废弃工业场地有机氯农药分布及生态风险评价

对典型废弃有机氯农药生产场地中土壤中六六六（α-,β-,γ-,δ-HCH）和滴滴涕（p,p’-DDT,p,p′-DDE,p,p′-DDD,o,p’-DDT）的残留特征进行了分析。结果发现场地中六六六的残留水平为13.16～148.71mg/kg;滴滴涕残留水平为3.02～67.42mg/kg。表层土残留最大,随着土层加深,污染物残留逐渐下降。六六六的残留水平要高于滴滴涕。残留分析表明场地中有机氯农药有逐步降解的趋势,但是现有残留水平超出了国家的土壤质量二级标准。根据场地土地利用方向,运用CalTOX暴露模型结合Monte Carlo分析进行了健康风险评价,结果表明,健康风险主要来自于两种人体暴露途径：皮肤吸收和呼吸摄入,总的风险都超过了可接受风险水平（10^-6）,通过敏感性分析表明5个参数对于总的风险贡献较大。该研究对于有机氯农药场地土壤的风险管理提供了依据。     

有机氯农药在大滨鹬和红腹滨鹬体内的富集程度

为探讨东亚-澳大利西亚迁徙路线上的鸻鹬类体内有机氯农药的含量及来源,本研究以该迁徙路线上的大滨鹬(Calidris tenuirostris)和红腹滨鹬(C.canutus)为研究对象,用索氏提取法对这两种鸟的胸肌和皮下脂肪中的有机污染物进行萃取,并用气相色谱法对19种有机氯农药进行检测。结果表明,HCHs、DDTs、硫丹Ⅱ等14种有机氯农药在大滨鹬和红腹滨鹬的组织中均有不同程度的检出,所有样品中的含量最高值达1 573.5 ng/g脂重;在检出的14种有机氯农药中,α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、p,p′-DDE、硫丹Ⅱ、硫丹硫酸酯和/或p,p′-DDT的检出率达100%;在大滨鹬的肌肉组织、红腹滨鹬的肌肉和脂肪组织中,p,p′-DDE的残留量最高;而在大滨鹬的脂肪组织中硫丹硫酸酯和/或p,p′-DDT的含量最高;目标物中的艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、反式氯丹等未达检出限或含量较低。我们对比了不同物种及不同组织样本中有机氯农药的富集程度,红腹滨鹬的肌肉组织中HCHs的沉积量显著高于大滨鹬,而大滨鹬的脂肪组织中硫丹硫酸酯和/或p,p′-DDT的含量显著高于红腹滨鹬。此外,分别对比两个物种的肌肉组织和脂肪组织中有机氯农药沉积量,部分有机氯农药在脂肪组织中的沉积量显著高于肌肉组织,说明相比于肌肉组织,有机氯农药可能更易于在脂肪组织中累积。     

西藏高原有机氯农药的污染

1962年美国女生态学家莱切尔、卡逊(R.Carson)发表《寂静的春天》以后,化学农药对环境的污染问题才引起人们重视。DDT、666、艾氏剂、狄氏剂等多种农药,自1972年以来在美国等一些国家中被禁止使用。我国也在1983年禁用了DDT、666。与此同时,随着环境研究的发展,在各地的不同生态系统里,均检测到DDT等有机氯农药残留物。1981年在南极地区的企鹅体内发现了DDT(Ballschmiter et al.1983),     

厦门海域贝类养殖环境中有机氯农药的积累和降解

利用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)对厦门海域贝类养殖环境(海水、底质和养殖贝类)中有机氯农药六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的含量进行了调查分析,初步探讨了贝类养殖环境中HCH和DDT的积累和降解规律.结果表明:厦门海域不同种贝类养殖环境中HCH和DDT的积累和降解存在明显差异,主要与各种贝类的栖息环境和生理生活习性有关.贝类养殖环境中处于积累状态(Rx＞1)的主要为p-HCH、δ-HCH和γ-HCH;处于降解状态(Rx＜1)的主要为α-HCH.α-HCH/γ-HCH的比值≤1.0,贝类养殖环境中的HCH来源于工业品HCH和林丹,大部分HCH为长时间残留,但尚有少量林丹输入.贝类养殖区海水中DDT主要为好氧降解,底质中主要为厌氧降解.海水中的降解产物主要为DDE,(DDD+ DDE )/DDTs(p,p-DDE+p,p-DDD+o,p-DDT+p,p-DDT)的比值＜0.5;底质和养殖贝类体中的降解产物主要为DDD,(DDD+DDE)/DDTs的比值＞0.5,贝类养殖区底质和养殖贝类体中的DDT大部分已降解为DDD和DDE,海水中尚有少量新的DDT输入.贝类养殖环境中HCH异构体降解率的高低顺序存在一定差异,其在贝类养殖生态系中的迁移、转化过程发生了构象变化.     

三种鹭异步孵化与雏鸟生长的比较研究

根据1996～1999年的野外工作和实验饲养,研究了池鹭、白鹭、夜鹭3种鹭的繁殖、雏鸟生长和异步孵化对雏鸟生长的影响.3种鹭于4月上、中旬迁到常山、余杭鹭保护区,9月下旬陆续迁离.孵卵期池鹭为23.0 d(n=26),白鹭23.9 d(n=32),夜鹭25.3 d(n=34);孵化率池鹭为76.32%,自鹭86.96%,夜鹭95.45%,池鹭繁殖力为3.21只,白鹭3.38只,夜鹭3.50只.雏鸟体重增长与成体体形大小呈负相关.幼雏体重增长与孵化顺序相关.在生长早期(≤8 d)全部雏鸟正常发育,之后差异显著.第1和第2孵化雏鸟生长曲线相似,但明显高于第4雏鸟,表明较早孵化者获得食物能力较强,而迟孵出雏鸟有食物不足现象.该3种鹭孵育幼雏能力的最适度估计为3只左右.     

赣江流域底泥中有机氯农药残留特征及空间分布

基于"临水垂直插管法"采集赣江流域32个采样点的底泥样品,经索氏提取方法(Soxhlet Extraction,SE)前处理及气相色谱法(GC-ECD)检测样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)含量。结合多元统计学和ArcGIS9.3,研究了8种有机氯农药的残留状况及空间分布情况。结果表明,所检测8种OCPs中,除β-HCH有2个点未检出,其它7种OCPs检出率为100%。以DDTs残留含量最高,DDTs平均值为10.40μg/kg,其异构体以p,p’-DDT为主;HCHs的平均值为8.24μg/kg,其异构体以β-HCH为主。它们除了来自环境中的早期残留外,仍然具有新的外源HCHs和DDTs的输入。不同OCPs在研究区分布存在很大差异,HCHs总量分布较高的地区位于流域的中下游,DDTs总量分布较高的地区位于流域的中上游。     

巢湖表层水体中有机氯农药的分布及其组成

以固相萃取-气相色谱法/电子捕获检测器(SPE-GC/ECD)作为检测手段,对巢湖表层水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)的分布及组成特征进行分析.结果表明:研究区13个采样点中共检出包括六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、β-硫丹(β-Endosulfan)、艾氏剂(Aldrin)、六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene)和七氯(Heptachlor)在内的16种有机氯农药,其总含量范围为0.54～64.01ng.L-1;16种有机氯农药中以HCHs和DDTs为主,其平均质量浓度分别为5.56ng.L-1和16.57ng.L-1,约占其总量的84.75%;研究区的有机氯农药污染除了主要源于历史上农田中有机氯农药的残留外,近期可能还有新的农药污染源进入水环境;研究区所检出的各类有机氯农药均未超过国家地表水环境质量标准,巢湖表层水体中有机氯农药含量及潜在风险均属于中等偏低水平.     

宁波滩涂贝类养殖区沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯残留及生态风险评估

利用GC-ECD对宁波市主要滩涂贝类养殖区表层沉积物中的多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留量进行测定,研究其分布状况,并进行生态风险评估.结果表明:贝类养殖区表层沉积物中的总有机氯农药含量为0.80～32.40ng·g-1,多氯联苯含量为3.20～33.33 ng·g-1.HCHs主要来自远距离大气传输及历史残留,部分区域有DDTs输入,其来源可能是三氯杀螨醇的使用.大部分站位的p,p’-DDT和DDTs存在潜在的生态风险,其中墙头和西店海域的p,p’-DDT残留超过生物效应中值,对底栖生物毒害效应较高.大多数站位PCBs的生态风险较低.     

三油酸酯-半渗透膜采样装置对有机氯农药的富集作用

在实验室流水条件下研究了林丹、艾氏剂、环氧七氯、4 ,4′ 滴滴涕及六氯苯在三油酸酯 半渗透膜采样器 (SP MDs)中的富集。所研究的 5种有机氯农药在SPMDs中富集迅速 ,动力学过程可以用线性关系描述 ,2 0d后富集系数达到 15 0 0— 180 0 0。当暴露于接近天然水体浓度时 (2 μg/L) ,富集量能够达到对生物标记物研究制样量的要求 ,富集量大小顺序为六氯苯 >4 ,4’ 滴滴涕 >七氯环氧 >艾氏剂 >林丹 ,与有机氯化合物的脂 /水分配系数成正相关。初步研究结果表明SPMDs可以用来作为生物标记物测试的样品前处理手段 ,或替代水体生物进行微量或痕量有毒有机污染物的生物毒性监测。     

河北唐海湿地四种鹭的种群动态和繁殖空间生态位

2004年8月—2005年7月对河北唐海湿地夜鹭(Nycticoraxnycticorax)、白鹭(Egtettagarzetta)、池鹭(Ardeolabacchus)、大白鹭(Casmerodiusalbus)的种群动态和繁殖行为进行了观察,并对巢群关系进行了研究。统计了4种鹭垂直和水平巢位的巢密度,计算了不同种鹭巢的生态位重叠、生态位宽度值。结果4种鹭在唐海数量最多月份为4—9月,最大量达到了近5800只。共有Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个巢区,迁来Ⅱ区时间较Ⅰ区晚半个月左右。除池鹭外,3种鹭之间均有争巢现象,后期趋于稳定。迫于密度压力和竞争,部分白鹭和池鹭取食范围较广。除大白鹭外,其他3种鹭同种间均有混交现象。在混巢区,夜鹭迁来最早,数量最大,为优势种,多数占据中心区的顶巢;大白鹭数量最少,亦占据中心区的顶巢;白鹭迁来较晚,占据中位巢;池鹭迁来最晚,数量较白鹭少,多数在边缘区单独筑巢,少数在中心区占下位巢。白鹭巢的垂直生态位最宽;夜鹭巢的水平生态位最宽;池鹭巢的综合空间生态位最宽。池鹭和夜鹭巢位的空间格局最为相似,池鹭和白鹭的生态位重叠较大。夜鹭的数量最多、大白鹭的个体最大,导致其处于优势;白鹭和池鹭数量少、个体小,导致其处于劣势。唐海湿地内丰富的食物和适宜的林带是鹭鸟密度较大的主要原因。此外,鹭类只筑巢在散布的、双行杨树林带均高为22m以上区域,是该地鹭类巢区的主要特点。     

Exposure of Japanese quail embryos to o,p'-DDT has long-term effects on reproductive behaviors, hematology, and feather morphology

Japanese quail eggs were injected with 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane o,p'-DDT(1-10 mg),1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane p,p'-DDT (1-10 mg), or, in one study, 0.5 mg chlordecone dissolved in 50 microliters of corn oil on day 1 of incubation. Hatchability was not decreased by o,p'-DDT or p,p'-DDT, as compared to corn-oil-injected controls, but was reduced in progeny of parents injected in ovo with either isomer. Tremor was observed for up to 4 days posthatching only in birds injected with 1.75-10 mg p,p'-DDT or chlordecone. Survivability to 5 weeks posthatch was reduced (less than or equal to 50%) in birds injected in ovo with 6.25-7.5 mg, o,p'-DDT or 1.75-5 mg p,p'-DDT as compared to corn oil (96%). Reproductive behaviors were attenuated in birds injected during development with o,p'-DDT, both DDT isomers decreased the total number of ovipositions, and o,p'-DDT increased the total number of eggshell malformations. Neither body weights nor reproductive organ weights at 12 weeks were affected by injection of either isomer. Exposure to DDT did not affect acquisition of a matched-to-sample food-reinforced response or subsequent responding on a random interval schedule of reinforcement. In another experiment, total circulating erythrocyte numbers were reduced in females after injection in ovo with o,p'-DDT but not after injection with p,p'-DDT. A primary humoral immune response was not affected by in ovo exposure to either isomer of DDT. In ovo exposure to o,p'-DDT but not to p,p'-DDT had long-term and estrogen-like effects on behavior and hematology in Japanese quail. Posthatch primary feather morphology was also altered by embryonic exposure to o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, and chlordecone.     

三种重金属元素在鹭卵中富集特征的初步研究

2004年4～6月,采集了合肥地区大蜀山、肥西圆通山、肥东太子山集群繁殖的夜鹭、小白鹭、池鹭和牛背鹭鸟卵及组织样品,用原子吸收法测定了卵壳、内容物及组织中Cd、Pb、Cr的残留量.结果表明,4种鹭卵壳、内容物及组织的绝大多数样品中均检出相当高水平的Cd、Pb和Cr残留量,且卵壳和骨骼是重金属富集的主要场所,表明通过卵壳可以排出体内部分重金属污染物.卵壳中重金属显著高于卵内容物,卵壳中重金属残留量为Cr＞Pb＞Cd,4种鹭卵壳中重金属残留量的种间差异都极其显著,Cr残留水平的种间波动幅度最大,池鹭卵壳中的最高,牛背鹭的最低;Pb的种间波动幅度相对较小,Cd的种间波动幅度最小;而卵内容物中3种重金属残留量的种间差异都不显著,Cr残留量种间波动幅度最大,池鹭卵内容物中,Cr含量最高,牛背鹭卵内容物中没有检出;Pb的种间波动幅度相对较小,Cd的种间波动幅度最小.由于鹭的卵壳取样容易,可用作重金属污染物的指示物,监测和评价湿地生态系统中重金属的污染状况.     

紫蓬山区三种鹭雏鸟的食物多样性比较

池鹭(Ａｒｄｅｏｌａｂａｃｃｈｕｓ)、白鹭(Ｅｇｒｅｔｔａｇａｒｚｅｔｔａ)和夜鹭(Ｎｙｃｔｉｃｏｒａｘｎｙｃｔｉｃｏｒａｘ)4～7月在紫蓬山区国家级森林公园集群繁殖[7]。有关三者的繁殖生态报道较多[6,10～12,23],但甚少较系统的研究雏鸟的食性,尚缺乏通过食性研究进行鹭类资源管理和生物多样性保护方面的探讨。笔者1996年4～7月在紫蓬山区国家级森林公园的圆通山对池鹭、白鹭和夜鹭雏鸟的食性进行了观察,整理报道如下。1　工作方法收集称量雏鸟吐出的食物[13],或逆向挤压嗉囊使其吐出食物,统计食物的种类、数量。食物量百分比、食物…     

Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide levels in tissues of Caretta caretta from the Adriatic Sea

We detected concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in the liver, muscle, and fat of 11 loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta from the central and southern Adriatic Sea. All samples contained PCBs at various concentrations, with Congener 138 (28%), 153 (27%), and 180 (32%) dominating the congener composition of the tissues. The dioxin-like congener (118, 13%) was detected in all tissues analyzed. The lower-chlorinated PCBs were not detected. The average of the total PCB concentrations, expressed in nanograms per gram wet weight, was 459.6 ng g(-1) in fat, 82.9 ng g(-1) in liver, and 5.8 ng g(-1) in muscle. Among 13 organochlorine pesticides for which analyses were conducted, 4 were detected: p,p'-DDE (57%); p,p'-DDD (16%); and p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT (27%). Spatial differences were found among OC concentrations in loggerheads from the central and southern Adriatic Sea. The only samples containing detectable concentrations of p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT were from the southern area.     

四川南充市夜鹭的巢址选择

2006年3~6月,在四川省南充市太和保护区对夜鹭的巢址选择进行了研究。野外调查了夜鹭巢47个,对照样方26个,通过主成分分析和对比分析,表明影响夜鹭巢址选择的主要因子依次为:营巢树高度、植被平均高度、巢高、竹平均直径、隐蔽度、巢上方盖度、距水(西河)距离、距白鹭巢距离、植被盖度、巢下盖度。     

Residues of DDE and PCB in Eggs from Herring Gull (Larus Argentatus) and Common Gull (Larus Canus) in Norway

In 1969 294 eggs from herring gull were collected from eight different localities in Norway. The eggshell thicknesses were measured, and 10 eggs from each locality were analysed by gas liquid chromatography for organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PGB). Residues of DDE were demonstrated in all eggs, the concentrations varying from 0.2 to 5.4 p.p.m. in herring gull, and from 0.2 to 3.5 p.p.m. in common gull. DDT occurred only in four eggs from herring gull and then only in concentrations of from 0.1 to 0.3 p.p.m. Other organochlorine insecticides were not detected. Residues of PGB were found in all eggs from herring gull in concentrations of from 0.2 to 3.8 p.p.m. PGB 10, and in six out of nine eggs from common gull, from trace to 0.8 p.p.m. PGB 10. The analysed material showed a positive correlation between amounts present of DDE and of PGB. There was a significant difference between localities concerning the contents of DDE and PGB in eggs from herring gull. This variance may be taken into consideration by using the herring gull as an indicator organism, since this bird, especially in the northern part of Norway, is migratory. The residue concentrations of DDE and PGB were markedly higher in eggs from herring gull than in eggs from common gull. It is suggested that this may be related to the difference between these species in their feeding habits. The residues of organochlorines demonstrated in this investigation do not seem to have had any effect on eggshell thickness in herring gull.     

广西防城7种鹭类混群繁殖的空间生态位研究

2002年3~8月对广西防城万鹤山营巢的鹭类繁殖种群进行了调查研究,结果表明:万鹤山栖息有大白鹭(Egretta alba)、中白鹭(Egretta intermedia)、白鹭(Egretta garzetta)、黄嘴白鹭(Egretta eulophotes)、牛背鹭(Bubulcus ibis)、池鹭(Ardeda bacchus)、夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)7种鹭类种群。除黄嘴白鹭为均匀分布之外,其他6种均为成群分布。鹭类在万鹤山上营巢繁殖具有明显的水平分布和垂直分布现象。对影响鹭类混群繁殖时空间分布的因素及各种群间的相互关系进行了探讨。     

Induction of micronuclei in vitro by organochlorine compounds in beluga whale skin fibroblasts

Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) inhabiting the St. Lawrence estuary are highly contaminated with environmental pollutants and have a high incidence of cancer. Environmental contaminants may be partly responsible for the high cancer incidence observed in this population. DNA damage plays an important role in the development of cancer. The micronuclei (MN) assay was used to test the genotoxic potential of organochlorine (OC) pesticides with and without external metabolic factor in skin fibroblasts of an Arctic beluga whale. Toxaphene, chlordane and p,p'-DDT induced significant (p<0. 05) concentration-response increases of micronucleated cells (MNCs). Statistically significant increases in MNCs, ranging from 1.7- to 5-folds when compared to control cultures, were observed for 0.05, 0. 5, 5 and 10 microg/ml toxaphene, 2, 5 and 10 microg/ml chlordane and 10 and 15 microg/ml p,p'-DDT. Presence of exogeneous metabolic factor (S9) completely abolished the MN induction potency of chlordane and p,p'-DDT, and toxaphene induced MN formation at higher concentrations (0.5 microg/ml) than without S9 mix. The ecotoxicological significance of MN induction by low concentrations of toxaphene is unknown and do not imply that toxaphene is involved in the etiology of cancer in St. Lawrence beluga whales. However, because of the known genotoxicity of toxaphene and the long lifespan of beluga whales, it cannot be excluded that toxaphene may pose a long-term genetic hazard to the more contaminated whales of this population.     

Correlation between the activation of Neu tyrosine kinase and promotion of foci formation induced by selected organochlorine compounds in the MCF-7 model system.

Several studies have shown that some organochlorine compounds act like estrogen in certain animals and in vitro cell culture systems, and therefore, there is a possibility that they could promote the process of tumorigenesis in breast cancer cells. In our previous study, two representative organochlorines, 1,1,1-trichloro 2-o-chlorophenyl-2'-p-chlorophenyl ethane (o,p'-DDT) and beta-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta HCH), were found to directly activate the protein tyrosine kinase of Neu (c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene product) immunoprecipitates isolated from MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In the current study, we also found that 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) at 1 nM and alpha-HCH isomers at 100 nM could also significantly activate protein tyrosine kinase of Neu immunoprecipitates in a cell-free system. We also found that organochlorines result in an increase of Neu protein tyrosine kinase after intact cell treatment in estrogen-depleted medium. This Neu kinase activation by beta-HCH (100 nM) was blocked when the cells were pretreated with Neu mRNA antisense oligonucleotide (p < 0.07, Student's t-test). Endogenously added alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HCH, o,p'-DDT, 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (2,2'-PCB), and 2,4,5-T at 100 nM were found to promote foci formation in postconfluent cultures of this cell line. This stimulatory effect caused by 17beta-estradiol, o,p'-DDT, and beta-HCH on foci formation was inhibited by coincubation with Neu monoclonal antibody (p < 0.05). Those two events induced by organochlorines (i.e., Neu kinase activation and foci formation) seemed causally correlated.     

无锡鼋头渚夜鹭体内重金属残留与分布特征

分析了太湖鼋头渚夜鹭幼鸟各组织样品中Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg、Se等重金属的残留水平,发现Cr与Se在各组织中的残留量相对较高,而Cd的残留量最低,从几种重金属在各组织中的分布特征来看,Pb和Cd在羽毛中残留水平最高,Se,Hg,Cr在肝脏中残留量最高,研究证实羽毛和肝脏是重金属富集的主要目标器官,而且Hg和Cd等重金属残留水平与Se含量有一定的相关性,同其它类似研究结果相比,该地区夜鹭体内的重金属污染水平尚未达到明显的致害浓度。