白颈长尾雉与白鹇秋冬季空间生态位比较

2008年9月-2009年2月,在江西官山国家级自然保护区对白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)和白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)及其栖息地生态因子进行调查,通过8个资源轴分析了2个种的多维生态位宽度、重叠及种间竞争.结果表明,白鹇和白颈长尾雉综合空间生态位宽度分别仅为0.268和0.294;白鹇的海拔和坡度空间生态位大于白颈长尾雉.而白颈长尾雉的坡向生态位宽度大于白鹇,在其他资源轴上二者接近;白颈长尾雉和白鹇的栖息地生态位相似性为0.425,竞争系数为0.584,竞争比较激烈.应加强低海拔地区植被及水源的保护,减少人为干扰.     

同域分布的绿孔雀与白鹇时空生态位分化

生态位分化是同域分布的潜在竞争物种长期稳定共存的基础。研究对比一个物种与其同域分布的潜在竞争者的生态位分化,可用于指导多物种保护工作的实践。2018年6月—2019年5月利用红外相机技术对云南省玉溪市新平和峨山交界处同域分布的绿孔雀Pavo muticus和白鹇Lophura nycthemera进行野外调查,使用Wilcoxon秩和检验和非参数核密度分析旱季和雨季对植被、海拔的利用情况和日活动节律进行比较。结果表明,该地区同域分布6种雉类中,绿孔雀和白鹇的RAI指数最高(分别为0.73和0.56),为优势物种。绿孔雀活动的平均海拔高于白鹇(1 486 m±75.2 m vs. 1 390 m±71.9 m; w=8 122.5,P 0.001),且海拔生态位宽度更宽。绿孔雀对4种植被类型利用较为平均,而白鹇则倾向于利用半湿润常绿阔叶林(旱季利用率93.00%,雨季利用率77.27%)。绿孔雀的日活动节律为正常的晨昏双峰模式,白鹇却呈现出与其他研究结果不同的单峰模式,且与绿孔雀差异明显。二者在不同生态位维度上的分化可能是种间竞争的结果。建议将该地区划为以绿孔雀为主的重点雉类保护区域,未来开展更多关于野生绿孔雀的基础生态学研究。     

基于种群分布地形格局的两种水青冈生态位比较研究

提出了根据不同植物种在地形梯度上的分布格局测度和比较其生态位的思路.将地形分解为海拔、坡向、坡位和坡度4个属性指标,作为多维生态位空间的环境梯度轴.根据对三峡大老岭地区米心水青冈(Fagusengleriana)和亮叶水青冈(F.lucida)群落样方及其地形因子调查,分析了两个种的多维生态位宽度及种间的生态位重叠.结果1)大老岭米心水青冈种群的生态位宽度总体上大于亮叶水青冈.亮叶水青冈在坡向梯度上的生态位较宽;米心水青冈在海拔、坡位和坡度梯度上的生态位较宽;2)两个种在海拔、坡向、坡位和坡度梯度上的生态位重叠度分别为0.259、0.831、0.670、0.676,其总体重叠度为0.087;3)亮叶水青冈和米心水青冈分布的海拔范围分别为1300～2000m和1450～2600m.米心水青冈主要分布于NW80°～NE80°之间的阴坡和半阴坡;亮叶水青冈集中于NW20°～SW10°和NE20°～SE10°的半阴半阳坡.亮叶水青冈不见于沟谷底部,其重要值随坡位上升而增大;而米心水青冈在湿润稳定的中、下坡位重要值最高.米心水青冈适应的坡度范围很宽,主要在20°～40°;而亮叶水青冈集中在35°～45°的坡度范围.上述结果表明在景观尺度上,采用地形因子表征植物多维生态位空间的梯度特征是一个有效而可行的途径,能够很好地反映两种植物生态位的差异.最后讨论了不同尺度上生态位测度的相互验证问题.     

白鹇的种下分类探讨

白鹇Lophura nycthemera是广布于我国南方和中南半岛的鸡形目鸟类,目前共记录有15个亚种。由于受河流、不适宜栖息地等环境的阻隔,白鹇现代分布区呈现部分连续、间断分布的地理格局,且成年雄鸟的上体羽色在亚种间具有明显变化,呈现复杂的羽色多态性。本文通过测量15个亚种的262号标本,从羽色和量度特征上对各个亚种进行了分组和比较。发现部分邻域分布的亚种在羽色和量度特征上相近或重叠,不具有稳定的可区分的外形特征,难以达到亚种的分类标准。进而指出了目前依赖于模式概念建立的种下分类系统存在的缺陷,提出了需要结合分子系统地理学方法从进化历史角度厘定白鹇种下分类的必要性。同时,对白鹇的起源与扩散、羽色演化和保护生物学等研究方向进行了展望。     

广西弄岗穗鹛不同季节的觅食地选择

2010年7-9月(雨季)和2010年11月-2011年2月(旱季),在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区采用样线法和样方法对弄岗穗鹛(Stachyris nonggangensis)觅食地选择进行研究.主成分分析表明,雨季的乔木层因素和落叶及草本层因素、旱季的地形地貌因素以及草本与灌木层因素是其觅食地的主要特征.圆形分布统计分析显示,雨季和旱季其觅食地多位于中缓坡.与对照样方的差异性检验显示,弄岗穗鹛雨季偏好乔木盖度低的生境,旱季则偏好中、下坡位、灌木高度较高且落叶厚度大的生境.两个季节觅食地的比较显示,其旱季觅食地处于较低海拔,且多位于中、下坡位;旱季草本盖度小于雨季,而落叶盖度和落叶厚度则大于雨季.逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明:弄岗穗鹛雨季觅食地选择以海拔、坡度以及落叶盖度等3个变量为综合考量,而旱季则以坡位、乔木盖度、草本盖度以及落叶厚度等4个变量为综合考量.     

同域分布鼬獾和食蟹獴活动节律的比较

为探明同域分布的鼬獾（Melogale moschata）和食蟹獴（Herpestes urva）的日活动节律、时间生态位及其两者共存机制,于2016年12月至2017年12月,在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区开展红外相机监测获取数据,后采用核密度估计（Kernel density estimation）和重叠指数（Coefficient of overlap）对该地区的鼬獾和食蟹獴进行了研究。结果表明：鼬獾属于典型的夜行性动物,其日活动模式为双峰型,活动峰值出现在01：00—05：00和21：00—24：00;与雨季相比,旱季的活动峰值均提前1 h,活动高峰期延长3 h。食蟹獴为典型昼行性动物,其日活动模式为单峰型,活动峰值出现在11：00—18：00,与雨季相比,旱季活动高峰期提前并延长1 h。两者间的日活动模式重叠指数较低（Δ=0.17）,但旱季（Δ=0.22）高于雨季（Δ=0.12）。两者主要通过改变时间生态位来避免对食物资源和领域的竞争,从而实现共存。     

川西米亚罗林区冷杉林群落特征与生态因子的关系

冷杉林是川西高山峡谷地区的地带性植被。以米亚罗林区的森林小班数据为基础,分析了该地区天然冷杉林的树高、胸径和蓄积量随不同生态因子的变化趋势及分布格局,并探讨了冷杉林最适宜的分布环境。结果表明:冷杉林的树高和胸径随着海拔的升高均呈现单峰曲线变化趋势,蓄积量则随着海拔梯度的升高呈波动上升趋势,这些现象可能与小环境的变化、人为干扰有关;冷杉林的适宜生态因子范围为:海拔3500～4000m、土壤厚度50～79cm、坡度40°～49°的中、上位阴坡和半阴坡;海拔3800～3900m为冷杉林的最集中分布区域,该区域中影响冷杉林群落特征的生态因子排序为坡位、土壤厚度、坡度、坡向。     

小兴安岭黑河胜山林区冬季驼鹿的生境选择

2002年、2003年和2004年的12月至3月,在小兴安岭黑河胜山林场开展了驼鹿生境选择的研究。研究中选择了9类与驼鹿生境选择相关的生态因子：植被型、离公路距离、离采伐点距离、平均雪深、隐蔽程度、坡向、坡位、坡度、海拔,运用SPSS软件进行交叉汇总定量分析。结果表明,胜山驼鹿冬季以落叶阔叶林、灌丛为主要生境,影响驼鹿分布的主要生态因子为隐蔽程度、坡位,其次为雪深、坡向、离采伐点距离、离公路距离,坡度、海拔对驼鹿分布的影响不明显。     

侗族村寨选址布局特征及其生态智慧

以湘桂黔侗族聚居区统计数据、田野调查资料和矢量地图为数据源,运用ArcGIS空间分析工具分析侗族村寨的选址布局特征以及其中蕴含的生态智慧内容。结果表明：1）传统侗族村寨主要在海拔500~900m,坡度7°~15°,坡向为北或西北方,与水源距离小于100m的区域选址建寨;2）侗族村寨整体上在高程、坡度、坡向和与水系距离上属于高值分布,侗族村寨选址布局的空间特征与地理环境因素密切相关;3）传统侗寨的选址布局具有地势中等、坡度适宜、背风向阳、易取水的特点,蕴含着主动适应环境的生态智慧,体现了“因地制宜、与自然共生”的生态思想,对于维持人地和谐具有积极意义。     

哀牢山国家级自然保护区南华片三种雉类春季取食地利用比较

探讨亲缘关系密切、营养关系相似的物种间的共存机制,是群落生态学的研究热点之一。研究结果有助于了解同域物种的资源利用特点和分化方式,对于地区生物多样性的保育工作亦具有指导意义。黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticushumiae)、白鹇(Lophuranycthemera)和红喉山鹧鸪(Arborophilarufogularis)为哀牢山国家自然保护区南华片区同域分布的3种雉类,它们亲缘关系较近,食性相似。比较三者春季取食地18个生态因子生态位宽度和重叠指数,结果显示,黑颈长尾雉广适性(生态位宽度值>0·8)的取食地因子最少(1个),专一性(生态位宽度<0·8)因子最多(4个);白鹇居中(3个和2个);红喉山鹧鸪与黑颈长尾雉恰好相反(6个和0个)。黑颈长尾雉与白鹇生态位重叠指数≥0·5的因子数(5个)多于黑颈长尾雉与红喉山鹧鸪的(2个)和白鹇与红喉山鹧鸪的(4个);灌木层盖度、草本层盖度和种子密度的生态位重叠指数在3种雉类间均较大。单因素方差分析结果表明,3种雉类在坡向、乔木密度、草本层盖度、种子密度和土壤动物等5个因子均无差异;在距空旷地距离、距道路距离和灌木层盖度等3个因子均有差异;而其余因子则是在不同的两个物种之间有差异。主成分分析结果显示,黑颈长尾雉取食地前7个主成分的累计信息量达85·6%,白鹇的前6个达86·0%,红喉山鹧鸪的前5个达79·0%。影响这三种雉类取食地选择的因子主要集中于前3个主成分。3种雉类间取食地因子差异状态呈镶嵌分布,意味着种间生态位呈分化状态。各物种优先选择的因子组合不同,各因子的重要程度亦不一。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.