无腺体棉苗的几种酶活力与长势的关系

低酚棉(包括湘棉11的4种表现型)与中、高酚棉相比,苗期过氧化物酶活性偏低,而多酚氧化酶和抗坏血酸氧化酶活性偏高,硝酸还原酶活性则出现先低后高的变化。过氧化物酶活性与棉苗长势呈负相关,而多酚氧化型和抗坏血酸氧化酶则与之呈正相关。在根、茎、叶中,这几种酶的活性均以根部为最强。     

四川宜宾三种乔木内生真菌的多样性

对四川宜宾同一生境中的油樟 [Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble) N. Chao]、香樟 [C. camphora(Linn.) Presl]和白栎(Quercus fabri Hance)三种30棵乔木根、茎、叶中的内生真菌多样性进行了研究。结果显示：三种植物中的内生真菌在属一级分类单位上都存在一定程度的多样性和器官特异性, 组丝核菌属(Phacodium Pers.)为3种植物内生真菌共有的优势属; 同时, 通过对3种植物内生真菌的比较, 发现3种植物整体及对应部     

真菌漆酶的性质、生产及应用研究进展

作为一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,真菌漆酶比细菌漆酶、植物漆酶等具有更好的热稳定性、金属离子耐受性及更高的底物催化氧化性,在工农业及环境领域的应用中得到了较高的关注。目前普遍认为,限制漆酶广泛应用的因素在于漆酶的生产规模、成本与性质。真菌漆酶的生产模式包括固态发酵和液体发酵,工业生产基本以液体发酵为主。除了在染料脱色、染织废水处理、纸浆漂白等过程中的应用,最新的研究不断拓展了漆酶新的用途,对近年来真菌漆酶的发酵生产、酶学性质及应用研究中的最新结果进行了概述。     

天然介体在产漆酶真菌氧化蒽和芘中的重要作用（英文稿）

【目的】研究了氧化还原介体在产漆酶真菌氧化蒽和芘的作用。【方法】通过非变性电泳和酶活力分析。【结果】发现血红密孔菌Z-1和木蹄层孔菌Z-5只产漆酶,其最大酶产量分别为11.90 U/mL和4.83 U/mL,不产木质素过氧化酶和锰过氧化物酶。木蹄层孔菌Z-5的胞外液尽管具有较低的漆酶活性,但是氧化了74.3%的蒽和12.4%的芘,高于血红密孔菌Z-1对蒽和芘的氧化率,提示天然介体可能存在于真菌胞外液中并且影响了漆酶对多环芳烃的氧化。实验进一步表明,木蹄层孔菌Z-5灭活和不灭活的超滤液以及灭活的胞外液对纯漆酶氧化多环芳烃的促进作用均大于血红密孔菌Z-1,说明木蹄层孔菌Z-5的天然介体比血红密孔菌Z-1能够更为有效地促进多环芳烃氧化。【结论】氧化还原结体在产漆酶真菌降解底物过程中发挥了重要作用,这也解释了木蹄层孔菌Z-5胞外液尽管漆酶活性不高,但是具有较大多环芳烃氧化率的原因。     

真菌漆酶性质、分子生物学及其应用研究进展

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶。目前发现多种生物能够产生漆酶,包括植物、真菌、昆虫和细菌等,其中,以真菌中的白腐真菌研究最多。由于漆酶在生物漂白、农作物秸秆利用以及环境污染处理等方面具有广阔的应用前景,漆酶研究受到越来越多的关注。同时,随着分子生物学技术的发展,漆酶研究已经深入到基因水平,多种漆酶基因已经成功获得克隆,一些漆酶基因也实现了异源表达。现针对真菌漆酶的生物学性质、分子生物学及其应用的研究进展进行了概括总结,并对其前景进行了展望。     

真菌漆酶基因研究进展

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,也是木质素生物合成的关键酶之一,目前已发现多种生物能产生漆酶,包括植物、真菌、昆虫、细菌等。其中,以真菌中的白腐菌研究最多。近年来,由于漆酶在生物漂白、农作物秸秆利用以及环境垃圾处理方面具有广阔的应用前景,漆酶研究越来越受到国际上的重视。同时,随着分子生物学相关技术的发展,漆酶研究已深入基因水平,已有多种漆酶基因获得克隆,一些漆酶基因也实现了异源表达。本文概述了真菌漆酶基因研究的最新进展。     

真菌漆酶的结构与功能

漆酶是一种含铜的多酚氧化酶,能催化氧化酚类和芳香类化合物,同时伴随4个电子的转移,并将分子氧还原成水。漆酶结构的解析是阐明其催化作用机理、了解蛋白质结构与功能关系的基础。综述近年来对真菌漆酶蛋白结构及其功能研究的进展。     

白腐真菌东方栓孔菌在两种液体培养基中产漆酶过程的生理学研究

本研究采用液体培养的方法分析了白腐真菌东方栓孔菌Trametes orientalis在产漆酶过程中生理学指标的变化,即对菌丝体生物量、漆酶活性、还原糖含量、多酚含量、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量、总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性、过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H_2O_2)水平、抗坏血酸(ascorbic Acid,AA)含量、抑制羟自由基能力(restraining ability to hydroxyl free radicals,RAHFR)和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力12项指标进行了测定。结果表明,漆酶能够直接影响白腐真菌对于营养物质的利用情况,其活性大小与菌株的生长状况及次级代谢密切相关;且漆酶活性与多酚含量、MDA含量、CAT活性和AA含量呈正相关,与H_2O_2水平和RAHFR呈负相关;最终,这些指标可在机体内维持一个稳定的动态平衡。此外,本文对比了两种培养基Ⅰ和Ⅱ条件下测得的生理学指标,发现在液体培养基Ⅱ中东方栓孔菌具有较高的菌丝体生物量、SOD活性、RAHFR和DPPH自由基清除能力及较低的H_2O_2水平,说明液体培养基Ⅱ这种缺营养条件可以在一定程度上激发菌株的抗氧化能力以保护机体免受氧化损伤。本研究为进一步加深了解白腐真菌东方栓孔菌的产漆酶特性和大批量液体培养提供了理论指导。     

金针菇液体培养特性及胞外酶研究

测定了金针菇在PDY液体培养基中生长时 ,培养液 pH值的变化 ,蛋白质含量和菌丝球重量 ;研究了羧甲基纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶、愈创木酚氧化酶和漆酶的酶活性变化。结果表明 ,在整个培养期内 5种酶均有酶活性 ,但不同酶的活性有较大差异 ,产酶高峰也不尽相同     

不同氮沉降水平下两种林型的主要土壤酶活性

模拟研究了天然阔叶红松林和天然次生杨桦林不同氮沉降（0、25和50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)水平下土壤酶活性(纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶)的变化趋势.结果表明：氮沉降增加对土壤酶活性的作用与林分类型有关,短期施氮可以显著影响土壤酶的活性;高氮沉降降低了土壤多酚氧化酶活性,且随着多酚氧化酶活性的降低,两种林型土壤纤维素酶和蔗糖酶活性也有降低的趋势.     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418