野生黄芩内生真菌的分离鉴定及抗菌活性筛选

从野生黄芩的根、茎、叶中分离出97株内生真菌, 其中33株来自生长期植株, 64株来自成熟期植株。经分类鉴定, 隶属于38个属, 优势属为Alternaria, 成熟期的属种多样性高于生长期。将其中的95株内生真菌对14种指示菌进行抑菌试验, 发现其中91株内生真菌对一种或多种指示菌具有抑菌活性, 占分离菌株总数的95.8%。野生黄芩内生真菌对大肠杆菌CGMCC1.1103、枯草芽孢杆菌CGMCC1.769、蜡样芽孢杆菌ATCC1361、致病性大肠埃希氏菌ATCC49105、白色假丝酵母ATCC10231、小孢拟盘多毛孢CNUMB2PM01等6个指示菌菌株抑菌效果较好; 对单核细胞增生李斯特菌ATCC27708、普通变形杆菌ATCC33420、肠炎沙门氏菌ATCC14208、副溶血型弧菌ATCC27519、宋内氏痢疾杆菌ATCC51060、九州镰孢霉CNUMB2FK01等6个指示菌菌株抑菌效果较差; 对深红酵母CGMCC2.282和金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC12600没有抑制作用。     

白木香内生真菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌活性

从白木香Aquilaria sinensis（Lour．）Gilg木质部的树脂形成部位和健康部位中共分离获得42株内生真菌,经初步鉴定,产孢的33株分属于3目4科7属,其余未产孢的9株暂归为无孢菌群。采用杯碟法和MTT法分别测定了各菌株的发酵上清液对3种病原菌的体外抑菌活性和2种肿瘤细胞的体外细胞毒活性。结果表明,白木香木质部健康部位内生真菌以枝顶孢霉属为优势属,而树脂形成部位的内生真菌种类比健康部位要多,且以青霉属为优势属。其中26株至少能抑制一种指示菌,占总数的61．9％;7株对指示瘤株具有细胞毒活性,占总数的16．7％。抑菌活性菌株主要分布在枝顶孢霉属和青霉属。枝顶孢霉属菌株抑菌活性较强,其抗菌活性成分值得进一步研究。     

产黄芩苷内生真菌的筛选与鉴定

从药用植物黄芩根、茎、叶和花中分离得到17株内生真菌,其发酵液对10种指示菌进行抑菌活性测定,并通过薄层色谱(TLC)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)对所分离到的内生真菌代谢产物进行分析。结果显示,所分离到的内生真菌中12株至少对一种指示菌有抑菌活性,其中3株(G2、J4和J5)具有较广的抑菌作用。从黄芩茎和花中分离得到的2株内生真菌J1、H3可以在人工培养基中产生黄芩活性成分——黄芩苷,结合菌落形态特征、显微观察及ITS序列分析,初步鉴定这2株菌株均属于青霉菌属。     

飞龙斩血内生菌种群分布及抑菌活性检测

【目的】研究药用植物飞龙斩血内生菌的种群组成及其抑菌活性,以了解飞龙斩血内生菌的种群分布状态和得到抗菌活性菌株。【方法】采用严格的表面消毒程序、添加抑菌剂的方法分离、培养内生菌株。利用表型和分子技术相结合的方法对内生菌进行分类鉴定。纸片扩散法对分离获得的内生菌进行抑菌活性试验。【结果】从飞龙斩血植株内分离得到了3株内生细菌,1株内生放线菌和82株内生真菌。分类鉴定为14目16科27属,镰孢属(Fusarium)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)为飞龙斩血内生真菌中的优势种群。通过对30株病原指示菌的抑菌活性检测,18株内生菌对多种指示菌有明显的抑制作用。16株是内生真菌,分属11属。【结论】本试验研究了飞龙斩血内生菌的种群分布,获得了一些具有抗菌活性的内生菌,为飞龙斩血内生菌资源的开发利用提供了基础。     

飞龙斩血内生菌种群分布及抑菌活性检测

摘要:【目的】研究药用植物飞龙斩血内生菌的种群组成及其抑菌活性,以了解飞龙斩血内生菌的种群分布状态和得到抗菌活性菌株。【方法】采用严格的表面消毒程序、添加抑菌剂的方法分离、培养内生菌株。利用表型和分子技术相结合的方法对内生菌进行分类鉴定。纸片扩散法对分离获得的内生菌进行抑菌活性试验。【结果】从飞龙斩血植株内分离得到了3株内生细菌,1株内生放线菌和82株内生真菌。分类鉴定为14目16科27属,镰孢属(Fusarium)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)为飞龙斩血内生真菌中的优势种群。通过对30株病原指示菌的抑菌活性检测,18株内生菌对多种指示菌有明显的抑制作用。16株是内生真菌,分属11属。【结论】本试验研究了飞龙斩血内生菌的种群分布,获得了一些具有抗菌活性的内生菌,为飞龙斩血内生菌资源的开发利用提供了基础。     

黄花夹竹桃内生真菌抗病原细菌的初步研究

从植物黄花夹竹桃 (Thevetiaperuviana)的根、茎、叶、果实中分离出内生真菌 10 1株。以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 (Salmonellatyphimurium)、肺炎链球菌 (Streptococcuspneumoniae)、乙型溶血链球菌 (Streptococcushemolyticus)、金黄色葡萄球菌 (Staphyllococcusaureus) 4种人类病原菌为指示菌 ,对其进行抑菌活性筛选 ,结果有 17株内生真菌对 1株或 1株以上人类病原菌有抑菌活性 ,其中平板抑菌圈直径大于 2 0mm的菌株有9株。具有抗菌活性的内生真菌分别来自木霉属 (Trichoderma)、曲霉属 (Aspergillus)等 9个属。     

大花黄牡丹内生菌的分离鉴定及其抗菌活性菌株的筛选

采用研磨法从健康大花黄牡丹的根、茎、叶柄、叶和种子中进行菌种分离,依据其形态、培养特征及其他生物学特性对菌株进行初步鉴定;采用平板对峙法对分离的内生菌进行拮抗试验研究,并对强活性菌株进行16S rD-NA序列鉴定,以明确大花黄牡丹内生菌的种类,筛选对农作物病害有抑制作用的菌株.结果表明:(1)获得内生真菌188株,鉴定为10个属,以短蠕孢属(50％)、青霉孢属(18.6％)和曲霉孢属(12.3％)为优势种群.获得内生放线菌145株,以链霉菌属(98.6％)为优势种群.表明大花黄牡丹内生菌在数量和种类上存在极丰富的多样性,同时在不同组织存在一定的差异性.(2)抑菌试验结果显示,21.6％真菌对指示菌有抑菌作用,抑菌圈直径最大为10mm;27.8％放线菌对指示菌有抑菌作用,其中菌株PND31的抑菌活性较强,抑菌谱较广.(3)16S rDNA序列鉴定显示,菌株PND31与链霉菌属聚在一起,初步归为链霉菌属一个种.     

银杏内生菌的分离及其抑菌活性筛选

从健康的银杏（Ginkgo biloba）茎和叶片中分离内生菌,结果从银杏叶和茎上共分离到内生真菌20株,其中9株来自银杏茎部,11株来自银杏叶部;内生放线菌23株,其中15株来自于银杏茎部,8株来自于银杏叶部;内生细菌15株,其中8株来自于银杏茎部,7株来自于银杏叶部。以金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、枯草芽胞杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、大肠埃希菌（Escherichia coli）、黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）、酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）作为指示菌,采用双层平板法对内生菌进行抑菌活性筛选,结果表明：20株内生真菌中有12株出现了抑菌活性,有抑菌活性菌株的比例为60.0%;23株内生放线菌中,仅3株出现了抑菌活性,有抑菌活性菌株的比例为13.0%;15株内生细菌中,有4株出现了抑菌活性,有抑菌活性菌株的比例为26.7%。     

云南嵩明大哨天然虫生真菌及其内生真菌的分离鉴定与抑菌活性分析

【背景】云南存在着丰富的虫草资源,天然虫草群落中蕴藏多样的真菌资源,是挖掘新型抑菌活性化合物的潜在来源。【目的】了解云南嵩明大哨天然虫生真菌及其内生真菌的物种多样性,并从中筛选具有抑菌活性的菌株。【方法】采用组织分离法对所采集的野生虫草样本进行虫生真菌及其内生真菌的分离,并通过形态观察和ITS联合nrSSU、nrLSU、tef-1α、rpb1、rpb2多基因测序进行物种鉴定及多样性分析;通过平板对峙法以7株病原细菌、5株植物病原真菌为病原指示菌进行抑菌活性测试。【结果】共采集86份天然虫草样本,经鉴定隶属于3科5属7种,包括虫草科（Cordycipitaceae）虫草属（Cordyceps）（1种）、白僵菌属（Beauveria）（2种）、鳞翅虫草属（Samsoniella）（2种）、麦角菌科（Clavicipitaceae）泛普可尼亚属（Metapochonia）（1种）,以及线虫草科（Ophiocordycipitaceae）线虫草属（Ophiocordyceps）（1种）。同时,从采集到的虫草样本中分离得到26株内生真菌,分属于9科9属,其中木霉属（Trichoderma）（38%）和镰刀菌属（Fusarium）（19%）为此次分离得到的优势菌属。对所分离保存的真菌按其分离源及种类归属,从虫生真菌和内生真菌菌株中共挑取20株代表性菌株进行抑菌活性筛选,有11株真菌对2株及以上病原指示细菌具有不同程度的抑菌活性,13株真菌对1株以上植物病原真菌具有不同程度拮抗能力;其中Trichoderma sp.Y3-1和Fusarium sp.WZ3-1具有广谱抑菌活性。【结论】云南嵩明大哨分布有丰富的虫生真菌及内生真菌资源,分离所得的真菌对多种病原菌具有不同程度的抑制作用。本研究丰富了云南虫草资源多样性,为云南省虫草及其内生真菌资源的开发利用提供了数据支持,也为下一步从虫草及其相关真菌资源中挖掘抑菌活性物质提供了菌株资源。     

远志内生真菌分离鉴定及活性筛选

从两个不同生长时期野生远志中分离内生真菌菌株88株,隶属于28个属,研究了各菌株对3种指示菌的拮抗作用。结果表明,远志不同生长时期不同部位的内生真菌数量、分布、种群存在差异,其优势属为Alternaria Nees。茎中内生真菌种类较多。88株内生真菌中有73株菌至少能拮抗1种指示菌,占总菌数的83.0%。4株抗性较强的菌株分别隶属于Trichothecium Link、Cephalosporium Corda、Alternaria Nees、Dactuliophora C.L.等。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.