鱼类的氨耐受策略较多而且是可变的,主要受特定种类的生活习性和栖息环境影响。文章综述了氨氮对鱼类的毒性机理以及鱼类的应对策略,为相关的研究提供基础资料。     

水环境中Cr(Ⅵ)对鱼类毒性机理研究进展

随着工业,特别是不锈钢产业的迅速发展,环境中的铬污染问题日益严重,Cr(Ⅵ)能够很容易地透过细胞膜进入细胞和生物体内,其毒性远高于Cr(Ⅲ).铬作为变价金属,其在鱼类体内能够产生活性氧自由基(ROS),对机体产生氧化胁迫效应;此外,Cr(Ⅵ)在细胞还原作用下生成的中间产物\[Cr(Ⅴ)、Cr(Ⅳ)等\]会进一步和DNA结合,导致基因的损伤和突变,从而危害鱼类的生长发育和种群结构.本文在不同水平上,系统总结了Cr(Ⅵ)对鱼类的毒性效应,从多个层次(分子、细胞、组织、器官、个体）阐述了Cr(Ⅵ)的毒性作用机制和鱼类相应的毒性解毒机制,并对于Cr(Ⅵ)的毒性研究中尚不完全清楚、需要深入考察的方面进行了探讨.     

冰乙酸治疗小瓜虫病的初步试验

小瓜虫病是淡水鱼类中严重疾病之,由于其繁殖力强,感染迅速,往往能在短时间内造成鱼种的大量死亡。至今,国内对防治小瓜虫病仅限于硝酸亚汞一种药物较好,但是一种残留毒性大,污染水体,对人类和鱼类有一定影响而控制使用的药品。     

水华蓝藻对鱼类的营养毒理学效应

水体富营养化导致蓝藻水华的发生已成为全球关注的水环境问题,很多鱼类处于水生态系统食物链的最高级,蓝藻水华的主要次级代谢产物-微囊藻毒素可通过鱼类的摄食活动或生物富集作用在鱼体组织中累积,并通过食物链危及人类健康。近年来,微囊藻毒素对鱼类的毒性效应引起众多科学家的关注。在天然水体中不少鱼类可以主动摄食蓝藻,所以,水华蓝藻对鱼类来说既具有营养物作用、也具有潜在的毒性作用。鉴于目前机械收获的水华蓝藻生物量资源化利用问题以及水产饲料业亟需大力开发鱼粉替代蛋白源的需要,从营养学和毒理学这两个角度来研究水华蓝藻对鱼类的营养作用和毒性效应具有较高的理论和现实意义。主要概述了蓝藻粉、蓝藻细胞对鱼类的营养学和毒理学效应,以期拓展水华蓝藻对鱼类毒性效应的研究视野,同时也为水华蓝藻的资源化利用提供新的思路。     

石油分散剂BP-1100X对海洋围隔生态系的影响研究

在分散剂作用下,围隔水体中浮游动物种群数量明显减少,浮游植物因捕食压力不大而诱发“赤潮”.分散的原油在围隔水体中的生态效应变得不明显,细菌生物量和生产力在实验前期比对照组高,后期则随原油降解而波动,这表明微生物积极参与了原油的降解活动。实验揭示,由于添加物的毒性作用促成的生态系的不平衡,也可最终导致“赤潮”发生。     

长江下游重点江段水质污染及对鱼类的毒性影响

通过对长江下游安庆,南京,镇江和长江口4江段水质及其对鱼类毒性影响的调查发现,长江下游江段主航道的水质符合国家地面II类标准,但近岸的污染带水质受到一定程度的污染,其主要污染物为石油烃类和挥发酚等,这些污染物对鱼类有一定的毒性影响,可引起鱼类的急性中毒,并可诱导鱼类产生微核,同时在上述几个江段内的鱼体内可检出较高的污染物残留,这表明长江下游江段已受到不同程度的污染,这种污染对区域性渔业有影响。     

石油分散剂BP-1100X对海洋围隔生态系的影响研究

在分散剂作用下,围隔水体中浮游动物种群数量明显减少,浮游植物因捕食压力不大而诱发“赤潮”,分散的原渍在围隔水体中的生态效应变得不明显,细菌生物量和生产力在实验前期比对照组高,后期则随原油降解而波动,这表明微生物积极参与了原油的降解活动,实验揭示,由于添加物的毒性作用促成的生态系的不平衡,也可最终导致“赤潮”发生。     

氯硝柳胺控释剂对鱼类的毒性及回避试验的进一步研究

我们研制的氯硝柳胺控释剂具有长效灭螺、减轻对鱼类及环境危害的优点。为了对其毒性做深入的评价 ,1 995年对该控释剂对鱼类的毒性等作了进一步的试验。1　材料和方法1 1　药物 :氯硝柳胺控释剂由我所药物室研制并监制 ,西南民族学院兽药厂中试产品。1 2　仪器 :日本岛津ＵＶ -2 65ＦＳ型自动记录分光光度计 ;鱼类回避槽ＴＬ -86型 ,无锡有机玻璃厂生产 ,中国水产科学院淡水渔业研究中心研制。1 3　鱼类 :5种食用鱼购自四川省农科院水产研究所。当年繁殖的鱼苗 ,体长 5 3 -1 4 5ｃｍ ,重 5-1 8 6ｇ ,试验前在室内饲养 3天。1 4　方法 …     

滇池束丝藻水华毒性生物检测

近年来,由于外源污染物大量入湖,致使滇池水体呈富营养状态,蓝藻水华频繁爆发。束丝藻属与微囊藻属随季节演替,成为滇池蓝藻水华的两大优势种群。束丝藻水华暴发期间,滇池放养的滤食性鱼类出现死亡,其原因可能是由于丝状藻体堵塞鱼鳃部而引起,但也不能排除束丝藻毒素的影响。有毒束丝藻水华对鱼类的危害主要表现在几个方面:鱼类受到有毒束丝藻细胞所分泌毒素,如四氢嘌呤碱等毒性毒害;与束丝藻共生细菌毒害;或束丝藻死亡后分解消耗水体中溶解氧造成水体缺氧等都是可以使鱼致死的原因。       

Changes in cardiac activity, oxygen uptake and perfusion indices in Carcinus maenas (L.) exposed to crude oil and dispersant

Cardiac activity and oxygen consumption increased when C. maenas were exposed to a 20% solution of the water-soluble fraction of Fortes crude oil, a 10% solution of the dispersant BP1100WD or a combination of both. Normal feeding behaviour was disrupted. Perfusion indices (Q/VO2) decreased as locomotor activity increased following exposure to crude oil. However, exposure to dispersant or dispersant + crude oil resulted in elevation of perfusion index despite crabs becoming active. All test animals survived for at least 6 weeks following exposure to the pollutants. The acute, sublethal effects of dispersant and dispersant + crude oil were more severe than the effects of crude oil alone.     

Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria Exhibit a Species-Specific Response to Dispersed Oil while Moderating Ecotoxicity

The Deepwater Horizon blowout in April 2010 represented the largest accidental marine oil spill and the largest release of chemical dispersants into the environment to date. While dispersant application may provide numerous benefits to oil spill response efforts, the impacts of dispersants and potential synergistic effects with crude oil on individual hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria are poorly understood. In this study, two environmentally relevant species of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were utilized to quantify the response to Macondo crude oil and Corexit 9500A-dispersed oil in terms of bacterial growth and oil degradation potential. In addition, specific hydrocarbon compounds were quantified in the dissolved phase of the medium and linked to ecotoxicity using a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved rotifer assay. Bacterial treatment significantly and drastically reduced the toxicity associated with dispersed oil (increasing the 50% lethal concentration [LC₅₀] by 215%). The growth and crude oil degradation potential of Acinetobacter were inhibited by Corexit by 34% and 40%, respectively; conversely, Corexit significantly enhanced the growth of Alcanivorax by 10% relative to that in undispersed oil. Furthermore, both bacterial strains were shown to grow with Corexit as the sole carbon and energy source. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial species demonstrate a unique response to dispersed oil compared to their response to crude oil, with potentially opposing effects on toxicity. While some species have the potential to enhance the toxicity of crude oil by producing biosurfactants, the same bacteria may reduce the toxicity associated with dispersed oil through degradation or sequestration.     

Dispersed oil disrupts microbial pathways in pelagic food webs

Most of the studies of microbial processes in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill focused on the deep water plume, and not on the surface communities. The effects of the crude oil and the application of dispersants on the coastal microbial food web in the northern Gulf of Mexico have not been well characterized even though these regions support much of the fisheries production in the Gulf. A mesocosm experiment was carried out to determine how the microbial community off the coast of Alabama may have responded to the influx of surface oil and dispersants. While the addition of glucose or oil alone resulted in an increase in the biomass of ciliates, suggesting transfer of carbon to higher trophic levels was likely; a different effect was seen in the presence of dispersant. The addition of dispersant or dispersed oil resulted in an increase in the biomass of heterotrophic prokaryotes, but a significant inhibition of ciliates, suggesting a reduction in grazing and decrease in transfer of carbon to higher trophic levels. Similar patterns were observed in two separate experiments with different starting nutrient regimes and microbial communities suggesting that the addition of dispersant and dispersed oil to the northern Gulf of Mexico waters in 2010 may have reduced the flow of carbon to higher trophic levels, leading to a decrease in the production of zooplankton and fish on the Alabama shelf.     

Interactions between Zooplankton and Crude Oil: Toxic Effects and Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

We conducted ship-, shore- and laboratory-based crude oil exposure experiments to investigate (1) the effects of crude oil (Louisiana light sweet oil) on survival and bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mesozooplankton communities, (2) the lethal effects of dispersant (Corexit 9500A) and dispersant-treated oil on mesozooplankton, (3) the influence of UVB radiation/sunlight exposure on the toxicity of dispersed crude oil to mesozooplankton, and (4) the role of marine protozoans on the sublethal effects of crude oil and in the bioaccumulation of PAHs in the copepod Acartia tonsa. Mortality of mesozooplankton increased with increasing oil concentration following a sigmoid model with a median lethal concentration of 32.4 µl L⁻¹ in 16 h. At the ratio of dispersant to oil commonly used in the treatment of oil spills (i.e. 1∶20), dispersant (0.25 µl L⁻¹) and dispersant- treated oil were 2.3 and 3.4 times more toxic, respectively, than crude oil alone (5 µl L⁻¹) to mesozooplankton. UVB radiation increased the lethal effects of dispersed crude oil in mesozooplankton communities by 35%. We observed selective bioaccumulation of five PAHs, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo[b]fluoranthene in both mesozooplankton communities and in the copepod A. tonsa. The presence of the protozoan Oxyrrhis marina reduced sublethal effects of oil on A. tonsa and was related to lower accumulations of PAHs in tissues and fecal pellets, suggesting that protozoa may be important in mitigating the harmful effects of crude oil exposure in copepods and the transfer of PAHs to higher trophic levels. Overall, our results indicate that the negative impact of oil spills on mesozooplankton may be increased by the use of chemical dispersant and UV radiation, but attenuated by crude oil-microbial food webs interactions, and that both mesozooplankton and protozoans may play an important role in fate of PAHs in marine environments.     

Dietary lipid sources affect cold tolerance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, fatty acids composition and cold tolerance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings (7.00 ± 0.50 g/fish). The fish were fed four isonitrogenous (28% crude protein), isocaloric (500 kcal/100 g) diets containing four lipid sources; fish oil (FO), corn oil (CO), coconut oil (COCO) or fish oil/ corn oil mixture (1:1 ratio) (oil mix). The diets were offered to the fish at a daily rate of 3% of their body weights (BW), twice a day for two months. After the feeding trial, the fish were exposed to decreasing water temperature from 25 °C until the appearance of death symptoms. The results revealed that FO-based diets (FO and oil mix) produced the best growth rates and feed efficiency, followed by corn oil diet, while COCO resulted in the lowest performance. Fish fed on CO and oil mix showed higher body unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and lower lethal temperature than those fed on FO- or COCO-based diets. These results indicate that cold shock can modify the lipid metabolism in Nile tilapia by lowering total body saturated fatty acids and raising n-6 and n-3 UFA. This finding suggests that the inclusion of high levels of plant oils in Nile tilapia feeds can enhance their cold tolerance.     

Effect of Crude Oil and Chemical Additives on Metabolic Activity of Mixed Microbial Populations in Fresh Marsh Soils

Abstract Hydrocarbons increase abundance of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, but also decrease microbial diversity. This could disrupt ecosystem dynamics by altering soil organic matter mineralization and resultant nutrient remineralization rates. Crude oil, which is known to contain toxins and reduce microbial diversity, was hypothesized to reduce gross metabolic activity of mixed microbial populations in wetland soils. Soil respiration and Eh were compared, for 6 months, among microcosms containing marsh soils that differed in soil organic matter (Panicum hemitomon Shult. or Sagittaria lancifolia L. dominated marshes), crude oil (Arabian crude, Louisiana crude, or no oil), and additives (a cleaner, a dispersant, fertilizer, or no additive). No treatment slowed activity; instead, Louisiana plus fertilizer and all Arabian treatments temporarily accelerated activity. Additional C respired from oiled microcosms exceeded C added as crude oil by 1.4 to 3.5 times. Thus, much additional C originated from soil organic matter rather than crude oil. Crude oils temporarily lowered soil Eh, which is consistent with accelerated metabolism and demand for electron acceptors. The lack of inhibition observed at the community level does not necessarily indicate an absence of toxicity. Instead, tolerant species with metabolic versatility probably maintained activity. Stimulation probably resulted from removal of micronutrient limitation, rather than removal of grazing pressure or macronutrient limitation. Regardless, accelerated soil organic matter mineralization surely accelerated nutrient remineralization. This might explain some reports of crude oil stimulating plant growth. These results are not inconsistent with theoretical and experimental conclusions regarding effects of biodiversity on ecosystem stability and productivity, nor are they inconsistent with conclusions that crude oils contain components that are toxic to microbes, vegetation, and fauna. However, these data do indicate that crude oils also contain components that temporarily stimulate metabolic activity of surviving microbes. Received: 27 April 1998; Accepted: 15 July 1998     

Effects of Beauveria bassiana on embryos of the inland silverside fish (Menidia beryllina).

A chemical toxicity and teratogenicity test was adapted to assess potential adverse effects of a microbial pest control agent on a nontarget fish. Developing embryos of the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, were exposed to conidiospores of the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Embryo rupture and death were observed. Embryo rupture did not always result in death, nor was death always associated with embryo rupture. Adherence of spores to the chorion, followed by germination and penetration by the germ tube, probably caused the embryos to rupture. Statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) responses were observed in tests in which conidiospore concentrations were greater than or equal to 8.3 x 10(4) or less than or equal to 1.5 x 10(6)/ml. Conidiospores treated with a dispersant (biological detergent) showed significantly less binding (P less than or equal to 0.01) to embryos than did untreated spores. Both detergent-treated and heat-killed spores failed to cause significant adverse effects.     

Effects of Beauveria bassiana on embryos of the inland silverside fish (Menidia beryllina).

A chemical toxicity and teratogenicity test was adapted to assess potential adverse effects of a microbial pest control agent on a nontarget fish. Developing embryos of the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, were exposed to conidiospores of the insect-pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Embryo rupture and death were observed. Embryo rupture did not always result in death, nor was death always associated with embryo rupture. Adherence of spores to the chorion, followed by germination and penetration by the germ tube, probably caused the embryos to rupture. Statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) responses were observed in tests in which conidiospore concentrations were greater than or equal to 8.3 x 10(4) or less than or equal to 1.5 x 10(6)/ml. Conidiospores treated with a dispersant (biological detergent) showed significantly less binding (P less than or equal to 0.01) to embryos than did untreated spores. Both detergent-treated and heat-killed spores failed to cause significant adverse effects.     

Unexpected Interaction with Dispersed Crude Oil Droplets Drives Severe Toxicity in Atlantic Haddock Embryos

The toxicity resulting from exposure to oil droplets in marine fish embryos and larvae is still subject for debate. The most detailed studies have investigated the effects of water-dissolved components of crude oil in water accommodated fractions (WAFs) that lack bulk oil droplets. Although exposure to dissolved petroleum compounds alone is sufficient to cause the characteristic developmental toxicity of crude oil, few studies have addressed whether physical interaction with oil micro-droplets are a relevant exposure pathway for open water marine speices. Here we used controlled delivery of mechanically dispersed crude oil to expose pelagic embryos and larvae of a marine teleost, the Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Haddock embryos were exposed continuously to two different concentrations of dispersed crude oil, high and low, or in pulses. By 24 hours of exposure, micro-droplets of oil were observed adhering and accumulating on the chorion, accompanied by highly elevated levels of cyp1a, a biomarker for exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons. Embryos from all treatment groups showed abnormalities representative of crude oil cardiotoxicity at hatch (5 days of exposure), such as pericardial and yolk sac edema. Compared to other species, the frequency and severity of toxic effects was higher than expected for the waterborne PAH concentrations (e.g., 100% of larvae had edema at the low treatment). These findings suggest an enhanced tissue uptake of PAHs and/or other petroleum compounds from attached oil droplets. These studies highlight a novel property of haddock embryos that leads to greater than expected impact from dispersed crude oil. Given the very limited number of marine species tested in similar exposures, the likelihood of other species with similar properties could be high. This unanticipated result therefore has implications for assessing the ecological impacts of oil spills and the use of methods for dispersing oil in the open sea.