水生被子植物的繁育系统与进化

对植物繁育系统的多样化及其作用模式和机制的研究,是理解植物各类群进化的一个重要基础。这一观点,已被从事植物进化生物学研究的国内外学者普遍接受。本世纪三十年代基因流概念的引人,促使人们在进化研究中,对植物繁育系统的重要性进行了重新评价。在过去的半个多世纪,植物进化生物学也因之而面貌一新,并得到了飞速的发展。时至今日,对植物进化过程中与繁育系统密切相关的一些重要机制,已有了较为深刻的认识（如有性过程中的遗传重组与植物的变异、进而与居群进化之间的关系等）。遗憾的是,这些认识几乎都是建立在对陆生植物研究…     

入侵植物凤眼蓝繁育系统在中国境内的地理变异

 对中国境内的凤眼蓝（Eichhornia crassipes）进行了大规模地理范围的调查,分析了24个地点40个种群的克隆繁殖与有性繁殖的相对水平、三型花柱的花型变化以及花部综合特征的变异。40个种群都以克隆繁殖为主要更新方式。其中36个种群只有三型花柱中的M花型;南宁、重庆的种群中出现了频率极低的L花型;南宁、重庆、福州和海口种群内,出现了具有促进花内自交潜能的半同长花柱花型（柱头与花药相靠拢的M花型变异体或L花型变异体）。与其它地方种群相比,西南和海南岛的种群表现出较多样化的繁育系统。M和L花型个体的结实个体率都约为4％,没有显著差异,种子产量在两花型个体之间也没有差异。由于种群内花型的残缺,作为促进花型之间异交传粉适应机制的三型花柱繁育系统已经解体,部分种群中出现了可以促进花内自交的半同长花柱变异体。克隆繁殖是凤眼蓝适应入侵生境的一种形式,花内自交是凤眼蓝繁育系统在入侵过程中可能的进化方向,这些繁育系统上的变化对该植物的入侵机制和途径产生了深远影响。     

东北地区野豌豆属植物花生物学和繁育系统研究

对东北地区野豌豆属植物花生物学研究表明文中类群均为自花授粉植物,ＡＴＰ酶活性与柱头间的可授性有关。花粉－胚珠比高于Ｃｒｕｄｅｎ标准,开花物候期分化成早春－春季和夏季两种开花类型,表现出在物种形成时地理条件的差异。     

植物的繁育系统、遗传结构和遗传多样性保护

达尔文和最早的群体遗传学理论,都认为繁育系统对生物的遗传多样性和进化起重要作用。本文首先介绍用蛋白质电泳检测植物繁育系统的优点,然后讨论中外学者的实验结果,表明在植物众多特征中,如生活型、是有性繁殖还是无性繁殖等都能影响群体遗传结构,但最显著的是繁育系统和群体遗传分化两者间的关系。因此我们能从植物的繁育系统推测群体遗传结构,进而提出监测遗传多样性的取样策略,这对就地保护和移地保护都是十分重要的     

重庆特有濒危植物缙云黄芩的繁育系统研究

缙云黄芩（Scutellaria tsinyunensis）为重庆市缙云山特有分布种,目前已经处于濒危状态。本文在定点观测的基础上,运用过氧化氢检测法、花粉-胚珠比（P/O）和套袋实验等方法对缙云黄芩的开花特征和繁育系统进行了分析。结果表明：缙云黄芩花展示和花设计具有适合蜂类等传粉昆虫的传粉综合征,熊蜂(Bombus)和食芽蝇为主要的访花者,P/O为7 618±390,繁育系统为专性异交,传粉套袋实验也证实其必需传粉者异花传粉且可能自交不亲和;其雌雄蕊紧靠的花部结构及花粉活力和柱头可授性低、昆虫的访花频率较低等内外因素致使其自然坐果率较低(20.08%)且结实少(5.6个/株)。由于缙云黄芩小坚果萌发率较低,其有性生殖能力较低,居群扩大困难,应尽快采用人工栽培助其复壮等保护措施。     

黄花蔺的繁育系统研究

黄花蔺Limnocharis flava(Linn．)Buch．的蝎尾状聚伞花序上通常产生两性花2∽13朵,单花花期5～13h。自然居群中观察到,花开放后有两种甲虫访花,但外围数轮无花药的退化雄蕊限制了花粉向外散布,内轮雄蕊上花药开裂后花粉直接落在自花的柱头上。花被片闭合后内轮花被片萎蔫成液体,促进了花粉在柱头上萌发。花粉与胚珠的比值为930±180(650∽1120),属于较经济的自花传粉类型。果实成熟后花序倒伏,其顶端产生的营养芽萌发形成新的营养苗。一个基株一年内可产生6∽20个营养苗。黄花蔺自花传粉结实率达80％,每果实产生种子470～640枚。黄花蔺近距离扩散以营养繁殖形成的新植株完成,长距离扩散或占领新生境以及抵抗干旱则依靠种子。人工去雄、套袋及授粉实验表明,黄花蔺的繁育系统是以自交为主的混合交配类型,并可能是由异交向自交演化的。     

凤仙花属3种植物的开花性状和繁育系统研究

通过形态、扫描电镜观察及人工控制授粉等方法对温室环境中的睫毛萼凤仙花(Impatiens blepharosepala Pritz. ex Diels)、绿萼凤仙花(I.chlorosepala Hand.-Mazz.)、菱叶凤仙花(I.rhombifolia Y. Q. Lu et Y. L. Chen)等凤仙花属3种植物的开花物候、花部性状以及繁育系统进行探究。结果显示：3种植物的开花物候依据花部形态变化可分为6个时期,各植物花期存在部分重叠;花部性状、部分繁育指标、花粉粒和子房微形态等方面均存在部分差异;3个物种的花粉生活力与柱头可授性变化趋势在整体上呈单峰型;3种植物的繁育系统均为兼性异交,其具体特征为自交亲和、需要传粉者;花蜜报酬满足小体型昆虫的传粉需要;3个物种的6种控制授粉处理中对照处理结实率低于3种人工授粉处理结实率,且不存在自花授粉和无融合生殖的现象;3种处理中人工异株异花授粉处理结实率最高,人工同株异花授粉处理结实率最低。     

7种蓼属植物繁育系统的初步研究

观测了7种蓼属植物的花部形态特征,并运用花粉-胚珠比和杂交系数的方法对其繁育系统进行了初步研究。结果表明这7种蓼属植物的繁育系统应为自交和异交并存的混合交配型。P/O比与花序长度和花朵直径有明显的正相关关系,异型花的P/O比要明显高于同型花的P/O值。     

濒危植物丰都车前的繁育系统与传粉生物学研究

丰都车前为三峡库区特有珍稀濒危植物,目前仅在重庆市江津支坪镇涂家村附近大中坝上有一小种群分布。以野生种群和移栽种群为对象,通过野外观察和人工授粉实验对丰都车前传粉生物学及繁育系统进行研究。结果表明:(1)丰都车前单花花期约4 d,花序花期约8 d,种群花期约3个月;单花开花进程可分为6个时期:花蕾期、雌蕊伸长期、雄蕊初露期、花瓣展开期、花瓣反折期、枯萎凋谢期。(2)花瓣展开前,柱头先伸出花冠,达最高可受性,之后花瓣展开雄蕊才露出,而此时大部分柱头已枯萎失活丧失可受性,只有少部分具可受性。表现出雌雄异熟的特征,一定程度避免了自交的发生。(3)花粉活力始于雄蕊初露期,花瓣展开、花药开裂时花粉活力最高,至枯萎凋谢前均具有活力。花粉活力最高期避开了柱头可受性最佳期,仅有少部分重叠。(4)繁育系统检测显示,花粉/胚珠比为15373.29,杂交指数为3。结合套袋实验表明,丰都车前可能同时具有风媒和虫媒传粉机制,传粉昆虫为中华蜜蜂、食蚜蝇,但数量偏少,不存在无融合生殖,异交为主,部分自交亲和,有时需要传粉者。(5)开花时期避开了其分布地洪水淹没期,能够顺利完成开花授粉及座果。综上所述,丰都车前的花部特征、开花物候和繁育系统为适应分布地夏季洪水水淹胁迫提供了一定的生殖保障,促进了该种群的续存。     

Structure and phylogeny of cell coverings

Various cell coverings in structure and composition occur in algae. They include intracellular cell coverings, scaly cell coverings, and cell walls. Chemical components of cell coverings vary depending on phylogenetic groups and generations. In this paper, the evolution of cell coverings is discussed. Electronic Publication     

Endemism, speciation and adaptive radiation in great lakes

Synopsis Evolution in great lakes has often been both quantitative (many endemic species of distantly related taxa often being present) and qualitative (outstanding levels of adaptive radiation having sometimes been achieved). These situations pose many questions, such as why there are so many endemics and so many superspecialists (and at the same time often many sibling species), as well as presenting problems relating to such matters as convergent evolution in different lakes, the possible role of key innovations, the nature of isolating mechanisms, competition and co-existence in complex communities, the roles of diverse mutualistic associations, and many others. These rich faunas also provide particularly favourable opportunities for studying patterns of speciation, while attempts to elucidate phylogenies in groups such as African cichlid fishes, that have radiated in several lakes, can be pursued on both a broad scale and at the intralacustrine level using both recently developed techniques and time-honoured methods. Rates of evolution, which differ widely between ecologically equivalent taxa in different lakes, have sometimes been extremely rapid, as attested by both molecular data and evidence from field studies. Notwithstanding their evolutionary exuberance, these rich faunas are fragile as demonstrated dramatically by the appalling tragedy that has befallen the haplochromine cichlid flock of Lake Victoria.Paper from the Canadian Society of Zoologists symposium Great Lakes of the World, organized by David L.G. Noakes.     

Diversity and evolution of T-cell receptor variable region genes in mammals and birds

 The receptor of a T lymphocyte (TCR) recognizes nonself antigens in the company of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules presented to it by the antigen-presenting cell. The variable region of TCR is encoded by either a concatenation of variable region (TCR-V), diversity region (TCR-D), and joining region (TCR-J) genes, or a concatenation of TCR-V and TCR-J genes. The TCR-V genes exist as a multigene family in vertebrate species. Here we study the evolutionary relationships of TCR-V genes from humans, sheep, cattle, rabbits, mice, and chicken. These six species can be classified into two groups according to the frequency of γδ T-cells in their peripheral T-cell populations. The "γδ low" group of species includes humans and mice, in which γδ T-cells constitute very limited portion of the T-cell population. The "γδ high" group includes sheep, cattle, rabbits, and chicken, in which γδ T-cells comprise up to 60% of the T-cell population. Here, we compiled TCR-V sequences from the six species and conducted a phylogenetic analysis. We identified various TCR-V gene subgroups based on the analysis. We found that humans and mice have representatives from nearly all of the subgroups identified, while other species have lost subgroups to different extent. Therefore, the γδ low species have a high degree of diversity of TCR-V genes, while γδ high species all have limited diversity of TCR-V genes. This pattern is similar to that found for immunoglobulin variable region (IGV) genes. Received: 20 May 1999 / Revised: 13 July 1999     

Congruence between phylogenetic and stratigraphic data on the history of life

The quality of the fossil record and the accuracy of reconstructed phylogenies have been debated recently, and doubt has been cast on how far current knowledge actually reflects what happened in the past. A survey of 384 published cladograms of a variety of animals (echinoderms, fishes, tetrapods) shows that there is good agreement between phylogenetic (character) data and stratigraphic (age) data, based on a variety of comparative metrics. This congruence of conclusions from two essentially independent sources of data confirms that the majority of cladograms are broadly accurate and that the fossil record, incomplete as it is, gives a reasonably faithful documentation of the sequence of occurrence of organisms through time.     

Deployment to plantations of numbers and proportions of clones with special emphasis on maximizing gain at a constant diversity

Summary The value of a mixture of genetic entries present in different proportions is defined. A measure of the disadvantage of reduced diversity is defined as the sum of the squares of the proportions of the different entries. An algorithm for maximizing genetic gain of the mixture under the constraint of a constant disadvantage is developed. The optimal deployment strategy is one that lets the proportion of the genetic entries be linearly dependent on their genetic value. By use of rankits as entries for genetic values, optimal solutions for deployment were calculated for a range of values of available entries (from 10 to 5,000) and preset diversity-related disadvantage-factors (the preset values correspond to mixtures of between 2 and 100 entries in identical proportions). The values are tabulated so they can be used by breeders. The superiority of the proposed strategy increases with the proportion of the available entries which are selected. In the situation that around half would have been selected if truncation selection was applied, the improvement in genetic gain compared to classical truncation selection is up to 18%. Thus, considerable improvements in gain are possible without any sacrifice in diversity. Applications are discussed with particular reference to clonal forestry.     

Tumor heterogeneity: Causes and consequences

With rare exceptions, spontaneous tumors originate from a single cell. Yet, at the time of clinical diagnosis, the majority of human tumors display startling heterogeneity in many morphological and physiological features, such as expression of cell surface receptors, proliferative and angiogenic potential. To a substantial extent, this heterogeneity might be attributed to morphological and epigenetic plasticity, but there is also strong evidence for the co-existence of genetically divergent tumor cell clones within tumors. In this perspective, we summarize the sources of intra-tumor phenotypic heterogeneity with emphasis on genetic heterogeneity. We review experimental evidence for the existence of both intra-tumor clonal heterogeneity as well as frequent evolutionary divergence between primary tumors and metastatic outgrowths. Furthermore, we discuss potential biological and clinical implications of intra-tumor clonal heterogeneity.     

Phylogeny and Evolution in Cariceae (Cyperaceae): Current Knowledge and Future Directions

The goal of this study was to review the impact of DNA sequence analyses on our understanding of Cariceae phylogeny, classification and evolution. To explore character evolution, 105 taxa from four different studies were included in an nrDNA ITS + ETS 1f analysis of all recognized genera (Carex, Cymophyllus, Kobresia, Schoenoxiphium, Uncinia) and Carex subgenera (Carex, Psyllophora, Vignea, Vigneastra). As in previous analyses, four major Cariceae clades were recovered: (1) a “Core Carex Clade” (subg. Carex, Vigneastra, Psyllophora p.p); (2) A “Vignea Clade” (subg. Vignea, Psyllophora p.p.); (3) a “Schoenoxiphium Clade” (Schoenoxiphium, subg. Psyllophora p.p.), and (4) a “Core Unispicate Clade” (Uncinia, Kobresia, subg. Psyllophora p.p.). All studies provide strong support (86–100% BS) for the Core Carex and Vignea Clades, but only weak to moderate support (<50%–78% BS) for the Core Unispicate and Schoenoxiphium Clades. The relationships of these groups are unresolved. Studies suggest that Carex is either paraphyletic with respect to all Cariceae genera or to all genera except Schoenoxiphium. Kobresia is a grade, but Uncinia and possibly Schoenoxiphium are monophyletic. The monotypic Cymophyllus is indistinct from Carex subg. Psyllophora species. Character analyses indicate that inflorescence proliferation and reduction have occurred in all major clades, and that the Cariceae’s unisexual flowers have evolved from perfect flowers. The ancestor to Cariceae possessed a multispicate inflorescence with cladoprophylls and female spikelets with tristigmatic gynoecia and closed utricles. This morphology is most similar to extant Carex subg. Carex species, which contradicts the nearly unanimous assumption that the highly compound inflorescences of Schoenoxiphium are primitive. Since taxonomic sampling and statistical support for phylogenies have generally been poor, we advocate the temporary maintenance of the four traditional Carex subgenera with androgynous unispicate species placed within subg. Psyllophora and dioecious and gynaecandrous unispicate species distributed amongst subgenera Carex and Vignea. A collective effort focused on developing new nuclear markers, on increasing taxonomic and geographic sampling, and on studying development within the context of phylogeny, is needed to develop a phylogenetic classification of Cariceae.     

Development of Genomic Tools for the Identification of Certain Pseudomonas up to Species Level

Pseudomonas is a highly versatile bacterium at the species level with great ecological significance. These genetically and metabolically diverse species have undergone repeated taxonomic revisions. We propose a strategy to identify Pseudomonas up to species level, based on the unique features of their 16S rDNA (rrs) gene sequence, such as the frame work of sequences, sequence motifs and restriction endonuclease (RE) digestion patterns. A species specific phylogenetic framework composed of 31 different rrs sequences, allowed us to segregate 1,367 out of 2,985 rrs sequences of this genus, which have been classified at present only up to genus (Pseudomonas) level, as follows: P. aeruginosa (219 sequences), P. fluorescens (463 sequences), P. putida (347 sequences), P. stutzeri (197 sequences), and P. syringae (141 sequences). These segregations were validated by unique 30–50 nucleotide long motifs and RE digestion patterns in their rrs. A single gene thus provides multiple makers for identification and surveillance of Pseudomonas.